Adam, Y. 2020. ‘Lutar por Cabo Delgado’, Facebook, 13 April [online], www.facebook.com/LutarCaboDelgado/posts/140115927554338?__tn__=K-R, accessed 14 April 2020.Google Scholar

Ahlers, R. and Zwarteveen, M.. 2009. ‘The water question in feminism: water control and gender inequalities in a neo-liberal era’, Gender, Place & Culture 16: 409–26.Google Scholar

Alaimo, S. 2012. ‘Sustainable this, sustainable that: new materialisms, posthumanism, and unknown futures’, PMLA 127: 558–64.Google Scholar

Allen, J. 2009. ‘Three spaces of power: territory, networks, plus a topological twist in the tale of domination and authority’, Journal of Power 2: 197–212.Google Scholar

Amadiume, I. 1987. Male Daughters, Female Husbands. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Amanor, K. S. and Chichava, S.. 2016. ‘South–South cooperation, agribusiness, and African agricultural development: Brazil and China in Ghana and Mozambique’, World Development 81: 13–23.Google Scholar

Amnesty International. 2021. ‘What I Saw Was Death’: war crimes in Mozambique’s forgotten cape. London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar

Arku, F. 2010. ‘Time savings from easy access to clean water: implications for rural men’s and women’s well-being’, Progress in Development Studies 10: 233–46.Google Scholar

Arnall, A., Thomas, D. S., Twyman, C., and Liverman, D.. 2013. ‘NGOs, elite capture and community-driven development: perspectives in rural Mozambique’, Journal of Modern African Studies 51: 305–30.Google Scholar

Arnfred, S. 1988. ‘Women in Mozambique: gender struggle and gender politics’, Review of African Political Economy 15: 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnfred, S. 2007. ‘Sex, food and female power: discussion of data material from northern Mozambique’, Sexualities 10: 141–58.Google Scholar

Arnfred, S. 2011. Sexuality and Gender Politics in Mozambique. Rochester NY: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar

Arnfred, S., Bakare-Yusuf, B., Kisiang’ani, E. W, Lewis, D., Oyěwùmí, O., and Steady, F. C.. 2004. African Gender Scholarship: concepts, methodologies and paradigms. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA).Google Scholar

Baker, M. I. 2006. ‘Rural water point installation final program design report: Millennium Challenge Corporation Mozambique water and sanitation project’. US Army Corps of Engineers [unpublished].Google Scholar

Baker, T. and McGuirk, P.. 2017. ‘Assemblage thinking as methodology: commitments and practices for critical policy research’, Territory, Politics, Governance 5: 425–42.Google Scholar

Bakker, K. 2012. ‘Water: political, biopolitical, material’, Social Studies of Science 42: 616–23.Google Scholar

Barlow, M. 2009. Blue Covenant: the global water crisis and the coming battle for the right to water. New York NY: The New Press.Google Scholar

Barnes, J. 2012. ‘Pumping possibility: agricultural expansion through desert reclamation in Egypt’, Social Studies of Science 42: 517–38.Google Scholar

Besharati, N. 2012. ‘Raising Mozambique: development through coal’. Policy Brief 56. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA).Google Scholar

Bhola, H. S. 2000. ‘A discourse on impact evaluation: a model and its application to a literacy intervention in Ghana’, Evaluation 6: 161–77.Google Scholar

Björkman, L. 2015. Pipe Politics, Contested Waters: embedded infrastructures of millennial Mumbai. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Boateng, J., Brown, C. K., and Tenkorang, E. Y.. 2013. ‘Gender and water management practices in Ghana’, Journal of Environmental and Earth Science 3: 88–103.Google Scholar

Boelens, R. 2014. ‘Cultural politics and the hydrosocial cycle: water, power and identity in the Andean highlands’, Geoforum 57: 234–47.Google Scholar

Boelens, R. and Hoogendam, P. (eds). 2002. Water Rights and Empowerment. Assen: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar

Boelens, R. and Vos, J.. 2012. ‘The danger of naturalizing water policy concepts: water productivity and efficiency discourses from field irrigation to virtual water trade’, Agricultural Water Management 108: 16–26.Google Scholar

Boelens, R. and Zwarteveen, M.. 2002. ‘Gender dimensions of water control in Andean irrigation’ in Boelens, R. and Hoogendam, P. (eds), Water Rights and Empowerment. Assen: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar

Boelens, R. and Zwarteveen, M.. 2005. ‘Prices and politics in Andean water reforms’, Development and Change 36: 735–58.Google Scholar

Boelens, R., Bustamante, R., and de Vos, H. (eds). 2007. Legal Pluralism and the Politics of Inclusion: recognition and contestation of local water rights in the Andes. Cambridge: CABI.Google Scholar

Bondi, L. and Davidson, J.. 2003. ‘Troubling the place of gender’ in Anderson, K., Domosh, M., Pile, S., and Thrift, N. (eds), Handbook of Cultural Geography. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Borras, J., Saturnino, M., Fig, D., and Suárez, S. M.. 2011. ‘The politics of agrofuels and mega-land and water deals: insights from the ProCana case, Mozambique’, Review of African Political Economy 38: 215–34.Google Scholar

Bowman, K., Chettleborough, J., Jeans, H., Whitehead, J., and Rowlands, J.. 2015. Systems Thinking: an introduction for Oxfam programme staff. Oxford: Oxfam.Google Scholar

Breslin, E. 2003. ‘Demand response approach in practice: why sustainability remains elusive’. Discussion paper. Maputo: WaterAid.Google Scholar

Bruns, B. 2007. ‘Community priorities for water rights: some conjectures on assumptions, principles, and programmes’ in Boelens, R., Bustamante, R., and de Vos, H. (eds), Legal Pluralism and the Politics of Inclusion: recognition and contestation of local water rights in the Andes. Cambridge: CABI.Google Scholar

Buur, L. 2014. ‘The development of natural resource linkages in Mozambique: the ruling elite capture of new economic opportunities’. DIIS Working Paper 2014:03. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS).Google Scholar

Cahen, M. 2019. ‘Não Somos Bandidos’. A vida diária de uma guerrilha de direita: a Renamo na época do Acordo de Nkomati (1983–1985). Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.Google Scholar

Carter, R. C., Tyrrel, S. F., and Howsam, P.. 1999. ‘The impact and sustainability of community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries’, Water and Environment Journal 13: 292–6.Google Scholar

Casimiro, I. 2008. ‘Cruzando lugares, percorrendo tempos; Mudanças recentesnas relações de genero em Angoche’. PhD thesis, Universidade de Coimbra.Google Scholar

Center for Global Development. 2008. ‘MCC and aid effectiveness: using economic rates of return to guide development assistance’. Event transcript [online], www.cgdev.org/event/mcc-and-aid-effectiveness-using-economic-rates-return-guide-development-assistance, accessed 14 April 2022.Google Scholar

Chambers, R. 1997. Whose Reality Counts? Putting the first last. London: ITDG Publishing.Google Scholar

Chichava, S. 2007. ‘Le “vieux Mozambique”: étude sur l’identité politique de la Zambézié’. PhD thesis, Université Montesquieu.Google Scholar

Chingono, M. 1996. The State, Violence and Development: the political economy of war in Mozambique 1975–1992. Aldershot and Brookfield VT: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar

Chowns, E. 2015. ‘Is community management an efficient and effective model of public service delivery? Lessons from the rural water supply sector in Malawi’, Public Administration and Development 35: 263–76.Google Scholar

Christie, M. E. 2006. ‘Kitchenspace: gendered territory in central Mexico’, Gender, Place & Culture 13: 653–61.Google Scholar

Clarke, J., Bainton, D., Lendvai, N., and Stubbs, P.. 2015. Making Policy Move: Towards a politics of translation and assemblage. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar

Cleaver, F. 1998. ‘Choice, complexity and change: gendered livelihoods and the management of water’, Agriculture and Human Values 15: 293–9.Google Scholar

Cleaver, F. 1999. ‘Paradoxes of participation: questioning participatory approaches to development’, Journal of International Development 11: 597–612.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cleaver, F. 2001. ‘Institutions, agency and the limitations of participatory approaches to development’ in Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds), Participation: the new tyranny? New York NY: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Cleaver, F. 2002. ‘Reinventing institutions: bricolage and social embeddedness of natural resource management’, European Journal of Development Research 14: 11–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cleaver, F. D. and Toner, A. L.. 2006. ‘The evolution of community water governance in Uchira, Tanzania: the implications for equality of access, sustainability and effectiveness’, Natural Resources Forum 30: 207–18.Google Scholar

Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. (eds). 1986. Writing Culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Code, L. 1991. What Can She Know?: feminist theory and the construction of knowledge. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Coles, A. 2005. ‘Geology and gender: water supplies, ethnicity and livelihoods in central Sudan’ in Coles, A. and Wallace, T. (eds), Gender, Water and Development. Oxford and New York NY: Berg Publishers.Google Scholar

Coles, A. and Wallace, T. (eds). 2005. Gender, Water and Development. Oxford and New York NY: Berg Publishers.Google Scholar

Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). 2001. Participation: the new tyranny? New York NY: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Cornwall, A. 2003. ‘Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development’, World Development 31: 1325–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornwall, A. 2007. ‘Pathways of women’s empowerment’, openDemocracy [online], www.opendemocracy.net/article/pathways_of_womens_empowerment, accessed 8 May 2010.Google Scholar

Cornwall, A. and Aghajanian, A.. 2017. ‘How to find out what’s really going on: understanding impact through participatory process evaluation’, World Development 99: 173–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornwall, A. and Edwards, J.. 2016. ‘Introduction: negotiating empowerment’, IDS Bulletin 47 (1A).Google Scholar

Cowater International. 2010. ‘Cabo Delgado and Nampula rural water point installation program Mozambique: pre-design report’. Maputo: Cowater International.Google Scholar

Cowater International. 2013. ‘About us’, Cowater International [online], www.cowater.com, accessed 4 April 2013.Google Scholar

Cowater International and Salomon. 2009. ‘Inception report: Cabo Delgado and Nampula rural water point installation program’. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account.Google Scholar

Cowater International and Salomon. 2010. ‘Design report (draft): Cabo Delgado and Nampula Rural water point installation program Mozambique’. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account.Google Scholar

Cowater International and Salomon. 2011. ‘Quarterly progress report: January 1 to March 31 2011’. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account.Google Scholar

Cowater International and Salomon. 2012. ‘Monitoring and evaluation round 1: report’. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account.Google Scholar

Cowater International and Salomon. 2013a. ‘Quarterly progress report: April to June 2013’. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account.Google Scholar

Cowater International and Salomon. 2013b. ‘Final end of project and monitoring and evaluation report: Cabo Delgado and Nampula rural water installation program, Mozambique’. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account.Google Scholar

Crewe, E. and Harrison, E.. 1998. Whose Development? An ethnography of aid. New York NY: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Crow, B., Swallow, B., and Asamba, I.. 2012. ‘Community organized household water increases not only rural incomes, but also men’s work’, World Development 40: 528–41.Google Scholar

Cunguara, B. and Hanlon, J.. 2012. ‘Whose wealth is it anyway? Mozambique’s outstanding economic growth with worsening rural poverty’, Development and Change 43: 623–47.Google Scholar

Davis, S. 2014. ‘Guidelines for resolution of problems with water systems’. Improve International.Google Scholar

De Laet, M. and Mol, A.. 2000. ‘The Zimbabwe bush pump: mechanics of a fluid technology’, Social Studies of Science 30: 225–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeLanda, M. 2006. A New Philosophy of Society: assemblage theory and social complexity. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F.. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Dinerman, A. 2001. ‘From “Abaixo” to “chiefs of production”: agrarian change in Nampula Province, Mozambique, 1975–87’, Journal of Peasant Studies 28: 1–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dinerman, A. 2004. ‘Processes of state delegitimization in post-independence rural Mozambique: the case of Namapa district, Nampula province’, Journal of Historical Sociology 17: 123–84.Google Scholar

Dozois, E., Blanchet-Cohen, N., and Langlois, M.. 2010. DE 201: a practitioner’s guide to developmental evaluation. Victoria BC: International Institute for Child Rights and Development, University of Victoria.Google Scholar

Engel, S. and Susilo, A.. 2014. ‘Shaming and sanitation in Indonesia: a return to colonial public health practices?’, Development & Change 45: 157–78.Google Scholar

Escobar, A. 1995. Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Fechter, A.-M. and Hindman, H.. 2011. Inside the Everyday Lives of Development Workers: the challenges and futures of Aidland. Sterling VA: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar

Ferguson, J. 1994. The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘development’, depoliticization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Ferguson, J. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Fisher, M. B., Shields, K. F., Chan, T. U., Christenson, E., Cronk, R. D., Leker, H., Samani, D., Apoya, P., Lutz, A., and Bartram, J.. 2015. ‘Understanding handpump sustainability: determinants of rural water source functionality in the Greater Afram Plains region of Ghana’, Water Resources Research 51: 8431–49.Google Scholar

Foster, T. 2013. ‘Predictors of sustainability for community-managed handpumps in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda’, Environmental Science & Technology 47: 12037–46.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. 1980. Power/Knowledge: selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. New York NY: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Gardner, K. and Lewis, D.. 2015. Anthropology and Development: challenges for the twenty-first century. London: Pluto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geffray, C. 1991. A Causa das Armas: antropologia da guerra contemporânea em Moçambique. Porto: Edições Afrontamento.Google Scholar

Ghai, D. and Vivian, J. (eds). 1992. Grassroots Environmental Action: people’s participation in sustainable development. New York NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Goldin, J., Rutherford, R., and Schoch, D.. 2008. ‘The place where the sun rises: an application of IWRM at the village level’, International Journal of Water Resources Development 24: 345–56.Google Scholar

Green, D. 2016. How Change Happens. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gross, B., Wijk, C. v, and Mukherjee, N.. 2001. Linking Sustainability with Demand, Gender and Poverty: a study in community-managed water supply projects in 15 countries. Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank.Google Scholar

Gross, E., Günther, I., and Schipper, Y.. 2013. ‘Women: walking and waiting for water. The time value of public water supply’. Discussion Paper 134. Göttingen: Courant Research Centre – Poverty, Equity and Growth.Google Scholar

Habibe, S., Forquilha, S., and Pereira, J.. 2019. Radicalização Islâmica no Norte de Moçambique: o caso de Mocímboa da Praia. Maputo: Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos (IESE).Google Scholar

Hall, M. 1990. ‘The Mozambican National Resistance Movement (Renamo): a study in the destruction of an African country’, Africa 60: 39–68.Google Scholar

Hall, R., Davis, J., Van Houweling, E., Vance, E., Carzolio, M., Seiss, M., and Russel, K.. 2014. ‘Impact evaluation of the Mozambique rural water supply activity under a cooperative agreement between MCC and Stanford University’. Blacksburg VA: Stanford University and Virginia Tech.Google Scholar

Hanlon, J. 1991. Who Calls the Shots. Indianapolis IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Hanlon, J. 2007. ‘Is poverty decreasing in Mozambique?’ Conference Paper 14. Maputo: Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos.Google Scholar

Hanlon, J. 2009. ‘Mozambique: the panic and rage of the poor’, Review of African Political Economy 36: 125–30.Google Scholar

Hanlon, J. 2020. ‘Notes on the evolution of the Cabo Delgado war’, Mozambique News Reports and Clippings.Google Scholar

Hanlon, J. and Smart, T.. 2008. Do Bicycles Equal Development in Mozambique? Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar

Hann, C. 2007. ‘A new double movement? Anthropological perspectives on property in the age of neoliberalism’, Socio-Economic Review 5: 287–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haraway, D. 1988. ‘Situated knowledge: the science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective’, Feminist Studies 14: 575–99.Google Scholar

Haraway, D. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the reinvention of nature. New York NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Harris, A. R., Davis, J., and Boehm, A. B.. 2013. ‘Mechanisms of post-supply contamination of drinking water in Bagamoyo, Tanzania’, Journal of Water and Health 11: 543–54.Google Scholar

Harris, L. 2006. ‘Irrigation, gender, and social geographies of the changing waterscapes of southeastern Anatolia’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24: 187–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, L. 2008. ‘Water rich, resource poor: intersections of gender, poverty, and vulnerability in newly irrigated areas of southeastern Turkey’, World Development 36: 2643–62.Google Scholar

Harvey, P. 2009. ‘Handpump data: selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa’, Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) [online], www.rwsn.ch/documentation/skatdocumentation.2009-03-09.7304634330/file, accessed 10 February 2013.Google Scholar

Harvey, P. and Reed, B.. 2004. Rural Water Supply in Africa: building blocks for handpump sustainability. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University.Google Scholar

Harvey, P. A. and Reed, R. A.. 2007. ‘Community-managed water supplies in Africa: sustainable or dispensable?’, Community Development Journal 42: 365–78.Google Scholar

Hodgson, D. 2001. Once Intrepid Warriors: gender, ethnicity, and the cultural politics of Maasai development. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Holvoet, N. and Inberg, L.. 2014. ‘Gender responsive budgeting and the aid effectiveness agenda: experiences from Mozambique’, Journal of International Women’s Studies 15: 61–79.Google Scholar

Honwana, A. M. R. M. 1996. ‘Spiritual agency and self-renewal in southern Mozambique’. PhD thesis, University of London.Google Scholar

Hope, R. 2015. ‘Is community water management the community’s choice? Implications for water and development policy in Africa’, Water Policy 17: 664–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, R. A. 2009. ‘Pro-justice ethics, water scarcity, human rights’, Journal of Law and Religion 25: 521–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hultman, L. 2009. ‘The power to hurt in civil war: the strategic aim of Renamo violence’, Journal of Southern African Studies 35: 821–34.Google Scholar

Huston, A. and Moriarty, P.. 2018. ‘Understanding the WASH system and its building blocks: building strong WASH systems for the SDGs’. Working paper. The Hague: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.Google Scholar

Hutton, G., Haller, L., and Bartram, J.. 2007. ‘Global cost–benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions’, Journal of Water and Health 5: 481–502.Google Scholar

IDWSSD. 1990. ‘Review of IDWSSD impact on women’s involvement’. Geneva: International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD), World Health Organization (WHO).Google Scholar

Improve International. 2012. ‘Statistics on water point failures’, Improve International [online], www.improveinternational.org/2012/10/25/sad-stats, accessed 20 September 2013.Google Scholar

INE. 2007. ‘Recenseamento geral da população e habitação 2007: indicadores sócio-demográficos distritais, província de Nampula’. Maputo: Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE).Google Scholar

Isaacman, A. 1996. Cotton Is the Mother of Poverty: peasants, work and rural struggle in colonial Mozambique, 1938–1961. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Isaacman, A. and Isaacman, B.. 2013. Dams, Displacement, and the Delusion of Development: Cahora Bassa and its legacies in Mozambique, 1965–2007. Athens OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar

James, D. 2011. ‘The return of the broker: consensus, hierarchy, and choice in South African land reform’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 17: 318–38.Google Scholar

Janes, J. E. 2016 . ‘Democratic encounters? Epistemic privilege, power, and community-based participatory action research’, Action Research 14: 72–87.Google Scholar

Jansz, S. 2011. A Study into Rural Water Supply Sustainability in Niassa Province, Mozambique. London: WaterAid.Google Scholar

Johnson, J. 2018. In Search of Gender Justice: rights and relationships in matrilineal Malawi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, H. 2009. The ‘Gold Standard’ Is Not a Silver Bullet for Evaluation. London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI).Google Scholar

Jones, S. and Tarp, F.. 2012. ‘Jobs and welfare in Mozambique’. Background paper for World Development Report 2013. New York NY: United Nations.Google Scholar

Joshi, D. 2005. ‘Misunderstanding gender in water: addressing or reproducing exclusion’ in Coles, A. and Wallace, T. (eds), Gender, Water and Development. Oxford and New York NY: Berg Publishers.Google Scholar

Kabeer, N. 1999. ‘Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment’, Development and Change 30: 435–64.Google Scholar

Kabeer, N. 2000. ‘Conflicts over credit: re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh’, World Development 29: 63–84.Google Scholar

Kabeer, N. 2005. ‘Gender equality and women’s empowerment: a critical analysis of the third Millennium Development Goal 1’, Gender & Development 13: 13–24.Google Scholar

Kapoor, I. 2004. ‘Hyper‐self‐reflexive development? Spivak on representing the Third World “other”’, Third World Quarterly 25: 627–47.Google Scholar

Karvonen, A. 2011. Politics of Urban Runoff: nature, technology, and the sustainable city. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Katz, T. and Sara, J.. 2007. Making Rural Water Supply Sustainable: recommendations from a global study. Washington DC: UNDP–World Bank Water and Sanitation Program.Google Scholar

Kauffman, S. 1996. At Home in the Universe: the search for the laws of self-organization and complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kirshner, J. and Power, M.. 2015. ‘Mining and extractive urbanism: postdevelopment in a Mozambican boomtown’, Geoforum 61: 67–78.Google Scholar

Kleemeier, E. 2000. ‘The impact of participation on sustainability: an analysis of the Malawi rural piped scheme program’, World Development 28: 929–44.Google Scholar

Koehler, J., Thomson, P., and Hope, R.. 2015. ‘Pump-priming payments for sustainable water services in rural Africa’, World Development 74: 397–411.Google Scholar

Komkives, K., Akanbang, B., Thorsten, R., Tuffuor, B., Wakeman, W., Larbi, E., Bakalian, A., and Whittington, D.. 2008. ‘Post-construction support and the sustainability of rural water projects in Ghana’. Paper presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference.Google Scholar

Krause, F. and Strang, V.. 2016. ‘Thinking relationships through water’, Society & Natural Resources 29: 633–8.Google Scholar

Kruks, S. and Wisner, B.. 1989. ‘Ambiguous transformations: women, politics and production in Mozambique’ in Kruks, S., Rapp, R., and Young, M. B. (eds), Promissory Notes: women in the transition to socialism. New York NY: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar

Latour, B. 1996. Aramis, or the Love of Technology. Translated by C. Porter. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, B., Sommerville, P., Farley, S., and Mayega, S.. 2016. ‘SPACES MERL: systems and complexity white paper’. Washington DC: USAID.Google Scholar

Levy, K., Nelson, K. L., Hubbard, A., and Eisenberg, J. N.. 2008. ‘Following the water: a controlled study of drinking water storage in northern coastal Ecuador’, Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 1533–40.Google Scholar

Lewis, D. 2005. ‘African gender research and postcoloniality: legacies and challenges’ in Oyěwùmí, O. (ed.), African Gender Studies: a reader. New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Lewis, D. and Mosse, D. (eds). 2006. Development Brokers and Translators: the ethnography of aid and agencies. Bloomfield CT: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar

Li, T. 2007a. ‘Practices of assemblage and community forest management’, Economy and Society 36: 263–93.Google Scholar

Li, T. 2007b. The Will to Improve: governmentality, development, and the practice of politics. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Linton, J. 2014. ‘Modern water and its discontents: a history of hydrosocial renewal’, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 1: 111–20.Google Scholar

Linton, J. and Budds, J.. 2014. ‘The hydrosocial cycle: defining and mobilizing a relational–dialectical approach to water’, Geoforum 57: 170–80.Google Scholar

Long, N. 2003. Development Sociology: actor perspectives. New York NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Loomba, A. 2015. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. New York NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lunstrum, E. 2009. ‘Terror, territory, and deterritorialization: landscapes of terror and the unmaking of state power in the Mozambican “civil” war’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99: 884–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macuane, J. J., Buur, L., and Monjane, C. M.. 2018. ‘Power, conflict and natural resources: the Mozambican crisis revisited’, African Affairs 117: 415–38.Google Scholar

Malhotra, A., Schuler, S. R., and Boender, C.. 2002. ‘Measuring women’s empowerment as a variable in international development’. Background paper prepared for the World Bank Workshop on Poverty and Gender: New Perspectives. Washington DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Mansuri, G. and Rao, V.. 2013. ‘Can participation be induced? Some evidence from developing countries’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 16: 284–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, S. J. and Davis, J.. 2012. ‘Does user participation lead to sense of ownership for rural water systems? Evidence from Kenya’, World Development 40: 1569–76.Google Scholar

Marshall, J. 1990. ‘Structural adjustment and social policy in Mozambique’, Review of African Political Economy 47: 28–43.Google Scholar

Martinez, F. L. 2004. The Makuan People and Their Culture. Lisbon: Ediciones Laborum.Google Scholar

Mattingly, D. J. and Falconer-Al-Hindi, K.. 1995. ‘Should women count? A context for the debate’, Professional Geographer 47: 427–35.Google Scholar

MCA-Mozambique. 2009. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account (MCA)-Mozambique.Google Scholar

MCA-Mozambique. 2010. Procurement of Small Works. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Account (MCA)-Mozambique.Google Scholar

MCC. 2008a. ‘MCC-World Bank Group collaboration in Mozambique water and sanitation sector’. Issue brief. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).Google Scholar

MCC. 2008b. ‘Millennium Challenge compact: Mozambique’. Maputo: Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).Google Scholar

MCC. 2011. ‘Gender integration guidelines’. Washington DC: Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).Google Scholar

MCC. 2013a. ‘About MCC’ [online], www.mcc.gov/about, accessed 6 February 2013.Google Scholar

MCC. 2013b. ‘Clean water transforms Mozambican community’, July [online].Google Scholar

MCC. 2014. ‘MCC rural water and sanitation project ERR closeout’. Washington DC: Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).Google Scholar

McFarlane, C. 2009. ‘Translocal assemblages: space, power and social movements’, Geoforum 40: 561–7.Google Scholar

McFarlane, C. 2011a. ‘Assemblage and critical urbanism’, City 15: 204–24.Google Scholar

McFarlane, C. 2011b. ‘On context: assemblage, political economy and structure’, City 15: 375–88.Google Scholar

McNay, L. 2013. Gender and Agency: reconfiguring the subject in feminist and social theory. Malden MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Medeiros, E. 1995. ‘Os senhores da floresta: ritos de iniciação dos rapazes macuas e lómuès’. PhD thesis, University of Coimbra.Google Scholar

Mehta, L. 2001. ‘The manufacture of popular perceptions of scarcity: dams and water-related narratives in Gujarat, India’, World Development 29: 2025–41.Google Scholar

Mekgwe, P. 2006. ‘Theorizing African feminism(s): the “colonial” question’, Quest: An African Journal of Philosophy 20: 11–22.Google Scholar

Memmi, A. 1969. The Colonizer and the Colonized. Boston MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Menezes Paredes, M. de. 2020. ‘Review of Cahen, Michel, “Não Somos Bandidos”: A vida diária de uma guerrilha de direita; A Renamo na época do Acordo de Nkomati (1983–1985)’, H-Luso-Africa [online], www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55769, accessed 14 April 2022.Google Scholar

Mohanty, C. 1988. ‘Under Western eyes: feminist scholarship and colonial discourses’, Feminist Review 30: 61–88.Google Scholar

Moriarty, P., Smits, S., Butterworth, J., and Franceys, R.. 2013. ‘Trends in rural water supply: towards a service delivery approach’, Water Alternatives 6: 329–49.Google Scholar

Moss, P. 1995. ‘Embeddedness in practice, numbers in context: the politics of knowing and doing’, Professional Geographer 47: 442–9.Google Scholar

Mosse, D. 2005. Cultivating Development: an ethnography of aid policy and practice. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Mosse, D. 2008. ‘Epilogue: the cultural politics of water – a comparative perspective’, Journal of Southern African Studies 34: 939–48.Google Scholar

Mosse, D. 2013. Adventures in Aidland. New York NY: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Mosse, D. and Sivan, M.. 2003. The Rule of Water: statecraft, ecology and collective action in South India. New York NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Muhammad, M., Wallerstein, N., Sussman, A. L., Avila, M., Belone, L., and Duran, B.. 2015. ‘Reflections on researcher identity and power: the impact of positionality on community based participatory research (CBPR) processes and outcomes’, Critical Sociology 41: 1045–63.Google Scholar

Narayan, D. 1995. Contribution to People’s Participation: evidence from 121 rural water supply projects. Washington DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

National Directorate of Water. 2009. ‘National rural water supply and sanitation program’. Maputo: National Directorate of Water.Google Scholar

National Directorate of Water. 2011. ‘Baseline survey 2011: the national rural water supply and sanitation program baseline survey’. Maputo: National Directorate of Water.Google Scholar

Newitt, M. 1995. A History of Mozambique. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar

Newitt, M. 2017. A Short History of Mozambique. New York NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Niño, H. and Le Billon, P.. 2013. ‘Foreign aid, resource rents and institution-building in Mozambique and Angola’. WIDER Working Paper 2013/102. Helsinki: United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER).Google Scholar

Nordstrom, C. 1997. A Different Kind of War Story. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Null, C., Kremer, M., Miguel, E., Hombrados, J. G., Meeks, R., and Zwane, A. P.. 2012. Willingness to Pay for Cleaner Water in Less Developed Countries: systematic review of experimental evidence. New Delhi, London and Washington DC: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie).Google Scholar

O’Hara, C. and Clement, F.. 2018. ‘Power as agency: a critical reflection on the measurement of women’s empowerment in the development sector’, World Development 106: 111–23.Google Scholar

O’Reilly, K. 2006. ‘“Traditional” women, “modern” water: linking gender and commodification in Rajasthan, India’, Geoforum 37: 958–72.Google Scholar

O’Reilly, K., Halvorson, S., Sultana, F., and Laurie, N.. 2009. ‘Introduction: global perspectives on gender–water geographies’, Gender, Place & Culture 16: 381–5.Google Scholar

ODI. 2018. ‘Adaptive development’, Overseas Development Institute (ODI) [online], www.odi.org/our-work/adaptive-development, accessed December 2018.Google Scholar

OECD. 2015. ‘Interactive summary charts by aid (ODA) recipients’, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [online], www.oecd.org/dac/stats/aid-at-a-glance.htm, accessed 14 April 2022.Google Scholar

Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. New York NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ostrom, E., Burger, J., Field, C., Norgaard, R., and Policansky, D.. 1999. ‘Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges’, Science 284: 278–82.Google Scholar

Oyěwùmí, O. 2005. The Invention of Women: making an African sense of Western gender discourses. New York NY: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Patton, M. Q. 2010. Developmental Evaluation: applying complexity concepts to enhance innovation and use. New York NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Paulson, S. 2000. ‘Cultural bodies in Bolivia’s gendered environment’, International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies 5: 125–40.Google Scholar

Pawson, R. and Tilley, N.. 2004. Realist Evaluation: the Magenta Book guidance notes. London: Cabinet Office.Google Scholar

Peck, J. and Theodore, N.. 2010. ‘Mobilizing policy: models, methods, and mutations’, Geoforum 41: 169–74.Google Scholar

Pitcher, M. A. 1998. ‘Disruption without transformation: agrarian relations and livelihoods in Nampula Province, Mozambique 1975–1995’, Journal of Southern African Studies 24: 115–40.Google Scholar

Plank, D. N. 1993. ‘Aid, debt, and the end of sovereignty: Mozambique and its donors’, Journal of Modern African Studies 31: 407–30.Google Scholar

Premawardhana, D. 2018. ‘Egress and regress: Pentecostal precursors and parallels in northern Mozambique’, Ethnos 83: 100–18.Google Scholar

Prokopy, L. S. 2005. ‘The relationship between participation and project outcomes: evidence from rural water supply projects in India’, World Development 33: 1801–19.Google Scholar

Ramalingam, B. 2013. Aid on the Edge of Chaos: rethinking international cooperation in a complex world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ramalingam, B., Laric, M., and Primrose, J.. 2014. From Best Practice to Best Fit: understanding and navigating wicked problems in international development. London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI).Google Scholar

Ranganathan, M. 2015. ‘Storm drains as assemblages: the political ecology of flood risk in post‐colonial Bangalore’, Antipode 47: 1300–20.Google Scholar

Regalia, S. 2017. ‘The resurgence of conflict in Mozambique: ghosts from the past and brakes to peaceful democracy’. Notes de l’Ifri. Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales (Ifri).Google Scholar

Regmi, S. C. and Fawcett, B.. 1999. ‘Integrating gender needs into drinking water projects in Nepal’, Gender and Development 7: 62–72.Google Scholar

Reinharz, S. 1992. Feminist Methods in Social Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Richardson, M. 1982. ‘Being-in-the-market versus being-in-the-plaza: material culture and the construction of social reality in Spanish America’, American Ethnologist 9: 421–36.Google Scholar

Robbins, P. 2011. Political Ecology: a critical introduction. New York NY: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Roesch, O. 1992. ‘Renamo and the peasantry in southern Mozambique: a view from Gaza Province’, Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 26: 462–84.Google Scholar

Rosário, D. and Guambe, E.. 2015. ‘Rede de gestão de água em Nacala Porto’ in Desafios para Moçambique 2015. Maputo: Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos (IESE).Google Scholar

Rosário, D. M. do. 2009. ‘Les mairies des “autres”: une analyse politique, socio-historique et culturelle des trajectoires locales: le cas d’Angoche, de l’Île de Moçambique et de Nacala Porto’. PhD thesis, Bordeaux 4.Google Scholar

Rural Water Department. 2001. Manual de Implementação de Projectos de Agua Rural. Maputo: Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Rural Water Department.Google Scholar

Saavedra, C. M. and Nymark, E. D.. 2008. ‘Borderland–mestizaje feminism: the new tribalism’ in Denzin, M, Lincoln, Y, and Smith, L (eds), Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Sandoval, C. 2000. Methodology of the Oppressed. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Saul, J. 2011. ‘Mozambique: not then but now’, Review of African Political Economy 38: 94–101.Google Scholar

Savage, G. C. 2020. ‘What is policy assemblage?’, Territory, Politics, Governance 8: 319–35.Google Scholar

Scott, J. C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Scott, J. C. 2008. Weapons of the Weak: everyday forms of peasant resistance. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Serra, C. 2003. Cólera e Catarse. Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.Google Scholar

Sheldon, K. 2002. Pounders of Grain: a history of women, work and politics in Mozambique. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Shimo, K. 2016. ‘Growing number of Mozambicans flee to Malawi’, UNHCR [online], www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/3/56e91b486/growing-number-mozambicans-flee-malawi.html.Google Scholar

Shiva, V. 2002. Water Wars: privatization, pollution, and profit. Cambridge MA: South End Press.Google Scholar

Smith, S. 2015. ‘Rethinking dependency and development between international and indigenous non-governmental organisations’, Development in Practice 25: 259–69.Google Scholar

Stacey, R. D. 1996. Complexity and Creativity in Organizations. San Francisco CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Google Scholar

Stirrat, R. L. and Henkel, H.. 1997. ‘The development gift: the problem of reciprocity in the NGO world’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 554: 66–80.Google Scholar

Sultana, F. 2007. ‘Reflexivity, positionality and participatory ethics: negotiating fieldwork dilemmas in international research’, ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 6: 374–85.Google Scholar

Sultana, F. 2009. ‘Fluid lives: subjectivities, gender and water in rural Bangladesh’, Gender, Place & Culture 16: 427–44.Google Scholar

Sultana, F. and Budds, J.. 2013. ‘Exploring political ecologies of water and development’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 31: 275–9.Google Scholar

Swyngedouw, E. 2004. Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: flows of power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Swyngedouw, E. 2009. ‘The political economy and political ecology of the hydro‐social cycle’, Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 142: 56–60.Google Scholar

Thaler, K. 2011. Mozambique in 2011: staying the path. Lisbon: Portuguese Institute of International Relations and Security (IPRIS).Google Scholar

Tvedten, I., Paulo, M., and Montserrat, G.. 2008. ‘Gender policies and feminisation of poverty in Mozambique’. CMI Report. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.Google Scholar

Tvedten, I., Paulo, M., and Tuominen, M.. 2009. ‘“If men and women were equal, we would all simply be people”: gender and poverty in Mozambique’. CMI Report. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.Google Scholar

UNDESA. 2005. Women and Water: 2000 and beyond. New York NY: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Division for the Advancement of Women.Google Scholar

UNICEF. 2018. ‘Budget brief 2018: WASH sector’. Maputo: UNICEF Mozambique.Google Scholar

Van Houweling, E. 2015. ‘Gendered water spaces: a study of the transition from wells to handpumps in Mozambique’, Gender, Place & Culture 22: 1391–407.Google Scholar

Van Houweling, E. 2016. ‘“A good wife brings her husband bath water”: gender roles and water practices in Nampula, Mozambique’, Society & Natural Resources 29: 1065–78.Google Scholar

Van Houweling, E., Hall, R., Carzolio, M., and Vance, E.. 2017. ‘“My neighbour drinks clean water, while I continue to suffer”: an analysis of the intra-community impacts of a rural water supply project in Mozambique’, Journal of Development Studies 53: 1147–62.Google Scholar

van Koppen, B., Rojas, V. C., and Skielboe, T.. 2012. ‘Project politics, priorities and participation in rural water schemes’, Water Alternatives 5: 37–51.Google Scholar

van Wijk-Sijbesma, C. 1998. Gender in Water Resources Management, Water Supply and Sanitation: roles and realities revisited. The Hague: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.Google Scholar

Vines, A. 1991. Renamo: terrorism in Mozambique. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

von Benda-Beckmann, F., von Benda-Beckmann, K., and Wiber, M. (eds). 2009. Changing Properties of Property. New York NY: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Von Schnitzler, A. 2008. ‘Citizenship prepaid: water, calculability, and techno-politics in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies 34: 899–917.Google Scholar

Wajcman, J. 2010. ‘Feminist theories of technology’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 34: 143–52.Google Scholar

Wallace, T. 2003. ‘Water: a gender issue. Research findings in India and Nepal’. Southampton: Institute of Irrigation and Development Studies.Google Scholar

WaterAid. 2013. ‘Handpumps’. Technical brief. London: WaterAid.Google Scholar

West, H. 1997. ‘Creative destruction and sorcery of construction: power, hope and suspicion in post-war Mozambique’, Cahiers d’Études Africaines 37: 675–98.Google Scholar

West, H. and Kloeck-Jenson, S.. 1999. ‘Betwixt and between: “traditional authority” and democratic decentralization in post-war Mozambique’, African Affairs 98: 455–84.Google Scholar

Whittington, D., Davis, J., Prokopy, L., Komives, K., Thorsten, R., Lukacs, H., Bakalian, A., and Wakeman, W.. 2007. ‘How well is the demand-driven, community management model for rural water supply doing? Evidence from Bolivia, Peru and Ghana’, Water Policy 11: 696–718.Google Scholar

WHO and UNICEF. 2010. ‘Progress on drinking water and sanitation: 2010 update’. Geneva and New York NY: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.Google Scholar

WHO and UNICEF. 2012. ‘Estimates for the use of improved drinking water source’. Joint Monitoring Program. Geneva and New York NY: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.Google Scholar

WHO and UNICEF. 2017. Safely Managed Drinking Water: thematic report on drinking water. Geneva and New York NY: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.Google Scholar

Wiegink, N. 2020. Former Guerrillas in Mozambique. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Wolford, W. and Nehring, R.. 2015. ‘Constructing parallels: Brazilian expertise and the commodification of land, labour and money in Mozambique’, Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne d’Études du Développement 36: 208–23.Google Scholar

World Bank. 2017. Mozambique Economic Update: a two speed economy. Washington DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

WWAP and UN Water. 2018. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2018: nature-based solutions for water. Paris: United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) and UNESCO.Google Scholar

Young, T. 1990. ‘The MNR/RENAMO: external and internal dynamics’, African Affairs 89: 491–509.Google Scholar