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The Chinese author, Qin Zhaoyang (b. 1916) belongs to the “lost generation” of writers who were silenced as early as 1957, after the Hundred Flowers Movement. Although he is best known for his literary criticism in the famous article “Xianshizhuyi - guangkuo de daolu” (“Realism - the broad path”), published in Renmin wenxue (People's Literature) in September 1956,1 the most important part of his creative work consists of short stories and novels. During the 1940s and 1950s Qin produced some of his finest stories with a humour and personal tone that are unusual for mainland literature of the period.
The educational reform document of May 1985 has set the policy framework for a transformation of the structure and organization of knowledge in the Chinese higher curriculum that may have far-reaching consequences. It has been the tradition in research on Chinese education to interpret educational reform movements in relation to broad political changes, policy debates among factions within the communist leadership and changing economic strategies represented in successive Five-Year Plans. More sociologically oriented studies have focused on issues such as access to higher education and changes in the composition of those who found their way into the upper echelons of the formal educational system in terms of social class background. These approaches have shed considerable light on aspects of China's modern educational development and their conclusions are of primary importance in seeking an understanding of the wide-ranging reforms announced in the document of May 1985.
The aggressive action of Japan's Kwantung Army in 1931 is widely known. Its armed takeover of most of Manchuria from a conglomeration of Chinese forces which greatly outnumbered the Japanese, points to a weakness in China's defences other than that of numbers. None of the various Chinese armies was as modern in firepower or as well supplied logistically as Japan's crack army in Manchuria. The disarray within the Chinese Government of Nanjing (Nanking) that was obvious in mid 1931 also tempted the adventurous field officers of the Kwantung Army (KA). These veteran officers with years of duty in China, decided, from their reading of the situation in China as well as in Japan and the West, to act on 18 September 1931 rather than make further preparations as recommended in Tokyo.