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1732 results in Physical chemistry

Page 21 of 87

Molecular Reaction Dynamics
  • Raphael D. Levine
  • Published online:
    18 December 2009
    Print publication:
    13 January 2005
  • Molecular reaction dynamics is the study of chemical and physical transformations of matter at the molecular level. The understanding of how chemical reactions occur and how to control them is fundamental to chemists and interdisciplinary areas such as materials and nanoscience, rational drug design, environmental and astrochemistry. This book provides a thorough foundation to this area. The first half is introductory, detailing experimental techniques for initiating and probing reaction dynamics and the essential insights that have been gained. The second part explores key areas including photoselective chemistry, stereochemistry, chemical reactions in real time and chemical reaction dynamics in solutions and interfaces. Typical of the new challenges are molecular machines, enzyme action and molecular control. With problem sets included, this book is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as being supplementary to chemical kinetics, physical chemistry, biophysics and materials science courses, and as a primer for practising scientists.

Electron-Atom Collisions
  • Ian E. McCarthy, Erich Weigold
  • Published online:
    15 December 2009
    Print publication:
    30 March 1995
  • This book is a comprehensive introduction to electron-atom collisions, covering both theory and experiment. The interaction of electrons with atoms is the field that most deeply probes both the structure and reaction dynamics of a many-body system. The book begins with a short account of experimental techniques of cross-section measurement. It then introduces the essential quantum mechanics background needed. The following chapters cover one-electron problems (from the classic particle in a box to a relativistic electron in a central potential), the theory of atomic bound states, formal scattering theory, calculation of scattering amplitudes, spin-independent and spin-dependent scattering observables, ionisation and electron momentum spectroscopy. The connections between experimental and theoretical developments are emphasised throughout.

Photodissociation Dynamics
  • Spectroscopy and Fragmentation of Small Polyatomic Molecules
  • Reinhard Schinke
  • Published online:
    15 December 2009
    Print publication:
    08 April 1993
  • Photodissociation induced by the absorption of single photons permits the detailed study of molecular dynamics such as the breaking of bonds, internal energy transfer and radiationless transitions. The availability of powerful lasers operating over a wide frequency range has stimulated rapid development of new experimental techniques which make it possible to analyse photodissociation processes in unprecedented detail. This text elucidates the achievements in calculating photodissociation cross-sections and fragment state distributions from first principles, starting from multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces and the Schrödinger equation of nuclear motion. Following an extended introduction in which the various types of observables are outlined, the book summarises the basic theoretical tools, namely the time-independent and the time-dependent quantum mechanical approaches as well as the classical picture of photodissociation. The discussions of absorption spectra, diffuse vibrational structures, the vibrational and rotational state distributions of the photofragments form the core of the book. More specific topics such as the dissociation of vibrationally excited molecules, emission during dissociation, or nonadiabatic effects are also discussed. It will be of interest to graduate students and senior scientists working in molecular physics, spectroscopy, molecular collisions and molecular kinetics.

Crystallization of Polymers
  • Volume 2, Kinetics and Mechanisms, 2nd edition
  • Leo Mandelkern
  • Published online:
    15 December 2009
    Print publication:
    30 September 2004
  • In Crystallization of Polymers, 2nd Edition, Leo Mandelkern provides a self-contained, comprehensive, and up-to-date treatment of polymer crystallization. Volume 2 of this edition provides an authoritative account of the kinetics and mechanisms of polymer crystallization, building from the equilibrium concepts presented in volume 1. As crystalline polymers rarely, if ever, achieve their equilibrium state, this books serves as a bridge between equilibrium concepts and the state that is finally achieved. With a comprehensive treatment of the surrounding theories and experimental results from simple to complex polymer systems, this book will be an invaluable reference work for all chemists, physicists and materials scientists working in the area of polymer crystallization.

Group Theory with Applications in Chemical Physics
  • Patrick Jacobs
  • Published online:
    10 December 2009
    Print publication:
    18 October 2005
  • Group Theory is an indispensable mathematical tool in many branches of chemistry and physics. This book provides a self-contained and rigorous account on the fundamentals and applications of the subject to chemical physics, assuming no prior knowledge of group theory. The first half of the book focuses on elementary topics, such as molecular and crystal symmetry, whilst the latter half is more advanced in nature. Discussions on more complex material such as space groups, projective representations, magnetic crystals and spinor bases, often omitted from introductory texts, are expertly dealt with. With the inclusion of numerous exercises and worked examples, this book will appeal to advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students studying physical sciences and is an ideal text for use on a two-semester course.

The Jahn-Teller Effect
  • Isaac Bersuker
  • Published online:
    07 December 2009
    Print publication:
    06 March 2006
  • The Jahn-Teller effect is one of the most fascinating phenomena in modern physics and chemistry, providing a general approach to understanding the properties of molecules and crystals and their origins. The effect inspired one of the most important recent scientific discoveries, the concept of high-temperature superconductivity. This comprehensive volume presents the background of the theory and its main applications in physics and chemistry, along with more recent achievements. Full descriptions are presented alongside thorough references to original material. The 2006 book contains over 200 figures to aid visual explanation and avoids bulky mathematical deductions and overly technical language. It is intended for graduate students and academic researchers working in solid state physics, quantum chemistry, crystallography, spectroscopy, and materials science.

Valency and Bonding
  • A Natural Bond Orbital Donor-Acceptor Perspective
  • Frank Weinhold, Clark R. Landis
  • Published online:
    04 December 2009
    Print publication:
    17 June 2005
  • This graduate level text presents the first comprehensive overview of modern chemical valency and bonding theory, written by internationally recognised experts in the field. The authors build on the foundation of Lewis- and Pauling-like localized structural and hybridization concepts to present a book that is directly based on current ab-initio computational technology. The presentation is highly visual and intuitive throughout, based on the recognizable and transferable graphical forms of natural bond orbitals (NBOs) and their spatial overlaps in the molecular environment. The book shows applications to a broad range of molecular and supramolecular species of organic, inorganic and bioorganic interest. Hundreds of orbital illustrations help to convey the essence of modern NBO concepts for those with no extensive background in the mathematical machinery of the Schrödinger equation. This book will appeal to those studying chemical bonding in relation to chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry and physics.

Elements of the Random Walk
  • An introduction for Advanced Students and Researchers
  • Joseph Rudnick, George Gaspari
  • Published online:
    03 December 2009
    Print publication:
    04 March 2004
  • Random walks have proven to be a useful model in understanding processes across a wide spectrum of scientific disciplines. Elements of the Random Walk is an introduction to some of the most powerful and general techniques used in the application of these ideas. The mathematical construct that runs through the analysis of the topics covered in this book, unifying the mathematical treatment, is the generating function. Although the reader is introduced to analytical tools, such as path-integrals and field-theoretical formalism, the book is self-contained in that basic concepts are developed and relevant fundamental findings fully discussed. Mathematical background is provided in supplements at the end of each chapter, when appropriate. This text will appeal to graduate students across science, engineering and mathematics who need to understand the applications of random walk techniques, as well as to established researchers.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation
  • Brian Cowan
  • Published online:
    02 December 2009
    Print publication:
    17 April 1997
  • This book provides an introduction to the general principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation, concentrating on simple models and their application. The concepts of relaxation and the time domain are particularly emphasised. Some relatively advanced topics are treated, but the approach is graduated and all points of potential difficulty are carefully explained. An introductory classical discussion of relaxation is followed by a quantum-mechanical treatment. Only when the the principles of relaxation are firmly established is the density operator approach introduced; and then its power becomes apparent. A selection of case studies is considered in depth, providing applications of the ideas developed in the text. There are a number of appendices, including one on random functions. This treatment of one of the most important experimental techniques in modern science will be of great value to final-year undergraduates, graduate students and researchers using nuclear magnetic resonance, particularly physicists, and especially those involved in the study of condensed matter physics.

Macromolecular Crystallography with Synchrotron Radiation
  • John R. Helliwell
  • Published online:
    23 November 2009
    Print publication:
    21 May 1992
  • This highly illustrated monograph provides a comprehensive study of the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids and viruses using synchrotron radiation and crystallography. Synchrotron radiation is intense, polychromatic and finely collimated, and is highly effective for probing the structure of macromolecules. This is a fast-expanding field, and this timely monograph gives a complete introduction to the technique and its uses. Beginning with chapters on the fundamentals of macromolecular crystallography and macromolecular structure, the book goes on to review the sources and properties of synchrotron radiation, instrumentation and data collection. There are chapters on the Laue method, on diffuse X-ray scattering and on variable wavelength dispersion methods. The book concludes with a description and survey of applications including studies at high resolution, the use of small crystals, the study of large unit cells, and time-resolved crystallography (particularly of enzymes). Appendices are provided which present essential information for the synchrotron user as well as information about synchrotron facilities currently available. A detailed bibliography and reference section completes the volume. Many tables, diagrams and photographs are included.

Group Theoretical Methods and Applications to Molecules and Crystals
  • Shoon K. Kim
  • Published online:
    12 November 2009
    Print publication:
    24 June 1999
  • This book explains the basic aspects of symmetry groups as applied to problems in physics and chemistry using an approach pioneered and developed by the author. The symmetry groups and their representations are worked out explicitly, eliminating the undue abstract nature of group theoretical methods. The author has systemized the wealth of knowledge on symmetry groups that has accumulated in the century since Fedrov discovered the 230 space groups. All space groups, unitary as well as antiunitary, are reconstructed based on the algebraic defining relations of the point groups. This work will be of great interest to graduate students and professionals in solid state physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology and those who are interested in magnetic crystal structures.

Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids
  • 2nd edition
  • Denis J. Evans, Gary Morriss
  • Published online:
    06 November 2009
    Print publication:
    08 May 2008
  • In recent years the interaction between dynamical systems theory and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics has been enormous. The discovery of fluctuation theorems as a fundamental structure common to almost all non-equilibrium systems, and the connections with the free energy calculation methods of Jarzynski and Crooks, have excited both theorists and experimentalists. This graduate-level book charts the development and theoretical analysis of molecular dynamics as applied to equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems. Designed for both researchers in the field and graduate students of physics, it connects molecular dynamics simulation with the mathematical theory to understand non-equilibrium steady states. It also provides a link between the atomic, nano, and macro worlds. The book ends with an introduction to the use of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to justify a thermodynamic treatment of non-equilibrium steady states, and gives a direction to further avenues of exploration.

Spectroscopy of Molecular Rotation in Gases and Liquids
  • A. I. Burshtein, S. I. Temkin
  • Published online:
    06 November 2009
    Print publication:
    21 July 1994
  • Spectroscopic studies can reveal a wealth of information about the rotational and vibrational behaviour of the constituent molecules of gases and liquids. This 1994 book reviews the fundamental concepts and important models which underpin such studies, dealing in particular with the phenomenon of spectral collapse, which accompanies the transition from rare gas to dense liquid. Throughout, discussion of the various quantum mechanical and semiclassical theories is interwoven with analysis of experimental results. These include data from optical, NMR, ESR and acoustic investigations. The book concludes with a discussion of the latest theories describing the mechanism of rotational diffusion in liquid solutions. This comprehensive review of theoretical models and techniques will be invaluable to graduate students and researchers interested in molecular dynamics and spectroscopy.

Acid-Base Cements
  • Their Biomedical and Industrial Applications
  • Alan D. Wilson, John W. Nicholson
  • Published online:
    02 November 2009
    Print publication:
    01 July 1993
  • Acid-base cements have been known since the mid-nineteenth century and offer an alternative to polymerization as a route for forming solid substances. They are quick setting materials and some have unusual properties for cements, such as adhesion and translucency. They find diverse applications ranging from the biomedical to the industrial. Despite this there has been a failure to recognize them as constituting a single, well defined class of material. This book attempts to remedy this situation by unifying the subject and treating this range of materials as a single class. Following a brief historical overview, an introductory chapter defines these cements as materials that are formed by reacting a basic powder with an acidic liquid to yield a salt-like matrix. The nature of the cementation process and the cement-forming acids and bases are discussed. Other chapters are devoted to the methods of study, the structure of water and simple polyelectrolyte theory. In the remaining chapters the various types of cements classified according the anionic constituent of the matrix, are described. Thus, there are chapters on polyalkenoate, phosphate, oxychloride, oxysulphate and the non-aqueous phenolate cements. A chapter is devoted to miscellaneous aqueous cements which include the recently discovered polyphosphonate cements.

High Vacuum Techniques for Chemical Syntheses and Measurements
  • P. H. Plesch
  • Published online:
    28 October 2009
    Print publication:
    06 July 1989
  • This 1989 book describes the physico-chemical principles of the high vacuum techniques used by chemists. It is a guide to the choice of suitable equipment, the methods of constructing the systems, and the ways of using them. Professor Plesch's book is the only up-to-date work on the type of high vacuum systems (HVS) used by chemists and it is the first ever to describe in detail the actual construction, manifold uses, method of operation, and final dismantling of an HVS. It includes descriptions of a very wide range of devices for making measurements (conductivity, spectra, kinetics, etc.) in vacuum. The author draws on over 40 years of his own experiences and those of others in many parts of the world, and many of the tricks and gadgets have not been published before. The book will be an essential companion on the bench of every chemist involved in the synthesis of, or measurements on, air-sensitive compounds.

Magnetic Ceramics
  • Raul Valenzuela
  • Published online:
    28 October 2009
    Print publication:
    15 September 1994
  • Magnetic Ceramics describes the structure, preparation techniques, magnetic properties and applications of iron-based oxides also known as ferrites; metallic magnetic materials are also covered in depth. The main purpose of the book is to provide an up-to-date overview of the relevant aspects of ferrites, which cover a wide range of magnetic properties and applications such as high-frequency transformer cores, permanent magnet cements, microwave telecommunication devices, magnetic recording media and heads. The approach is that of materials science, characteristically interdisciplinary, where chemical aspects are covered in terms of synthesis/fabrication methods and crystal structures, and physics is introduced to provide a theoretical basis to magnetic properties. A special emphasis is given to the relationship between microstructure and properties.

Thermodynamics of Chemical Systems
  • Scott Emerson Wood, Rubin Battino
  • Published online:
    28 October 2009
    Print publication:
    30 March 1990
  • The aim of this book is to develop the concepts and relations pertinent to the solution of many thermodynamic problems encountered in multi-phase, multi-component systems. In doing so, it emphasizes a comprehension and development of general expressions for solving such problems, rather than ready-made equations for particular applications. Throughout the book, the methods of Gibbs are used with emphasis on the chemical potential. Many topics omitted in more elementary texts are amply discussed defining the state of a thermodynamic system, particularly the indifferent systems; the use of the Gibbs-Duhem equation in single-phase and multi-phase component systems; the conditions of stability for single-phase and multi-phase component systems; and the graphical representation of the thermodynamic functions. Special attention is given to reference and standard states. The material is presented in a rigorous and mathematical manner, and SI units are used throughout. A detailed bibliography is also included. Thermodynamics of Chemical Systems is intended for all those concerned with the application of thermodynamics to chemical systems, including biochemists, metallurgists, physicists, and materials scientists as well as chemists. Research workers and graduate students in these areas will find this work to be a valuable textbook and reference book.

Electron Spectrometry of Atoms using Synchrotron Radiation
  • Volker Schmidt
  • Published online:
    21 October 2009
    Print publication:
    15 May 1997
  • This monograph describes the theory and practice of electron spectrometry using synchrotron radiation. The book is in three parts. After a short review of background theory, neon is used to elucidate the principles of the photoelectron and Auger spectra. The second part of the book looks at experimental aspects, including characteristic features of electrostatic analysers, detectors, lenses, disturbances, and optimisation, and then illustrates theory and experiment with details of recent experiments. The third part provides useful reference data, including wavefunctions, special theory, polarisation and special aspects of instrumentation. A detailed reference list completes the volume. The study of electron spectrometry using synchrotron radiation is a growing field of research driven by the increasing availability of advanced synchrotron radiation light sources and improved theoretical methods for solving the many-electron problem in atoms. This balanced account will be of value to both theorists and experimentalists working in this area.

Mössbauer Spectroscopy
  • Edited by Dominic P. E. Dickson, Frank J. Berry
  • Published online:
    15 October 2009
    Print publication:
    11 December 1986
  • This book provides an assessment of the unique contribution Mössbauer spectroscopy can make to the study of the bonding, structural, magnetic, dynamical and time-dependent properties of various systems. It comprises an edited collection of chapters by an international body of distinguished scientists writing on their individual areas of specialisation. The editors and authors aim to give the reader an in-depth understanding of the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy in terms of the types of information it can provide, together with an appreciation of how this information can be related to that obtained from complementary techniques. This book will be of value to postgraduate students and research workers with no previous knowledge of the technique, but also to those experienced in the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy in a particular area wishing to gain either a wider overview of the technique or information about its use in another area.

Colloidal Particles at Liquid Interfaces
  • Edited by Bernard P. Binks, Tommy S. Horozov
  • Published online:
    11 October 2009
    Print publication:
    17 August 2006
  • Small solid particles adsorbed at liquid interfaces arise in many industrial products and process, such as anti-foam formulations, crude oil emulsions and flotation. They act in many ways like traditional surfactant molecules, but offer distinct advantages. However, the understanding of how these particles operate in such systems is minimal. This book brings together the diverse topics actively being investigated, with contributions from leading experts in the field. After an introduction to the basic concepts and principles, the book divides into two sections. The first deals with particles at planar liquid interfaces, with chapters of an experimental and theoretical nature. The second concentrates on the behaviour of particles at curved liquid interfaces, including particle-stabilized foams and emulsions and new materials derived from such systems. This collection will be of interest to academic researchers and graduate students in chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, pharmacy, food science and materials science.

Page 21 of 87