Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T10:35:09.863Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Sheng and Engsh in Kenya’s Public Spaces and Media

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 August 2021

Rajend Mesthrie
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town
Ellen Hurst-Harosh
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town
Heather Brookes
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town
Get access

Summary

This chapter will discuss the role of the media in the development of Sheng (showing largely African language syntax with salient English lexis) and Engsh (showing the reverse; i.e. largely the syntax of English and lexis from several African languages) in Kenya. While African urban youth languages may start as anti-languages of the streets, many develop a much wider speech community due to their gradual spread from the street and the informal transport environment into song lyrics and thus the radio, and into comic strips and cartoons and thus the printed press. The use of these two youth language varieties in these media has the additional effect of making them acceptable for a larger part of the society as a style of youth and modernity and rendering this style fit for advertisement and use on television, such as in soap operas. This development is illustrated with Sheng and Engsh examples.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

African Slum Journal. (2015). Matatu Graffiti Art. www.africanslumjournal.com/matatu-graffiti-art-in-nairobi/.Google Scholar
Arrive Safe Kenya. (2014). Funniest Writings on Matatus. www.arrivesafekenya.com/2014/09/funniest-writings-on-matatus_9.html.Google Scholar
Barasa, Sandra. (2010). Language, Mobile Phones and Internet: A Study of SMS texting, Email, IM and SNS Chats in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) in Kenya. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Barasa, Sandra and Mous, Maarten. (2017). Engsh, a Kenyan middle class youth language parallel to Sheng. Journal of Pidgins and Creoles, 32(1), pp. 4874.Google Scholar
Beck, Rose Marie. (2010). Urban languages in Africa. Africa Spectrum, 45(3), pp. 1141.Google Scholar
Beck, Rose Marie. (2015). Sheng: an urban variety of Kiswahili in Kenya. In Nassenstein, N. and Hollington, A. (eds.), Youth Language Practices in Africa and Beyond. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 5180.Google Scholar
Bosire, Mokaya. (2006). Hybrid languages: the case of Sheng. In Arasanyin, O. F. and Pemberton, M. A. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Volume 18593. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 185193.Google Scholar
Brookes, Heather. (2014). Urban youth languages in South Africa: a case study of Tsotsitaal in a South African township. Anthropological Linguistics, 56(3/4), pp. 356388.Google Scholar
Churchill Show. (2013). Chipukeezy: Mwanaume ni … [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0gAYqQBtOs&ab_channel=ChurchillShow.Google Scholar
Churchill Show. (2015). Churchill Show S05 Ep27 [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD9C31K-yaI&ab_channel=ChurchillShow.Google Scholar
Ferrari, Aurélia. (2009). Emergence de Langues Urbaines en Afrique: Le Cas du Sheng, Langue Mixte Parlée à Nairobi (Kenya). Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
GengGeng Pediss. (2020). Pepeta – KITU SURE (Official Video) [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=3adSiAWY8uk&ab_channel=GengGengPediss.Google Scholar
Githinji, Peter. (2006). Bazes and their shibboleths: lexical variation and Sheng speakers’ identity in Nairobi. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 5(4), pp. 443472.Google Scholar
Githinji, Peter. (2009). Sheng, Styleshifting and Construction of Multifaceted Identities; Discursive Practices in the Social Negotiation of Meaning. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.Google Scholar
Githiora, Chege. (2002). Sheng: peer language, Kiswahili dialect or emerging creole. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 15(2), pp. 159181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Githiora, Chege. (2018). Sheng: the expanding domains of an urban youth vernacular. Journal of African Cultural studies, 30(2), pp. 105120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, Ellen. (2009). Tsotsitaal, global culture and local style: Identity and recontextualisation in twenty‐first century South African townships. Social Dynamics, 35(2), pp. 244257.Google Scholar
Ink Productions Ltd. (2016). Nairobi Diaries episode 4 [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPD891HpI18&ab_channel=InkProductionsLtd.Google Scholar
Jill. (2013). The Matatus of Nairobi (Presentation) [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8mz6--6Xdk&ab_channel=Jill.Google Scholar
K24 TV. (2011). Flipside Tuju speaking Sheng! [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-pXlxpDnKo.Google Scholar
Kariuki, Annah, Kanana, Fridah Erastus and Kebeya, Hildah. (2015). The growth and use of Sheng in advertisements in selected businesses in Kenya. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 27(2), pp. 229246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaviti, Lillian. (2015). From stigma to status – Sheng and Engsh in Kenya’s linguistic and literary space. In Diegner, L. and Schulze-Engler, F. (eds.), Habari ya English? What About Kiswahili? East Africa as a Literary and Linguistic Contact Zone. Leiden: Brill, pp. 223254.Google Scholar
KBC Channel 1. (2015). Matatu culture [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=PctBxkqsRGo&ab_channel=KBCChannel1.Google Scholar
Kembo-Sure, Edward. (1992). The coming of Sheng. English Today, 32, pp. 2628.Google Scholar
Kenya CitizenTV. (2014). Newsmakers: Mike Sonko [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OQl1cQ7aVU&ab_channel=KenyaCitizenTV.Google Scholar
Kießling, Roland and Mous, Maarten. (2004). Urban youth languages in Africa. Anthropological Linguistics, 46(3), pp. 303341.Google Scholar
Kioko, Eric. (2015). Regional varieties and ethnic registers of Sheng. In Nassenstein, N. and Hollington, A. (eds.), Youth Language Practices in Africa and Beyond. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 119148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KTN Home. (2012). CRAZY COMEDY OGUTU [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=395fylrQggs&ab_channel=KTNHome.Google Scholar
Mazrui, Alamin. (1995). Slang and code-switching: the case of Sheng in Kenya. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 42, pp. 168179.Google Scholar
Mburu, Simon. (2013). Sheng and its effects on mainstream languages in Kenya [Blog]. www.kenyaplex.com/resources/7422-sheng-and-its-effects-on-mainstream-languages-in-kenya.aspx.Google Scholar
Menjo, Betty Saina. (2016). The Influence of Sheng on Composition Writing among Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Eldoret Municipality, Kenya. Unpublished MA thesis, Moi University.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. (2008). ‘I’ve been speaking Tsotsitaal all my life without knowing it’: towards a unified account of tsotsitaals in South Africa. In Meyerhoff, M. and Nagy, N. (eds.), Social Lives in Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 95109.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Hurst, Ellen. (2013). Slang registers, code-switching and restructured urban varieties in South Africa: an analytic overview of tsotsitaals with special reference to the Cape Town variety. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 28(1), pp. 103130.Google Scholar
Momanyi, Clara. (2009). The effects of ‘Sheng’ in the teaching of Kiswahili in Kenyan schools. Journal of Pan African Studies, 2(8), pp. 127138.Google Scholar
Murugi, Kenyatti Lydia. (2003). Language as a Tool of Abuse Against Women– the Case of the Language of Matatu Touts and University Students in Nairobi. Unpublished PhD thesis, Nairobi University.Google Scholar
Mutiga, Jayne. (2013). Effects of language spread on a people’ phenomenology: the case of Sheng’ in Kenya. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa, 4(1), pp. 115.Google Scholar
Mutonya, Mungai. (2008). Swahili advertising in Nairobi: innovation and language shift. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 20(1), pp. 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwaura, Samora. (2014). Sheng: the slang nation. The Standard Digital. www.standardmedia.co.ke/lifestyle/article/2000101341/sheng-the-slang-nation.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. (1998). A theoretical introduction to the Markedness model. In Myers-Scotton, C. (ed.), Codes and Consequences: Choosing Linguistic Varieties. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nassenstein, Nico. (2014). A Grammatical Study of the Youth Language Yanké. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Nassenstein, Nico and Hollington, Andrea (eds.). (2015). Youth Language Practices in Africa and Beyond. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngo Ngok-Graux, Elisabeth. (2010). Le Camfranglais, un Parler Urbain au Cameroun: Attitudes, Représentations, Fonctionnement Linguistique pour un Apparentement Typologique. Unpublished PhD thesis, Université de Provence.Google Scholar
NTV Kenya. (2018). Churchill Raw: Season 5 Episode 32 [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1HW20Y9JHg&ab_channel=NTVKenya.Google Scholar
Oganda, Haron and Mogambi, Hezron. (2015). The language of graffiti on public transport vehicles in Kenya: issues and perspectives. International Journal of Education and Research, 3 (6), pp. 4756.Google Scholar
Ogechi, Nathan. (2005). On lexicalization in Sheng. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 14(3), pp. 334355.Google Scholar
Ogechi, Nathan. (2008). Sheng as a youth identity marker: reality or misconception. In Njogu, K. (ed.), Culture, Performance and Identity. Paths of Communication in Kenya. Nairobi: Twaweza Communications, pp. 7592Google Scholar
Oparanya, Wycliffe Ambetsa. (2009). 2009 Population and Housing Census Results [presentation]. https://web.archive.org/web/20130810185221/http:/www.knbs.or.ke/docs/PresentationbyMinisterforPlanningrevised.pdf.Google Scholar
Osinde, Kenneth. (1986). Sheng: An Investigation into the Social and Structural Aspects of an Evolving Language. Unpublished BA dissertation, University of Nairobi.Google Scholar
Rudd, Philip. (2008). Sheng: The Mixed Language of Nairobi. Unpublished PhD thesis, Ball State University.Google Scholar
Samper, David. (2002). Talking Sheng: The Role of a Hybrid Language in the Construction of Identity and Youth Culture in Nairobi, Kenya. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Spyropoulos, Mary. (1987). Sheng: some preliminary investigations into a recently emerged Nairobi street language. Journal of Anthropological Society of Oxford, 18(1), pp. 125136.Google Scholar
Standardmedia. (2014). Is there a place for sheng in schools? [Blog]. www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2000125690/is-there-a-place-for-sheng-in-schools.Google Scholar
The Real Househelps of Kawangware. (2016). Yaliyopita si ndwele Ep104 Pt1 [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdxlW7x0D38&ab_channel=TheRealHouseHelpsofKawangware.Google Scholar
Trending Newsroom. (2015). Jaymo Ule msee launches new Sheng’ Church where they say it as it [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWaMWsBSl9g.Google Scholar
Vierke, Clarissa. (2015). Some remarks on poetic aspects of Sheng. In Nassenstein, N. and Hollington, A. (eds.), Youth Language Practices in Africa and Beyond. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 227256.Google Scholar
wa-Mũngai, Mbũgua. (2003). Identity Politics in Nairobi Matatu Folklore. Philosophy. Unpublished PhD thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
wa-Mũngai, Mbũgua. (2013). Nairobi’s ‘Matatu’ Men: Portrait of a Subculture. Nairobi: Twaweza Communications.Google Scholar
What’s Good Networks. (2015a). SHENG TALK EPISODE 16 FULL SHOW [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5RMusvvHp4&ab_channel=What%27sGoodNetworks.Google Scholar
What’s Good Networks. (2015b). Sheng Talk Full Show – Wakadinali, Suki Make-Up & Zines Magazines Project [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvCUOB2H4Q8&index=61&list=PLrN_8NrzlZ_rHvBShT45AeWeAKhcYbdh3.Google Scholar
What’s Good Networks. (2016). Sheng Talk 2016 – Season 2 Episode 3 [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sNYb06TgJ8.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×