Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:28:45.914Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Seventeen - Ethiopia

Christianity, Language, and Identity

from III - Languages, Confessions, Empire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2024

Elizabeth S. Bolman
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
Scott Fitzgerald Johnson
Affiliation:
University of Oklahoma
Jack Tannous
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

Ethiopia is home to a unique Christian culture dating back to Late Antiquity. Even after the Ethiosemitic language of Gəʿəz died out as a spoken language after the collapse of the kingdom of Aksum, it remained for centuries and, indeed, down to the present, as one of the mainstays of the Ethiopian Church. This ancient culture has been shaped by such historical factors as the kingdom of Aksum and its contact with the Roman Empire, relations between medieval Ethiopia and the Coptic Church of Egypt, and political events within Ethiopia. In the course of its long history, the Ethiopian Church has not only produced a vast literature of its own but has also preserved translations of literature now lost in its original language.

Type
Chapter
Information
Worlds of Byzantium
Religion, Culture, and Empire in the Medieval Near East
, pp. 558 - 589
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbink, Jon. “The Aksumite Background of the Ethiopic ‘Corpus Canonum.’” In Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg, July 20–25, 2003, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 532–41. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006.Google Scholar
Abbink, Jon. “The Enigma of Beta Esraʾel Ethnogenesis: An Anthro-historical Study.Cahiers d’études africaines 30, no. 120 (1990): 397449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbink, Jon. “A Socio-structural Analysis of the Beta Esraʾel as an ‘Infamous Group’ in Traditional Ethiopia.Sociologus 37, no. 2 (1990): 140–54.Google Scholar
Ayenachew, Deresse. “Evolution and Organisation of the Ç̌äwa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia.Annales dʼÉthiopie 29 (2014): 8395.Google Scholar
Ayenachew, DeresseThe Southern Interests of the Royal Court of Ethiopia in the Light of Bərbər Maryam’s Geʾez and Amharic Manuscripts.Northeast African Studies 11, no. 2 (2011): 4357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bausi, Alessandro. “The Aksumite Background of the Ethiopic ‘Corpus Canonum.’” In Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg, July 20–25, 2003, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 532‒41. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006.Google Scholar
Bausi, Alessandro. “Kings and Saints: Founders of Dynasties, Monasteries and Churches in Christian Ethiopia.” In Stifter und Mäzene und ihre Rolle in der Religion: Von Königen, Mönchen, Vordenkern und Laien in Indien, China und anderen Kulturen, edited by Schuler, Barbara, pp. 161–85. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2013.Google Scholar
Bausi, Alessandro. “Name(s): Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite Names.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 1120–2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.Google Scholar
Bausi, Alessandro. “New Egyptian Texts in Ethiopia.Adamantius 8 (2002): 146–51.Google Scholar
Bausi, Alessandro. “The So-Called ‘Traditio Apostolica’: Preliminary Observations on the New Ethiopic Evidence.” In Volksglaube im antiken Christentum, edited by Grieser, Heike and Merkt, Andreas, pp. 291321. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2009.Google Scholar
Bernand, Étienne. 1991. “Les inscriptions de la période axoumite: B. Les inscriptions grecques.” In Bernand, Drewes, and Schneider, Recueil des inscriptions, vol. 1: Les documents, pp. 359–93.Google Scholar
Bernand, Étienne, Drewes, Abraham J., and Schneider, Roger, eds. Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie des périodes pré-axoumite et axoumite. 2 vols. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard, 1991.Google Scholar
Beylot, Robert, trans. La Gloire des rois, ou l’Histoire de Salomon et de la reine de Saba. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezold, Carl, ed. and trans. Kebra Nagast. Die Herrlichkeit der Könige: Nach den Handschriften in Berlin, London, Oxford und Paris. Munich: G. Franz, 1905.Google Scholar
Blois, François de. “Clan-Names in Ancient Ethiopia.Die Welt des Orients 15 (1984): 123–5.Google Scholar
Bosc-Tiessé, Claire, Derat, Marie-Laure, Fritsch, Emmanuel, and Abullif, Wadi Awad. “Les inscriptions arabes, coptes et guèzes des églises de Lālibalā.Annales d’Éthiopie 25 (2010): 4353.Google Scholar
Brakmann, Heinzgerd. ΤΟ ΠΑΡΑ ΤΟΙϹ ΒΑΡΒΑΡΟΙϹ ΕΡΓΟΝ ΘΕΙΟΝ: Die Einwurzelung der Kirche im spätantiken Reich von Aksum. Bonn: Verlag Norbert M. Borengässer, 1994.Google Scholar
Braukämper, Ulrich. “Aspects of Religious Syncretism in Southern Ethiopia.Journal of Religion in Africa 22, no. 3 (1992): 194207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braukämper, Ulrich. A History of the Hadiya of Southern Ethiopia. Translated by Krause, Geraldine. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012.Google Scholar
Breyer, Francis. Das Königreich Aksum: Geschichte und Archäologie Abessiniens in der Spätantike. Darmstadt; Mainz: Phillip von Zabern, 2012.Google Scholar
Burtea, Bogdan. “Christian Magic Literature.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 638–40. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.Google Scholar
Casson, Lionel, trans. The Periplus maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Colin, Gérard, and Bausi, Alessandro. “Sǝnkǝssar.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 4, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 621–3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.Google Scholar
Cureton, William, ed. The Third Part of the Ecclesiastical History of John, Bishop of Ephesus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1853.Google Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure. “Before the Solomonids: Renaissance and the Zagwe Dynasty (Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries).” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia, edited by Samantha Kelly, pp. 31–56. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2020.Google Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure. “Le développement à l’époque médiévale: Les prédications de Takla-Hāymānot et d’Ēwosṭāṭēwos et le royaume chrétien d’Éthiopie (XIIIe–XVe siècle).” In Saints fondateurs du christianisme éthiopien: Frumentius, Garimā, Takla-Hāymānot et Ēwosṭāṭēwos, edited by Colin, Gérard, pp. lvilxxxiv. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2017.Google Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure. “The Zāgʷē Dynasty (11th–13th centuries) and King Yemreḥanna Krestos.Annales d’Éthiopie 25 (2010): 157–96.Google Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure and Pennec, Hervé. “Les églises et monastères royaux dʼÉthiopie (XVe–XVIe, et XVIIe siècles): permanences et ruptures d’une stratégie royale.” In Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Kyoto, 12–17 December 1997, edited by Fukui, Katsuyoshi, Kurimoto, Eisei, and Shigeta, Masayoshi, pp. 1734. Kyoto: Shokado Book Sellers, 1997.Google Scholar
Drewes, Abraham J., and Schneider, Roger. “Les inscriptions de la période axoumite: A. Les inscriptions guèzes.” In Bernand, Drewes, and Schneider, Recueil des inscriptions, vol. 1: Les documents, pp. 215358.Google Scholar
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier, Bruxelles, Laurent, Mensan, Romain, Bosc-Tiessé, Claire, Derat, Marie-Laure, and Fritsch, Emmanuel. “Rock-Cut Stratigraphy: Sequencing the Lalibela Churches.Antiquity 84 (2010): 1135–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiaccadori, Gianfranco. “Between Hagiography and History: The Zagwe Dynasty and King Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos.” In Veneration of Saints in Christian Ethiopia: Proceedings of the International Workshop “Saints in Christian Ethiopia: Literary Sources and Veneration,” Hamburg, April 28–29, 2012, edited by Nosnitsin, Denis, pp. 1549. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2015.Google Scholar
Fiaccadori, Gianfranco. “Ewosṭatewos.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 2, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 469–72. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005.Google Scholar
Fiaccadori, Gianfranco. “Kaleb.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 329–32. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.Google Scholar
Fiaccadori, Gianfranco. “Makǝdda.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 672–7. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.Google Scholar
Fiaccadori, Gianfranco. “Rombulo, Pietro.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 5, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 498–9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014.Google Scholar
Finneran, Niall. “Lalibäla.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 482–4. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.Google Scholar
Finneran, Niall. “Settlement Archaeology and Oral History in Lasta, Ethiopia: Some Preliminary Observations from a Landscape Study of Lalibela.Azania 44, no. 3 (2009): 281–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frantsouzoff, Serge A.On the Dating of the Ethiopian Dynastic Treatise Kǝbrä Nägäśt: New Evidence.Scrinium 12 (2016): 20–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gajda, Iwona. Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l’époque monothéiste: L’histoire de l’Arabie du Sud ancienne de la fin du IVe siècle de l’ère chrétienne jusqu’à l’avènement de l’islam. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2009.Google Scholar
Gamst, Frederick C.Peasantries and Elites without Urbanism: The Civilization of Ethiopia.Comparative Studies in Society and History 12, no. 4 (1970): 373–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, Wolfgang. “Noe, Israel und andere Könige mit biblischen Namen auf axumitischen Münzen: Der Gottesbund als Legitimation der christlichen Königsherrschaft im alten Äthiopien.Money Trend 12 (2001): 124–8.Google Scholar
Halperin, David J., and Newby, Gordon D.Two Castrated Bulls: A Study in the Haggadah of Kaʿb al-Aḥbār.Journal of the American Oriental Society 102 (1982): 631–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassen, Mohammed. The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300–1700. Woodbridge: James Currey, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatke, George. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. New York: New York University Press; Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2013.Google Scholar
Hatke, George. “Northeast Africa.” In Companion to the Global Early Middle Ages, edited by Hermans, Erik, pp. 299332. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heide, Martin. “Zur Vorlage und Bedeutung der äthiopischen Bibelübersetzung.” In Studien zum Text der Apokalypse, edited by Sigismund, Marcus, Karrer, Martin, and Schmid, Ulrich, pp. 289313. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heldman, Marilyn E.A Chalice from Venice for Emperor Dāwit of Ethiopia.Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53, no. 3 (1990): 442–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, Bertrand, and Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier. “L’Éthiopie médiévale: État des lieux et nouveaux éclairages.Cahiers d’études africaines 42, no. 166 (2002): 315–35.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Bertrand, and Poissonnier, Bertrand. “Recherches historiques et archéologiques à Meshalä Maryam (Mänz, Éthiopie).Annales d’Éthiopie 16 (2000): 5987.Google Scholar
Hubbard, David A. “The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of St. Andrews, 1956.Google Scholar
Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad. Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, edited by Kramers, J. H.. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1938‒9.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven. “Betä Ǝsraʾel.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 1, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 552–9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven. The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia: From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven. “Notes towards a History of Aṣe Dawit I (1382–1413).Aethiopica 5 (2002): 7188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Steven. “Seeing Is Believing: The Power of Visual Culture in the Religious World of Aşe Zärʿa Yaʿeqob of Ethiopia (1434–1468).Journal of Religion in Africa 32, no. 4 (2002): 403–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Steven. “Seen but Not Heard: Children and Childhood in Medieval Ethiopian Hagiographies.International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 3 (1997): 539–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Steven, and Derat, Marie-Laure. “Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 5, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 146–50. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven, and Smidt, Wolbert. “Name(s): Ethnographic Overview.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 1125–30. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.Google Scholar
Knibb, Michael A. The Ethiopic Book of Enoch: A New Edition in the Light of the Aramaic Dead Sea Fragments. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Knibb, Michael A. Translating the Bible: The Ethiopic Version of the Old Testament. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Łajtar, Adam, and Ochała, Grzegorz. “An Unexpected Guest in the Church of Sonqi Tino (Notes on Medieval Nubian Toponymy 4).Dotawo 4 (2017): 257–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepage, Claude. “Entre Aksum et Lalibela: Les églises du sud-est du Tigray (IXe–XIIe s.) en Éthiopie.Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 150, no. 1 (2006): 939.Google Scholar
Littmann, Enno. Die Altamharischen Kaiserlieder. Strassburg: J. H. E. Heitz, 1914.Google Scholar
Lusini, Gianfrancesco. “The Costs of the Linguistic Transitions: Traces of Disappeared Languages in Ethiopia.” In Cultural and Linguistic Transition Explored: Proceedings of the ATrA Closing Workshop, Trieste, May 25–26, 2016, edited by Micheli, Ilaria, pp. 264–73. Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2017.Google Scholar
Marrassini, Paolo. “Ancient Semitic Gods on the Eritrean Shores.Annali 70 (2010): 515.Google Scholar
Marrassini, Paolo. “Kǝbrä Nägäśt.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 3, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 364–8. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.Google Scholar
Marrassini, Paolo. “Sälama.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 4, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 488–9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.Google Scholar
Müller, Walter W. Sabäische Inschriften nach Ären datiert: Bibliographie, Texte und Glossar. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.Google Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart. Catalogue of Aksumite Coins in the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart. The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant: The True History of the Tablets of Moses. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005.Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, George W. E.The Book of Enoch in the Theology and Practice of the Ethiopian Church.” In Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg, July 20–25, 2003, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 611–19. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006.Google Scholar
Nosnitsin, Denis. “Wäwähabo qobʿa wäʾaskema …: Reflections on an Episode from the History of the Ethiopian Monastic Movement.Scrinium 1 (2005): 197247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchon, Jules. “Histoire des guerres d’ʿAmda Ṣyon, roi d’Éthiopie.Journal Asiatique 14 (1889): 271493.Google Scholar
Perruchon, Jules, ed. and trans. Les chroniques de Zarʾa Yâʿeqôb et de Baʾeda Mâryâm, rois d’Éthiopie de 1434 à 1478 (texte éthiopien et traduction). Paris: Bouillon, 1893.Google Scholar
Phillipson, David W. Foundations of an African Civilization: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 bc–ad 1300. Woodbridge: James Currey, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piovanelli, Pierluigi. “The Apocryphal Legitimation of a ‘Solomonic’ Dynasty in the Kǝbrä nägäśt: A Reappraisal.Aethiopica 16 (2013): 744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polotsky, Hans Jakob.Aramaic, Syriac, and Geʿez.Journal of Semitic Studies 9 (1964): 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, Renate. “Some Linguistic Peculiarities of Old Amharic Texts.” In Ethiopia in Perspective, vol. 1: Papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Kyoto, 12–17 December 1997, edited by Fukui, Katsuyoshi, Kurimoto, Eeisei, and Shigeta, Masayoshi, pp. 543–51. Kyoto: Shokado Book Sellers, 1997.Google Scholar
Robin, Christian Julien.Abraha et la reconquête de l’Arabie déserte: Un réexamen de l’inscription Ryckmans 506 = Murayghan 1.Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 39 (2012): 193.Google Scholar
Robin, Christian Julien.La Grande Église d’Abraha à Ṣanʿāʾ: Quelques remarques sur son emplacement, ses dimensions et sa date.” In Interrelations between the Peoples of the Near East and Byzantium in Pre-Islamic Times, edited by Christides, Vassilios, pp. 105–29. Cordoba: CNERU Oriens Academic, 2015.Google Scholar
Robin, Christian Julien.L’arrivée du christianisme en Éthiopie: La ‘conversion’ de l’Éthiopie.” In Saints fondateurs du christianisme éthiopien: Frumentius, Garimā, Takla-Hāymānot et Ēwosṭāṭēwos, edited by Colin, Gérard, pp. xxiilvi. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2017.Google Scholar
Robin, Christian Julien, and Ṭayrān, Sālim. “Soixante-dix ans avant l’Islam: L’Arabie toute entière dominée par un roi chrétien.Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 1 (2012): 525–53.Google Scholar
Rodinson, Maxime. “Sur la question des ‘influences juives’ en Éthiopie.Journal of Semitic Studies 9 (1964): 1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rufinus of Aquileia, . The Church History of Rufinus of Aquileia, Books 10 and 11. Translated by Amidon, Philip R.. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Sāwīrus bin al-Muqaffa, ʿ. History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church, Known as the History of the Holy Church by Sawirus ibn al-Mukaffaʿ, Bishop of al-Asmunin, vol. 2.2. Edited and translated by Atiya, Aziz Suryal, ʿAbd al-Masih, Yassah, and Khs-Burmester, O. H. E.. Cairo: Société d’Archéologie Copte, 1948.Google Scholar
Shahid, Irfan. “The Kebra Nagast in the Light of Recent Research.Le Muséon 89 (1976): 133–78.Google Scholar
Stuckenbruck, Loren T.The Book of Enoch: Its Reception in Second Temple Jewish and in Christian Tradition.Early Christianity 4 (2013): 740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamrat, Taddesse. “Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn.” In The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 3: From c. 1050 to 1600. Edited by Oliver, Roland, pp. 98182. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamrat, TaddesseProcess of Ethnic Interaction and Integration in Ethiopian History: The Case of the Agaw.Journal of African History 29, no. 1 (1988): 518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tubach, Jürgen. “Die Anfänge des Christentums in Edessa.Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum 19, no. 1 (2015): 525.Google Scholar
Uhlig, Siegbert. “Enoch, Book of.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 2, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 311–13. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005.Google Scholar
Ullendorff, Edward. Ethiopia and the Bible. London: British Academy; Oxford University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Witakowski, Witold. “Filkǝsyos.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 2, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, pp. 541–2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005.Google Scholar
Wolska-Conus, Wanda, ed. Cosmas Indicopleustes: Topographie chrétien. 3 vols. Paris: Cerf, 196873.Google Scholar
Żurawski, Bogdan. “Nubia and Ethiopia in the Christian Period: Some Affinities.” In Aspects of Ethiopian Art, from Ancient Axum to the 20th Century, edited by Henze, Paul B., pp. 3341. London: Jed Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×