Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T19:29:59.777Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - (In)Visible Women and Children

Literary, Epigraphic, and Archaeological Evidence for British Migrant Families in the Roman Army

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2024

By
Tatiana Ivleva
Edited by
Lee L. Brice  and
Elizabeth M. Greene
Lee L. Brice
Affiliation:
Western Illinois University
Elizabeth M. Greene
Affiliation:
University of Western Ontario
Get access

Summary

This chapter explores the topic of Roman military families’ mobility in the late first through third centuries CE by discussing a case study of British families abroad. It surveys the evidence for families that came from Roman Britain and settled on the continent. In doing so, the author assesses and compares various types of evidence (literary, epigraphic, and archaeological) to discuss the case of British military families on the move, families that had been present in the Roman Empire but not accounted for in the modern scholarly literature. The sources analyzed include literary texts, inscriptions, military diplomas and personal dress accessories that the members of such families took with them as part of personal possessions during their travels. Since most sources available to trace such families come from the Roman military context, the focus lies on emigrant soldiers’ families. The first section relies heavily on the historical texts and epigraphic material while the second part is devoted to the discussion of the potential and limitations of material culture in our search for migrant communities. The chapter provides a case to support the view that British military families traveled far and wide in the empire.

Keywords

WomenfamilyofficersBritainbroochestravelwivesRomeRoman armyworld
Type
Chapter
Information
Women and the Army in the Roman Empire , pp. 181 - 218
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allason-Jones, L. (1995) “‘Sexing’ small finds.” In Rush (ed.), 22–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allason-Jones, L. (1999) “Women and the Roman Army in Britain.” In The Roman Army as a Community. (eds.) Goldsworthy, A. and Haynes, I., 41–51. JRA Supplement 34. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.Google Scholar
Allason-Jones, L. (2001) “Material culture and identity.” In Britons and Romans: Advancing an Archaeological Agenda. (eds.) James, S. and Millett, M., 19–26. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Allason-Jones, L. (2004) “The family in Roman Britain.” In Todd (ed.), 273–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allason-Jones, L. (2005) Women in Roman Britain, 2nd ed. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Allason-Jones, L. (ed.) (2011) Artefacts in Roman Britain: Their Purpose and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allason-Jones, L. (2012) “She said ‘emic’.” In Duggan, McIntosh, and Rohl (eds.), 4–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, P. M. (2006a) “Artefact distribution within the auxiliary fort at Ellingen: Evidence for building use and the presence of women and children.” BerRGK 87: 387–452.Google Scholar
Allison, P. M. (2006b) “Mapping for gender: Interpreting artefact distribution in Roman military forts in Germany.” Archaeol. Dialogues 13.1: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, P. M. (2008) “The women and children inside 1st- and 2nd-century forts: Comparing the archaeological evidence.” In Brandl (ed.), 120–39.Google Scholar
Allison, P. M. (2011) “‘Soldiers’ families in the early Roman Empire.” In Rawson (ed.), 161–82.Google Scholar
Allison, P. M. (2013) People and Spaces in Roman Military Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayley, J. and Butcher, S. (2004) Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection. London: Society of Antiquaries.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birley, A. (2016) “The complexity of intramural and extramural relationships on the northern frontier of Roman Britain – A Vindolanda case study.” In Hoss and Whitmore (eds.), 146–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birley, A. R. (1979) The People of Roman Britain. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1988) “Pannonians in Roman Britain.” ZPE 73: 151–5.Google Scholar
Bishop, M. (2011) “Military life.” In Allason-Jones (ed.), 114–32.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. (ed.) (2001) Epigraphic Evidence: Ancient History from Inscriptions. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Böhme, A. (1970) “Englische Fibeln aus den Kastellen Saalburg und Zugmantel.” SJ 27: 5–20.Google Scholar
Böhme-Schönberger, A. (1994) “Die Kragenfibel – eine treverische Fibelform?” In Festschrift für Otto-Herman Frey zum 65. Geburtstag. (ed.) Dobiat, C., 111–26. Marburg: Hitzeroth.Google Scholar
Böhme-Schönberger, A. (2002) “Die Distelfibel und die Germanen.” In Zwischen Rom und dem Barbaricum. Festschrift für Titus Kolnik zum 70. Geburtstag. (eds.) Kuzmová, K., Pieta, K., and Rajtár, J., 215–24. Nitra: Archäologisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Böhme-Schönberger, A. (2008) “Die Distelfibeln – Sind sie Männer- oder Frauenfibeln?” In Brandl (ed.), 140–54.Google Scholar
Brandl, U. (ed.) (2008a) “Frauen und Römisches Militär”: Beiträge eines Runden Tisches in Xanten vom 7. bis 9. Juli 2005. BAR International Series 1759. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandl, U. (2008b) “‘Soldatenbräute’ – Ausgewählte epigraphische Zeugnisse zum Verhältnis zwischen römischen Soldaten und Frauen.” In Brandl (ed.), 62–77.Google Scholar
Brather, S. (2004) Ethnische Interpretationen in der frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie: Geschichte, Grundlage und Alternativen. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brice, L. L. (ed.) (2020) New Approaches to Greek and Roman Warfare. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruun, C. (2010) “Water, oxygen isotopes and immigration to Ostia-Portus.” JRA 23: 109–32.Google Scholar
Chenery, C., Müldner, G., Evans, J., Eckardt, H., and Lewis, M. (2010) “Strontium and stable isotope evidence for diet and mobility in Roman Gloucester, UK.” JAS 37: 150–63.Google Scholar
Clay, C. L. (2007) “Before they were Angles, Saxons and Jutes: An epigraphic study of the Germanic social, religious and linguistic relations on Hadrian’s wall.” In Pagans and Christians – From Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Papers in Honour of Martin Henig Presented on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. (ed.) Gilmor, L., 47–63. BAR International Series 1610. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Collins, R. and McIntosh, F. (eds.) (2014) Life in the Limes. Studies of the People and Objects of the Roman Frontiers. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Cool, H. E. M. (2010) “Finding the foreigners.” In Eckardt (ed.), 27–44.Google Scholar
Cool, H. E. M. (2016) “Clothing and identity.” In Millett, Revell, and Moore (eds.), 406–25.Google Scholar
Croom, A. (2002) Roman Clothing and Fashion. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.Google Scholar
Croom, A. (2004) “Personal ornament.” In Todd (ed.), 288–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowder, K. D., Montgomery, J., Filipek, K. L., and Evans, J. A. (2020) “Romans, barbarians and foederati: New biomolecular data and a possible region of origin for ‘Headless Romans’ and other burials from Britain.” JAS: Reports 30: 102180.Google Scholar
Curta, F. (2005) “Female dress and ‘Slavic’ bow fibulae in Greece.” Hesperia 74.1: 101–46.Google Scholar
Dana, D. (2017) “A hitherto unrecognized Cornovian on a Roman military diploma (RMD I, 35).” Britannia 48: 287–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Ligt, L. and Tacoma., L. E. (eds.) (2016) Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delamarre, X. (2001) Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une Approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Paris: Errance.Google Scholar
Derks, T. (2009) “Ethnic identity in the Roman frontier. The epigraphy of Batavi and other Lower Rhine tribes.” In Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity. The Role and Power of Tradition. (eds.) Derks, T. and Roymans, N., 239–82. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derks, T. and Roymans, N. (2006) “Returning auxiliary veterans: Some methodological considerations.” JRA 16: 121–35.Google Scholar
Dobson, B. and Mann, J. C. (1973) “The Roman army in Britain and Britons in the Roman army.” Britannia 4: 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duggan, M., McIntosh, F., and Rohl, D. J. (eds.) (2012) TRAC 2011: Proceedings of the Twenty-First Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Newcastle 2011. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckardt, H. (ed.) (2010a) Roman Diasporas. Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.Google Scholar
Eckardt, H. (2010b) “A long way from home: Diaspora communities in Roman Britain.” In Eckardt (ed.), 99–130.Google Scholar
Eckardt, H. (2014) Objects and Identities. Roman Britain and the North-Western Provinces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckardt, H., Chenery, C., Booth, P., Evans, J. A., Lamb, A., and Müldner, G. (2009) “Oxygen and strontium isotope evidence for mobility in Roman Winchester.” JAS 36.12: 2816–25.Google Scholar
Eckardt, H., Müldner, G. and Speed, G. (2015) “The Late Roman field army in Northern Britain? Mobility, material culture and multi-isotope analysis at Scorton (N Yorks.).” Britannia 46: 191–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farnum, J. (2005) The Positioning of the Roman Imperial Legions. BAR International Series 1458. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, U. (1998) Grabungen im römischen Vicus von Nida-Heddernheim, 1961–1962. Bonn: Schnell & Steiner.Google Scholar
Fitz, J. (1972) Les Syriens à Intercisa. Collection Latomus 122. Brussels: Latomus.Google Scholar
Foubert, L. (2013) “Female travelers in Roman Britain: Vibia Pacata and Julia Lucilla.” In Hemelrijk and Woolf (eds.), 391–403.Google Scholar
Foubert, L. and Breeze, D. (2014) “Mobility in the Roman Empire.” In Past Mobilities: Archaeological Approaches to Movement and Mobility. (ed.) Leary, J., 175–87. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Frass, M. (2006) “Reiselustige Frauen im römischen Ägypten.” In Altertum und Mittelmeerraum: die antike Welt diesseits und jenseits der Levante. Festschrift für Peter W. Haider zum 60. Geburtstag. (eds.) Rollinger, R. and Truschnegg, B., 485–97. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.Google Scholar
Fulford, M. (2010) “Roman Britain: Immigration and material culture.” In Eckardt (ed.), 67–78.Google Scholar
Grabherr, G., Kainrath, B., and Schierl., T. (eds.) (2013) Relations Abroad: Brooches and Other Elements of Dress as Sources for Reconstructing Interregional Movement and Group Boundaries from the Punic Wars to the Decline of the Western Roman Empire. Proceedings of the International Conference from 27th–29th April 2011 in Innsbruck. Innsbruck: Innsbruck University Press.Google Scholar
Grane, T. (2013) “Roman imports in Scandinavia: Their purpose and meaning?” In Wells (ed.), 29–44.Google Scholar
Greene, E. M. (2011) “Women and families in the auxiliary military communities of the Roman west in the first and second centuries AD.” PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Greene, E. M. (2012) “Sulpicia Lepidina and Elizabeth Custer: A cross-cultural analogy for the social role of women on a military frontier.” In Duggan, McIntosh, and Rohl (eds.), 105–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, E. M. (2013) “Female networks in military communities in the Roman West: A view from the Vindolanda tablets.” In Hemelrijk and Woolf (eds.), 369–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, E. M. (2014) “If the shoe fits: Style and status in the assemblage of children’s shoes from Vindolanda.” In Collins and McIntosh (eds.), 29–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, E. M. (2015) “Conubium cum uxoribus: Wives and children in the Roman military diplomas.” JRA 28: 125–59.Google Scholar
Greene, E. M. (2016) “Identities and social roles of women in military settlements in the Roman West.” In Women in Antiquity: Real Women Across the Ancient World. (eds.) Budin, S. and Turfa, J., 942–53. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Greene, E. M. (2020) “Roman military communities and the families of Roman auxiliary soldiers.” In Brice (ed.), 149–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groenman-van Waateringe, W., Beek, B. L., Willems, W. J. W., and Wynia, S. L. (eds.) (1997) Roman Frontier Studies 1995: Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Grüll, T. (2018) “Origo as identity factor in Roman epitaphs.” In Social Interactions and Status Markers in the Roman World. (eds.) Cupcea, G. and Varga, R., 139–51. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Grünewald, M. (1990) Der römische Nordfriedhof in Worms: Funde von der Mainzer Strasse. Worms: Bücher-Bessler.Google Scholar
Handley, M. (2011) Dying on Foreign Shores. Travel and Mobility in the Late-Antique West. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.Google Scholar
Hattatt, R. (2007) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt’s Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Haynes, I. (2013) Blood of the Provinces. The Roman Auxilia and the Making of Provincial Society from Augustus to the Severans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heeren, S. (2014) “Brooches and burials: Variability in expressions of identity in cemeteries of the Batavian civitas.” JRA 27: 443–55.Google Scholar
Hemelrijk, E. (2004) Matrona Docta. Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hemelrijk, E. and Woolf, G.. (eds.) (2013) Women and the Roman City in the Latin West. Mnemosyne Supplementum 360. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hills, C. M. and Hurst, H. (1989) “A Goth at Gloucester.” AntJ 69: 154–8.Google Scholar
Hingley, R., Bonacchi, C., and Sharpe, K. (2018) “‘Are you local?’ Indigenous Iron Age and mobile Roman and post-Roman populations: Then, now and in-between.” Britannia 49: 283–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirt, A. (2019) “Dalmatians and Dacians – Forms of belonging and displacement in the Roman empire.” Humanities 8.1.1.Google Scholar
Hodgson, N. (2014) “The accommodation of soldiers’ wives in Roman fort barracks – On Hadrian’s Wall and beyond.” In Collins and McIntosh (eds.), 18–29.Google Scholar
Holder, P. A. (1980) Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan. BAR International Series 70. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoss, S. (2016) “Of brooches and men.” In Hoss and Whitmore (eds.), 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoss, S. and Whitmore., A. (eds.) (2016) Small Finds and Ancient Social Practices in the Northwest Provinces of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, F. (2013a) “The lives of Roman objects beyond the frontier.” In Wells (ed.), 15–28.Google Scholar
Hunter, F. (2013b) “Roman brooches around and across the British limes.” In Grabherr, Kainrath, and Schierl (eds.), 270–80.Google Scholar
Hunter, F. (2016) “Tracing troops: An Upper German belt-fitting from Roman Scotland.” Britannia 47: 266–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2011) “British emigrants in the Roman Empire: Complexities and symbols of ethnic identities.” In TRAC 2010: Proceedings of the 20th Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Oxford 2010. (eds.) Mladenovič, D. and Russell, B., 132–53. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2012a) “British military units and the identity of British-born recruits in the Roman army, between the first and third centuries AD.” OTerr 10: 59–92.Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2012b) “Britons abroad: The mobility of Britons and the circulation of British-made objects in the Roman empire.” PhD dissertation, Leiden University.Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2015) “In search of veterans of the Roman army on the frontier: Material culture evidence.” In Vagalinski and Sharankov (eds.), 437–45.Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2016a) “Britons on the move: Mobility of British-born emigrants in the Roman Empire.” In Millett, Revell, and Moore (eds.), 245–62.Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2016b) “The role of brooches in the Roman military dress of the late first–third centuries AD in the Roman west.” JRMES 17: 121–9.Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2017a) “Doing brooches. Theorising brooches of the Roman Northwest (first to third centuries AD).” In Dress and Society: Contributions from Archaeology. (eds.) Martin, T. and Weetch, R., 69–93. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. (2017b) “British families in the Roman army: Living on the fringes of the Roman world.” In Roman Frontier Studies 2009. Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) Held at Newcastle upon Tyne in August 2009. (eds.) Hodgson, N., Bidwell, P., and Schachtmann, J., 26–33. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarrett, M. (1994) “Non-legionary troops in Roman Britain: Part one, the units.” Britannia 25: 35–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, S. (1997) The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Juntunen, K. (2018) “‘Married with children’ – The marital patterns of Roman auxiliary soldiers in the Diplomata Militaria.” In Limes XXIII: Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies Ingolstadt 2015. (eds.) Sommer, C. S. and Matešić, S., 1039–46. Mainz: Nünnerich-Asmus Verlag.Google Scholar
Kakoschke, A. (2004) “Germanen” in der Fremde: eine Untersuchung zur Mobilität aus den römischen Provinzen Germania inferior und Germania superior anhand der Inschriften des 1. bis 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. Möhnesee: Bibliopolis.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. (1977) “The ala I and cohors I Britannica.” Britannia 8: 249–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killgrove, K. and Montgomery, J. (2016) “All roads lead to Rome: Exploring human migration to the eternal city through biochemistry of skeletons from two imperial-era cemeteries (1st–3rd c AD).” PLoS ONE 11.2: e0147585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Bohec, Y. (2017) “Des femmes dans les camps?” BJ 217: 95–112.Google Scholar
Leach, S., Lewis, M., Chenery, C., Müldner, G., and Eckardt, H. (2009) “Migration and diversity in Roman Britain: A multidisciplinary approach to the identification of immigrants in Roman York, England.” Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 140: 546–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, S., Eckardt, H., Chenery, C., Müldner, G., and Lewis, M. (2010) “A lady of York: Migration, ethnicity and identity in Roman Britain.” Antiquity 84: 131–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucy, S. (2005) “Ethnic and cultural identities.” In The Archaeology of Identity: Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion. (eds.) Diaz-Andreu, M. and Lucy, S., 86–109. London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Maguire, R. (2020) “The Southern Cross.” The Journal of Irish Archaeology 29: 63–78.Google Scholar
Malone, S. J. (2006) Legio XX Valeria Victrix: Prosopography, Archaeology and History. BAR International Series 1491. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mander, J. (2013) Portraits of Children on Roman Funerary Monuments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, J. C. (2002) “The settlement of veterans discharged from auxiliary units stationed in Britain.” Britannia 33: 183–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, J. C. (1986) “A note on conubium.” In Heer und Integrationspolitik: die römischen Militärdiplome als historische Quelle. (eds.) Eck, W. and Wolff, H., 187–9. Cologne: Böhlau.Google Scholar
Martin, T. F. (2020) “Casting the net wider: Network approaches to artefact variation in post-Roman Europe.” J. Archaeol. Method Theory 27: 861–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, K. J. (1999) “Britannus/Britto: Roman ethnographies, native identities, labels, and folk devils.” In Theoretical Roman Archaeology and Architecture: The Third Conference Proceedings. (ed.) Leslie, A., 14–33. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. (2004) “Being Roman: Expressing identity in a provincial setting.” JRA 17: 5–25.Google Scholar
McIntosh, F. (2013) “The Wirral brooch – A rural and regional brooch type.” In Grabherr, Kainrath, and Schierl (eds.), 257–69.Google Scholar
Meyer, A. (2013) The Creation, Composition, Service and Settlement of Roman Auxiliary Units Raised on the Iberian Peninsula. BAR International Series 2505. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, A. (2020) “Approaching ‘ethnic’ communities in the Roman auxilia.” In Brice (ed.), 161–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millett, M., Revell, L., and Moore., A. (eds.) (2016) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moatti, C. (ed.) (2004) La mobilité des personnes en méditerranée de l’antiquité à l’époque moderne. Procédures de contrôle et documents d’identification. Rome: École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Mócsy, A. (1983) Nomenclator Provinciarum Europae Latinarum et Galliae Cisalpinae: Cum Indice Inverso. Budapest: Népművelési Propaganda Iroda.Google Scholar
Mullen, A. (2007) “Linguistic evidence for ‘Romanization’: Continuity and change in Romano-British onomastics: A study of the epigraphic record with particular reference to Bath.” Britannia 38: 35–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullen, A. (2013) Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean. Multilingualism and Multiple Identities in the Iron Age and Roman Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullen, A. (2019) “Was Latin epigraphy a killer?” Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents 23: 2–5.Google Scholar
Mullen, A. (2020) “Translingualism: A new spin on old material.” Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents 25: 17–19.Google Scholar
Mullen, A. and Darasse, C. R. (2018) Gaulish. Language, Writing, Epigraphy. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza.Google Scholar
Nicolay, J. A. W. (2007) Armed Batavians: Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non-Military Contexts in the Rhine Delta (50 BC to AD 450). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noy, D. (2000) Foreigners at Rome. Citizens and Strangers. London: Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noy, D. (2010) “Epigraphic evidence for immigrants at Rome and in Roman Britain.” In Eckardt (ed.), 13–26.Google Scholar
Oltean, I. A. (2009) “Dacian ethnic identity and the Roman army.” In The Army and Frontiers of Rome: Papers Offered to David J. Breeze on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday and His Retirement from Historic Scotland. (ed.) Hanson, W. S., 90–103. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.Google Scholar
Pearce, J. (2010) “Burial, identity and migration in the Roman world.” In Eckardt (ed.), 79–99.Google Scholar
Phang, S. E. (2001) The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC–AD 235). Law and Family in the Imperial Army. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M. (2021) “York’s ‘African-style’ Severan pottery reconsidered.” Britannia 52: 3–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pölönen, J. (2002) “The division of wealth between men and women in Roman succession (c.a. 50 BC–AD 250).” In Women, Wealth and Power in the Roman Empire. (eds.) Setälä, P., Berg, R., Hälikkaä, R., Keltanen, M., Pölönen, J., and Vuolanto, V., 147–79. Rome: Institutum Romanum Finlandiae.Google Scholar
Prowse, T. L., Schwarcz, H. P., Garnsey, P., Knyf, M., Macchiarelli, R., and Bondioli, L. (2007) “Isotopic evidence for age-related immigration to imperial Rome.” Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132: 510–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowland, R. J. (1976) “Foreigners in Roman Britain.” AArchHung 28: 443–7.Google Scholar
Rawson, R. (ed.) (2011) A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Reuter, M. (2008) “Frauen in römischen Militärlagern? Eine archäologische Spurensuche.” In Brandl (ed.), 92–101.Google Scholar
Rothe, U. (2009) Dress and Cultural Identity in the Rhine-Moselle Region of the Roman Empire. BAR International Series 2038. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothe, U. (2013a) “Men, women and Roman culture as reflected in dress in the cities of the Roman north-west.” In Hemelrijk and Woolf (eds.), 243–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothe, U. (2013b) “Die norisch-pannonische Tracht: gab es sie wirklich?” In Grabherr, Kainrath, and Schierl (eds.), 33–48.Google Scholar
Roxan, M. M. (1989) “Findspots of military diplomas of the Roman auxiliary army.” BIALond 26: 127–81.Google Scholar
Roxan, M. M. (1997) “Settlement of veterans of the auxilia – A preliminary study.” In Groenman-van Waateringe, Beek, Willems, and Wynia (eds.), 483–87.Google Scholar
Rush, P. (ed.) (1995) Theoretical Roman Archaeology: Second Conference Proceedings. Aldershot: Avebury.Google Scholar
Russell, P. and Mullen, A. (2009) Celtic Personal Names of Roman Britain (Online Database). Cambridge. www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/personalnames/Google Scholar
Salesse, K., Dufour, E., Balter, V., Tykot, R. H., Maaranen, N., Rivollat, M., Kharobi, A., Deguilloux, M. F., Pemonge, M. H., Brůžek, J., and Castex, D. (2021) “Far from home: A multi-analytical approach revealing the journey of an African-born individual to imperial Rome.” JAS: Reports 37: 103011.Google Scholar
Schweissing, M. M. and Grupe, G. (2003) “Stable strontium isotopes in human teeth and bone: A key to migration events of the late Roman period in Bavaria.” JAS 30: 1373–83.Google Scholar
Soldevila, R. M., Castillo, A. M., and Fernández Valverde, J. (2019) A Prosopography to Martial’s Epigrams. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sparey-Green, C. (2015) “Inungi delectus – The recruitment of Britons in the Roman army during the conquest: The evidence from Dorset.” In Processes of Cultural Change and Integration in the Roman World. (ed.) Roselaar, S. T., 106–36. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. A. (2017) “Recruitment and identity. Exploring the meanings of Roman soldiers’ origins.” Revue internationale d’histoire militaire ancienne 6: 35–50.Google Scholar
Stanley, F. H. (1990) “Geographical mobility in Roman Lusitania: An epigraphical perspective.” ZPE 82: 249–69.Google Scholar
Stoll, O. (2006) “Legionäre, Frauen, Militärfamilien. Untersuchungen zur Bevölkerungsstruktur und Bevölkerungsentwicklung in den Grenzprovinzen des Imperium Romanum.” JRGZ 53.1: 217–344.Google Scholar
Swan, V. (1992) “Legio VI and its men: African legionaries in Britain.” JRPS 5: 1–33.Google Scholar
Swan, V. (1997) “Vexillations and the garrisons of Britannia in the second and early third centuries: A ceramic view-point.” In Groenman-van Waateringe, Beek, Willems, and Wynia (eds.), 289–94.Google Scholar
Swan, V. (1999) “The Twentieth legion and the history of the Antonine Wall reconsidered.” PSAS 129: 399–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swift, E. (2003) “Transformations in meaning: Amber and glass beads across the Roman frontier.” In TRAC 2002: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Canterbury 2002 (eds.) Carr, G., Swift, E., and Weeks, J., 48–57. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Swift, E. (2010) “Identifying migrant communities: A contextual analysis of grave assemblages from continental late Roman cemeteries.” Britannia 41: 1–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swift, E. (2011) “Personal ornament.” In Allason-Jones (ed.), 194–218.Google Scholar
Tacoma, L. E. (2014) “Migrant quarters in Rome?” In Integration in Rome and in the Roman World. (eds.) de Kleijn, G. and Benoist, S., 127–47. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Tacoma, L. E. (2016) Moving Romans: Migration to Rome in the Principate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tacoma, L. E., Ivleva, T., and Breeze, D. J. (2016) “Lost along the way: A centurion domo Britannia in Bostra.” Britannia 47: 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, S. (2016) “From treasured items to trash? The use of brooches in Roman Cornwall in the creation of identity and social memory.” Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal 2015: 111–24.Google Scholar
Todd, M. (ed.) (2004) A Companion to Roman Britain. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomas, A. (2011) “Reading gender in social and military spaces. A case of Novae (Lower Moesia).” Światowit (Annual of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw) 8.49: 139–52, pl. 173–5.Google Scholar
Tomlin, R. S. O. and Pearce, J. (2018) “A Roman military diploma for the German fleet (19 November 150) found in northern Britain.” ZPE 206: 207–17.Google Scholar
Trabert, S. (2020) “Understanding the significance of migrants’ material culture.” J. Soc. Archaeol. 20.1: 95–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vagalinski, L. and Sharankov, N. (eds.) (2015) Limes XXII: Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier studies, Ruse, Bulgaria, September 2012. Sofia: National Archaeological Institute with Museum of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
van der Veen, V. (2021) “Women in Roman military bases: Gendered brooches from the Augustan military base and Flavio-Trajanic fortress at Nijmegen, the Netherlands.” Britannia 52: 343–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Driel-Murray, C. (1995) “Gender in question.” In Rush (ed.), 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Driel-Murray, C. (1999) “And did those feet in ancient time … Feet and shoes as a material projection of the self.” In TRAC 98: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. (eds.) Baker, P., Forcey, C., Jundi, S., and Witcher, R., 131–40. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
van Driel-Murray, C. (2012) “Batavians on the move: Emigrants, immigrants and returnees.” In Duggan, McIntosh, and Rohl. (eds.), 115–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vos, W. (2015) “Identifying discharged soldiers in the Batavian countryside.” In Vagalinski and Sharankov (eds.), 451–9.Google Scholar
Waebens, S. (2012) “Imperial policy and changed composition of the auxilia: The ‘change in A.D. 140’ revisited.” Chiron 42: 1–23.Google Scholar
Wells, P. (ed.) (2013) Rome Beyond Its Frontiers: Imports, Attitudes and Practices. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.Google Scholar
Wierschowski, L. (1995) Die regionale Mobilität in Gallien nach den Inschriften des 1. bis 3. Jahrhunderts n.Chr.: quantitative Studien zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der westlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.Google Scholar
Wierschowski, L. (2001) Fremde in Gallien, “Gallier” in der Fremde: die epigraphisch bezeugte Mobilität in, von und nach Gallien vom 1. bis 3. Jh. n. Chr. (Texte, Übersetzungen, Kommentare). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Wild, J. P. (1965) “How were provincial-Roman brooches worn?” Latomus 24.3: 610–13.Google Scholar
Wilkes, J. J. (1992) The Illyrians. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (2013) “Female mobility in the Roman West.” In Hemelrijk and Woolf (eds.), 351–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zandstra, M. J. M. (2019) “Miles away from home. Material culture as a guide to the composition and deployment of the Roman army in the Lower Rhine area during the 1st century AD.” PhD thesis, Radboud University.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×