Chapter one sets the context of linked data for research. It describes the ways in which linked data is being used to improve diagnosis, treatment and healthcare delivery and to understand the drivers of health.The advantages of using linked data for research are discussed. The chapter surveys the kinds of data currently being linked for research and different linkage methods and considers the potential and challenges for future international data linkage.

Chapter 4 considers the human rights relevant to research using linked data without consent; how these rights come into tension with each other and other relevant interests; and how these tensions should be considered and resolved. It notes the emphasis placed in the West on civil and political rights, such as the right to privacy, and the lack of attention to economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to health, and how this has resulted in an unbalanced approach to the regulation of research.

In this chapter we extend the frequency domain results for i/s/o systems presented in Chapter 11 into analogous frequency domain results for s/s systems. The main definitions are given for general s/s systems, but most of the more specific results require the s/s system to be resolvable (i.e., to have a nonempty resolvent set). We introduce s/s versions of Ω-resolvability, Ω-controllability, Ω-observability, Ω-minimality, Ω-intertwinements, Ω-restrictions, Ω-projections, and Ω-compressions for s/s systems, where Ω is a given nonempty open subset of the complex plane. In this setting the usual (time domain) regularity conditions are less significant. Some of the s/s results are proved directly in the s/s setting, but most of them are reduced to the corresponding i/s/o results by means of i/s/o representations of the given s/s systems.

The concept of social licence is increasingly being used to draw attention to the need for community support and acceptance of research,particularly of data-based research. Chapter three examines the nature of social licence and its application to research using linked data. Social licence is framed as an analytical tool to design and evaluate decision making for sharing and using linked data for research. The chapter examines the qualitative evidence of public perceptions and the conditions for community support and identifies the substantive and procedural conditions that lead to trust and legitmacy. The chapter concludes that these conditions should be embedded in the governance of research using linked data to develop and sustain community acceptance.

This chapter is devoted to the study of well-posed i/s/o systems. These systems are assumed to be solvable and to satisfy a well-posedness condition that guarantees the existence of a unique future generalized trajectory for any given initial state and input function that belongs locally to L2. Although it is not obvious from the definition, every well-posed i/s/o system is internally well-posed, i.e., it has a nonempty resolvent set-and its main operator generates a C0 semigroup. Semi-bounded i/s/o systems are well-posed. The class of well-posed i/s/o systems is the largest class in this book for which can to prove connections between time and frequency domain results that are analogous to those established in Chapter 8 for the class of semi-bounded i/s/o systems. At the end of this chapter we define the notion of a scattering passive system, and show that scattering passive systems are well-posed. A scattering passive system is characterized by the fact that it is regular, and its system operator is maximally scattering dissipative. Well-posed s/s systems are discussed in Chapter 15.