Abbott, Kenneth W., Genschel, Philipp, Snidal, Duncal, and Zangl, Bernhard, eds. 2020. The Governor’s Dilemma: Indirect Governance Beyond Principals and Agents. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Abrams, Bradley F. 2009. Hope Died Last: The Czechoslovak Road to Stalinism. 345–365.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James. 2006. Economic Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar

Adelman, Jonathan R., ed. 1982. Communist Armies in Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Adelman, Jonathan R., ed. 1984. Terror and Communist Politics: The Role of the Secret Police in Communist States. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Adelman, Jonathan R., ed. 1991. The Development of the Secret Police in Communist States. In Bushnell et al. (1991), 99–112.Google Scholar

Alexiev, Alex. 1982. The Romanian Army, chap. 9. In Adelman (1982), 149–166.Google Scholar

Allen, William Sheridan. 1965. The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930–1935. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books.Google Scholar

Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vasili. 1999. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Angrist, Joshua D. and Jörn-Steffen Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ansell, Ben W. and Samuels, David J.. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Apor, Balasz, Behrends, Jan C., Jones, Polly, and E. A. Reeves, eds. 2004. The Leadership Cult in Communist Dictatorships. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Applebaum, Anne. 2012. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956. New York, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Arendt, Hannah. 1966. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar

Art, David. 2016. “Archivists and Adventurers: Research Strategies for Authoritarian Regimes Past and Present.” Social Science Quarterly 97 (4):974–990.Google Scholar

Bacon, Walter. 1984. Romanian Secret Police. In Adelman (1984), 135–154.Google Scholar

Baev, Jordan. 2010. Stalinist Terror in Bulgaria, chap. 10. In McDermott and Stibbe (2010), 180–197.Google Scholar

Baev, Jordan. 2016. Bulgaria: A Centenary Unknown History, chap. 5. In de Graaff and Nyce (2016), 53–67.Google Scholar

Baev, Jordan and Grozev, Kostadin. 2009. Bulgarien. In Kamiński, Persak, and Gieseke (2009), 143–197.Google Scholar

Balcells, Laia and Sullivan, Christopher M.. 2018. “New Findings from Conflict Archives: Introduction and Methodological Framework.” Journal of Peace Research 55 (2):137–146.Google Scholar

Baldez, Lisa. 2003. “Women’s Movements and Democratic Transition in Chile, Brazil, East Germany and Poland.” Comparative Politics 35 (3):253–272.Google Scholar

Bar, Shmuel. 2007. “Bashar’s Syria: The Regime and Its Strategic Worldview.” Comparative Strategy 25 (5):353–445.Google Scholar

Barany, Zoltan D. 1993. “Civil-Military Relations in Comparative Perspective: East-Central and Southeastern Europe.” Political Studies 41:594–610.Google Scholar

Barany, Zoltan D. 1995. “Soviet Takeovers: The Role of Advisers in Mongolia in the 1920s and in Eastern Europe after World War II.” East European Quarterly 28 (4):409–433.Google Scholar

Barany, Zoltan D. 1997. “Democratic Consolidation and the Military: The East European Experience.” Comparative Politics 30 (1):21–43.Google Scholar

Barnett, Michael and Duvall, Raymond M.. 2005. “Power in International Politics.” International Organization 59 (1):39–75.Google Scholar

Bárta, Milan. 2017. Finding a Way: State Security in the Period of Rudolf Bárak, 1953–1961. In Gyarmati and Palasik (2017a), 83–101.Google Scholar

Basta, Jaroslav. 2004. “Czech Republic: Cui Bono, Cui Prodest?” Demokratizatsiya 12 (3):357–367.Google Scholar

Bates, Robert H. 2010. Prosperity & Violence: The Political Economy of Development. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2nd ed.Google Scholar

Beach, Derek. 2020. “Multi-Method Research in the Social Sciences: A Review of Recent Frameworks and a Way Forward.” Government & Opposition 55 (1):163–182.Google Scholar

Behrends, Jan C. 2009. “Nation and Empire: Dilemmas of Legitimacy during Stalinism in Poland (1941–1956).” Nationalities Papers 37 (4): 443–466.Google Scholar

Beissinger, Mark R. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Beissinger, Mark R. 2022. The Revolutionary City: Urbanization and the Global Transformation of Rebellion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Békés, Csaba. 2010. East Central Europe, 1953–1956, chap. 16. Vol. 1 of Leffler and Westad (2010a), 334–352.Google Scholar

Bell, John D. 1986. The Bulgaria Communist Party from Blagoev to Zhivkov. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar

Bellin, Eva. 2004. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 36 (2):139–157.Google Scholar

Bendor, Jonathan, Glazer, Amihai, and Hammond, Thomas. 2001. “Theories of Delegation.” Annual Review of Political Science 4:235–269.Google Scholar

Bergemann, Patrick. 2017. “Denunciation and Social Control.” American Sociological Review 82 (2):384–406.Google Scholar

Bernhard, Michael H. 1987. “The Strikes of June 1976 in Poland.” East European Politics & Societies 1 (3):363–392.Google Scholar

Bernhard, Michael H. 1993. The Origins of Democratization in Poland: Workers, Intellectuals and Opposition Politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Besley, Timothy and Persson, Torsten. 2011. Pillars of Prosperity: The Political Economics of Development Clusters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Biermann, Wolf. 2016. Warte nicht auf bessre Zeiten! Die Autobiographie. Berlin: Propyläen.Google Scholar

Blažek, Petr and Žáček, Pavel. 2005. Czechoslovakia, chap. 4. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance, 87–162.Google Scholar

Blažek, Petr and Žáček, Pavel. 2009. Tschechoslowakei. In Kamiński, Persak, and Gieseke (2009), 395–480.Google Scholar

Blaydes, Lisa. 2018. State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael, and Rosato, Sebastian. 2013. “A Complete Dataset of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (12):1523–1554.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles and Svolik, Milan W.. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” Journal of Politics 75 (2):300–316.Google Scholar

Boll, Michael M. 1986. “Pro-Monarchist to Pro-Moscovite: The Transformation of the Bulgarian Army, 1944–1948.” East European Quarterly 20 (4):409–428.Google Scholar

Boraz, Steven C. 2006. “Establishing Democratic Control of Intelligence in Colombia.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence 19 (1):84–109.Google Scholar

Bottoni, Stefano. 2017. “Finding the Enemy: Ethnicized State Violence and Population Control in Ceauşescu’s Romania.” Journal of Cold War Studies 19 (4):113–136.Google Scholar

Bromke, Adam. 1969. “Poland’s Political Crisis.” The World Today 25 (3):117–126.Google Scholar

Bromke, Adam. 1971. “Beyond the Gomulka Era.” Foreign Affairs 49 (3):480–492.Google Scholar

Browder, George C. 1990. Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar

Brown, David. 1993. “The Search for Élite Cohesion.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 15 (1):111–130.Google Scholar

Bruce, Gary. 2003. “The Prelude to Nationwide Surveillance in East Germany: Stasi Operations and Threat Perceptions, 1945–1953.” Journal of Cold War Studies 5 (2):3–31.Google Scholar

Bruce, Gary. 2008. “Access to Secret Police Files, Justice, and Vetting in East Germany Since 1989.” German Politics and Society 26 (1):82–111.Google Scholar

Bruin, Erica De. 2018. “Preventing Coups d’état: How Counterbalancing Works.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (7):1433–1458.Google Scholar

Buehler, Matt and Ayari, Mehdi. 2018. “The Autocrat’s Advisors: Opening the Black Box of Ruling Coalitions in Tunisia’s Authoritarian Regime.” Political Research Quarterly 71 (2):330–346.Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie J. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and Destruction of Socialism and the State. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Burns, John P. 1994. “Strengthening Central CCP Control of Leadership Selection: The 1990 Nomenklatura.” The China Quarterly 138: 458–491.Google Scholar

Bushnell, P. Timothy, Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Vanderpool, Christopher K., and Sundram, Jeyaratnam, eds. 1991. State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Calhoun, Noel. 2002. “The Ideological Dilemma of Lustration in Poland.” East European Politics and Societies 16 (2):494–520.Google Scholar

Carey, John M. 2000. “Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (6/7):735–761.Google Scholar

Chan, Hon S. 2004. “Cadre Personnel Management in China: The Nomenklatura System, 1990–1998.” The China Quarterly 179: 703–734.Google Scholar

Checinski, Michael. 1984. Polish Secret Police. In Adelman (1984), 17–77.Google Scholar

Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143 (1–2):67–101.Google Scholar

Chestnut Greitens, Sheena. 2016. Dictators & Their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cleves, Mario, Gould, William W., Gutierrez, Roberto, and Marchenko, Yulia V.. 2008. Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata. College Station: Stata Press.Google Scholar

Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4):563–595.Google Scholar

Connelly, John. 2009. The Paradox of East German Communism: From Non-Stalinism to Neo-Stalinism? In Tismaneanu (2009), 161–193.Google Scholar

Conquest, Robert. 1985. Inside Stalin’s Secret Police: NKVD Politics, 1936–39. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Conquest, Robert. 1990. The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cope, Kevin L., Crabtree, Charles, and Fariss, Christopher J.. 2020. “Patterns of Disagreement in Indicators of State Repression.” Political Science Research and Methods 8 (1):178–187.Google Scholar

Council on Foreign Relations. Various. Political Handbook of the World: Parliaments, Parties and Press. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Dale, Gareth. 2003. “Like Wildfire? The East German rising of June 1953.” Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 11 (2):107–163.Google Scholar

Dallin, Alexander and Breslauer, George W.. 1970. Political Terror in Communist Systems. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and Political Order.” Annual Review of Political Science 10:1–23.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian, Johnston, Hank, and Mueller, Carol, eds. 2005. Repression and Mobilization. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian, Nygard, Havard Mokleiv, Fjelde, Hanne, and Armstrong, David. 2019. “The Consequences of Contention: Understanding the Aftereffects of Political Conflict and Violence.” Annual Review of Political Science 22:361–377.Google Scholar

Davies, Norman. 2005. God’s Playground: A History of Poland, vol. II: 1975 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

de Graaff, Bob and Nyce, James M., eds. 2016. Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures. London: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Deletant, Dennis. 1993. “The Securitate and the Police State in Romania: 1948–64.” Intelligence and National Security 8 (4):1–25.Google Scholar

Deletant, Dennis. 1999. Communist Terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar

Deletant, Dennis. 2001. The Securitate Legacy in Romania. In Williams and Deletant (2001), 159–210.Google Scholar

Deletant, Dennis. 2009. Rumänien. In Kamiński, Persak, and Gieseke (2009), 341–394.Google Scholar

della Porta, Donatella and Reiter, Herbert, eds. 1998. Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Diedrich, Torsten and Süß, Walter, eds. 2010. Militär und Staatsicherheit im Sicherheitskonzept der Warschauer-Pakt-Staaten. Berlin: Ch. Links.Google Scholar

Diedrich, Torsten and Wenzke, Rüdiger. 2003. Die getarnte Armee: Geschichte der Kasernierten Volkspolizei der DDR 1952 bis 1956. Berlin: Ch. Links.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin K. 2013a. Understanding Communist Collapse and Resilience, chap. 1. In Dimitrov (2013b), 3–39.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin K., ed. 2013b. Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin K. 2014. “What the Party Wanted to Know: Citizen Complaints as a “Barometer of Public Opionion” in Communist Bulgaria.” East European Politics & Socieities 28 (2):271–295.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin K. 2023. Dictatorship and Information: Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Communist Europe and China. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin K. and Sassoon, Joseph. 2014. “State Security, Information and Repression: A Comparison of Communist Bulgaria and B’athist Iraq.” Journal of Cold War Studies 16 (2):3–31.Google Scholar

Dudek, Antoni and Paczkowski, Andrzej. 2009. Polen. In Kamiński, Persak, and Gieseke (2009), 265–339.Google Scholar

Dunning, Thad. 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences: A Design-Based Approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dutton, Michael. 2005. Policing Chinese Politics: A History. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Earl, Jennifer. 2011. “Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control.” Annual Review of Sociology 37:261–284.Google Scholar

Easton, Malcon R. and Siverson, Randolph M.. 2018. “Leader Survival and Purges after a Failed Coup d’Etat.” Journal of Peace Research 55 (5):596–608.Google Scholar

Eckert, Rainer. 1999. “Opposition und Repression in der DDR vom Mauerbau bis zur Biermann-Ausbürgerung (1961–76).” Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 33:355–390.Google Scholar

Egorov, Georgy and Sonin, Konstantin. 2011. “Dictators and their Visiers: Endogenizing the Loyalty-Competence Trade-Off.” Journal of the European Economic Association 9 (5):903–930.Google Scholar

Ekiert, Grzegorz. 1996. The State Against Society: Political Crises and their Aftermath in East Central Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ekiert, Grzegorz. 1997. “Rebellious Poles: Political Crises and Popular Protest Under State Socialism, 1945–89.” East European Politics and Societies 11 (2): 299–338.Google Scholar

Ekiert, Grzegorz and Kubik, Jan. 1998. “Contentious Politics in New Democracies: East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, 1989–93.” World Politics 50 (4):547–581.Google Scholar

Elster, Jon. 1989. The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Engelmann, Roger and Schumann, Silke. 1995. “Kurs auf die entwickelte Diktatur. Walter Ulbricht, die Entmachtung Ernst Wollwebers und die Neuausrichtung des Staatssicherheitsdienstes 1956/57.” BF Informiert 1.Google Scholar

Escribá-Folch, Abel, Tobias Böhmelt, and Ulrich Pilster. 2020. “Authoritarian Regimes and Civil-Military Relations: Explaining Counterbalancing in Autocracies.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 37 (5):559–579. URL https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894219836285. Published online.Google Scholar

Evans, Peter B., Rueschmeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda, eds. 1985. Bringing the State Back In. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Eyal, Gil and Townsley, Elanor. 1995. “The Social Composition of the Nomenklatura: A Comparison of Russia, Poland and Hungary.” Theory and Society 24 (5):723–750.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D.. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1):75–90.Google Scholar

Feaver, Peter D. 1999. “Civil-Military Relations.” Annual Review of Political Science 2:211–241.Google Scholar

Fijnaut, Cyrille and Marx, Gary T., eds. 1995. Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar

Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1986. “New Perspectives on Stalinism.” Russian Review 45 (4):357–373.Google Scholar

Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1999. Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fitzpatrick, Sheila and Gellately, Robert. 1996. “Introduction to the Practices of Denunciation in Modern European History.” Journal of Modern History 68 (4):747–767.Google Scholar

Foitzik, Jan. 1992. “Die stalinistischen “Säuberungen” in den ostmitteleuropäischen kommunistischen Parteien: Ein Vergleichender Überblick.” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 40:737–749.Google Scholar

Foitzik, Jan and Petrov, Nikita W.. 2009a. Der Apparat des NKWD-MGB der UdSSR in Deutschland: Politische Repressionen und Herausbildung deutscher Staatsicherheitsorgane in der SBZ/DDR 1945–1953. In Foitzik and Petrov (2009b), 13–65.Google Scholar

Foitzik, Jan and Petrow, Nikita W., eds. 2009b. Die sowjetischen Geheimdienste in der SBZ/DDR von 1945 bis 1953. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Fricke, Karl Wilhelm and Engelmann, Roger. 2003. Der “Tag X” und die Staatssicherheit: 17. Juni 1953 – Reaktionen und Konsequenzen im DDR-Machtapparat. Bremen: Edition Temmen.Google Scholar

Friedrich, Carl J. and Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.. 1965. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2nd ed.Google Scholar

Fulbrook, Mary. 1993. “Popular Discontent and Political Activism in the GDR.” Contemporary European History 2 (3):265–282.Google Scholar

Fulbrook, Mary. 1995. Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fulbrook, Mary. 2005. The People’s State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker. New York and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Fulbrook, Mary. 2009a. The Concept of ‘Normalization’ and the GDR in Comparative Perspective, chap. 1. In Fulbrook (2009b), 1–30.Google Scholar

Fulbrook, Mary, ed. 2009b. Power and Society in the GDR 1961–1979: The ‘Normalisation of Rule’? New York, NY: Berghahn.Google Scholar

Galeotti, Mark. 2016. “Putin’s Hydra: Inside Russia’s Intelligence Services.” ECPR Policy Brief (169). URL www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/putiins_hydra_inside_russias_intelligence_services .Google Scholar

Garton Ash, Timothy. 1997. The File: A Personal History. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Dataset.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (2):313–331.Google Scholar

Gellately, Robert. 1996. “Denunciations in Twentieth-Century Germany: Aspects of Self-policing in the Third Reich and the German Democratic Republic.” Journal of Modern History 68 (4):931–967.Google Scholar

Gerth, Hans Heinrich and Wright Mills, C., eds. 1946. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Gieseke, Jens. 1996. “Die hauptamtlichen Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit.” Anatomie der Staatsicherheit: MfS Handbuch: 1–107. URL www.nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0292-97839421302572.Google Scholar

Gieseke, Jens. 2000. Die hauptamtlichen Mitarbeiter der Staatsicherheit: Personalstruktur und Lebenswelt 1950–1989/90. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag.Google Scholar

Gieseke, Jens. 2006. Mielke-Konzern: Die Geschichte der Stasi, 1945–1990. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.Google Scholar

Gieseke, Jens. 2009. Deutsche Demokratische Republik. In Kamiński, Persak, and Gieseke (2009).Google Scholar

Gill, Peter. 1994. Policing Politics: Security Intelligence and the Liberal Democratic State. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Gluchowski, Leszek W. 1997. “The Soviet-Polish Confrontation of October 1956: The Situation in the Polish Internal Security Corps.” Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars Working Paper Series (17).Google Scholar

Gluchowski, Leszek W. 1999. “The Defection of Josef Swiatlo and the Search for Jewish Scapegoats in the Polish United Workers’ Party, 1953–1954.” Paper Presented at the 4th Annual Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities, New York.Google Scholar

Goldstein, Robert J. 1978. Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to the Present. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Gough, Roger. 2006. A Good Comrade: János Kádár, Communism and Hungary. London: I.B. Taurus.Google Scholar

Grajewski, Andrzej. 2004. “Poland: Continuity and Change.” Demokratizatsiya 12 (3):451–463.Google Scholar

Granville, Johanna. 2002a. “1956 Reconsidered: Why Hungary and Not Poland?” Slavonic and East European Review 80 (4):656–687.Google Scholar

Granville, Johanna. 2002b. “Satellites or Prime Movers? Polish and Hungarian Reactions to the 1956 Events: New Archival Evidence.” East European Quarterly 34 (4):435–471.Google Scholar

Greitens, Sheena Chestnut. 2017. “Rethinking China’s Coercive Capacity: An Explanation of PRC Domestic Security Spending, 1992–2012.” China Quarterly 232:1002–1025.Google Scholar

Grieder, Peter. 1999. The East German Leadership, 1946–1973: Conflict and Crisis. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Guo, Xuezhi. 2012. China’s Security State: Philosophy, Evolution and Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Guoqiang, Dong and Walder, Andrew G.. 2021. A Decade of Upheaval: The Cultural Revolution in Rural China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Gyarmati, György and Palasik, Mária, eds. 2012. Big Brother’s Miserable Little Grocery Store: Studies on the History of the Hungarian Secret Services after World War II. Budapest: Historical Archives of the Hungarian State Security – L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Gyarmati, György and Palasik, Mária, eds. 2017a. Continuities - Discontinuities: Secret Services after Stalin’s Death in Communist Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest-Pécs: Kronosz Publishing House.Google Scholar

Gyarmati, György and Mária Palasik. 2017b. Hectic De-Stalinization and the Secret Services in Hungary, 1954–56. In Gyarmati and Palasik (2017a), 25–46.Google Scholar

Harasymiw, Bohdan. 1969. “Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist Party’s Leadership Recruitment System.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 2 (4):493–512.Google Scholar

Hassan, Mai. 2017. “The Strategic Shuffle: Ethnic Geography, the Internal Security Apparatus, and Elections in Kenya.” American Journal of Political Science 61 (2):382–395.Google Scholar

Hassan, Mai and Koudouda, Ahmed. 2019. “Sudan’s Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator.” Journal of Democracy 30 (4):89–103.Google Scholar

Hawkins, Darren G., Lake, David A., Nielson, Daniel L., and Tierney, Michael J., eds. 2006. Delegation and Agency in International Relations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hayek, Friedrich A. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hechter, Michael. 1987. Principles of Group Solidarity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Hendrix, Cullen S. 2010. “Measuring State Capacity: Theoretical and Empirical Implications for the Study of Civil Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (3):273–285.Google Scholar

Herbstritt, Georg. 2016. Entzweite Freunde: Rumänien, die Securitate und die DDR-Staatsicherheit 1950 bis 1989. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar

Herbstritt, Georg. 2020. “SOUD.” MfS-Lexikon. URL www.bstu.de/mfs-lexikon/. Published online. Accessed March 10, 2020.Google Scholar

Hilger, Andreas. 2009. Sowjetunion (1945–1991). In Kamiński, Persak, and Gieseke (2009), 43–141.Google Scholar

Hobbes, Thomas. [1651] 1996. Leviathan. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Samantha. 2017. “Managing the State: Social Credit, Surveillance and the CCP’s Plan for China.” China Brief 17 (11). URL https://jamestown.org/program/managing-the-state-social-credit-surveillance-and-the-ccps-plan-for-china/.Google Scholar

Houb, Peter. 2008. “Small but effective: communist secret police dissected.” URL https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/small-but-effective-communist-secret-police-dissected/ri:article:612686/.Google Scholar

Hristov, Hristo and Kashumov, Alexander. 2012. Justice and Accountability Mechanisms in Bulgaria in the Transition Period (1989–2008), chap. 12. In Popovski and Serrano (2012), 273–297.Google Scholar

Hrubý, Karel. 2017. “How Much Totalitarianism Remained in the “Normalization” Era?” Czech Journal of Contemporary History 5:101–138.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Izahborovskaia, Inessa. 1997. The Gomułka Alternative: The Untravelled Road. In Naimark and Gibianskii (1997), 123–137.Google Scholar

Janka, Walter. 1991. Spuren eines Lebens. Berlin: Rowholt.Google Scholar

Junes, Tom. 2022. “Bricks and Bombs versus Bullets and Batons: Protest and Regime Violence as Generational Experience in Communist Poland.” Contemporary European History 1–15. URL doi:10.1017/S0960777321000801. Published online.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis N., Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek E., eds. 2008. Order, Conflict and Violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kaminski, Antoni Z. and Bartołomiej Kaminski. 2009. Road to “People’s Poland”: Stalin’s Conquest Revisited. In Kemp-Welch (1999), 195–228.Google Scholar

Kamiński, Lukasz, Persak, Krzysztof, and Gieseke, Jens, eds. 2009. Handbuch der kommunistischen Geheimdienste in Osteuropa, 1944–1991. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar

Kemp-Welch, Anthony. 1996. “Khrushchev’s ‘Secret Speech’ and Polish Politics: The Spring of 1956.” Europe-Asia Studies 48 (2):181–206.Google Scholar

Kemp-Welch, Anthony, ed. 1999. Stalinism in Poland, 1944–1956. New York, NY: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Kemp-Welch, Anthony. 2006. “Dethroning Stalin: Poland 1956 and Its Legacy.” Europe-Asia Studies 58 (8):1261–1284.Google Scholar

Kemp-Welch, Anthony. 2008. Poland under Communism: A Cold War History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kemp-Welch, Anthony. 2010. Eastern Europe: Stalinism to Solidarity, chap. 11. Vol. 2 of Leffler and Westad (2010b), 219–237.Google Scholar

Kenney, Padraic. 2012. Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945–1950. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Kershaw, Ian. 1998. Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar

Kershaw, Ian. 2000. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar

Kersten, Krystyna. 1991. The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943–1948. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Kersten, Krystyna. 1999. The Terror, 1949–1954, chap. 5. In Kemp-Welch (1999), 78–94.Google Scholar

Ketchley, Neil. 2017. Egypt in a Time of Revolution: Contentious Politics and the Arab Spring. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kiewiet, D. Roderick and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1991. The Logic of Delegation: Parties and the Appropriations Process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Korbonski, Andrzej. 1982. The Polish Army, chap. 7. In Adelman (1982), 103–127.Google Scholar

Kotkin, Stephen. 1995. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Kotkin, Stephen. 2017. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941. New York, NY: Penguin.Google Scholar

Kovrig, Bennett. 1979. Communism in Hungary: From Kun to Kádár. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar

Kowalczuk, Ilko-Sascha. 2009. Endspiel: Die Revolution von 1989 in der DDR. München: C.H. Beck.Google Scholar

Kowalczuk, Ilko-Sascha. 2013. 17. Juni 1953. München: C.H. Beck.Google Scholar

Kowalczuk, Ilko-Sascha and Wolle, Stefan. 2010. Roter Stern über Deutschland: Sowjetische Truppen in der DDR. Berlin: Ch. Links.Google Scholar

Kozłowski, Tomasz. 2021. “From Strikes to Solidarity: The Diffusion of Protests in Poland in the Summer of 1980.” East European Politics and Societes 35 (4):1161–1178.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark. 1998. “The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings.” Journal of Contemporary History 33 (2):163–214.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark. 1999a. “The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East- Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 1).” Journal of Cold War Studies 1 (1):3–55.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark. 1999b. “The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East- Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 2).” Journal of Cold War Studies 1 (2):3–38.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark. 1999c. “The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East- Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 3).” Journal of Cold War Studies 1 (3):3–66.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark. 1999d. “Soviet Deliberations During the Polish Crisis, 1980–1981.” Cold War International History Project. Special Working Paper No. 1.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark. 2009. Stalin, Soviet Policy, and the Consolidation of a Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe, 1944–1953. In Tismaneanu (2009), 51–101.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark and Vít Smetana, eds. 2014. Imposing, Maintaining and Tearing Open the Iron Curtain: The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Kramer, Mark N. 1984. “Civil-Military Relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European Component.” International Affairs 61 (1):45–66.Google Scholar

Kroeger, Alex M. 2020. “Dominant Party Rule, Elections and Cabinet Instability in African Autocracies.” British Journal of Political Science 50 (1):79–101.Google Scholar

Kunze, Thomas. 2000. Nicolae Ceauşescu: Eine Biographie. Berlin: Ch. Links.Google Scholar

Kuran, Timur. 1989. “Sparks and Prairie Fires: A Theory of Unanticipated Political Revolution.” Public Choice 61 (1):41–74.Google Scholar

Kuran, Timur. 1991. “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989.” World Politics 44 (1):7–48.Google Scholar

L., G. 1956. “The Case of Lásló Rajk.” The World Today 12 (6):247–256.Google Scholar

Lachapelle, Jean, Levitsky, Steven R., Way, Lucan A., and Casey, Adam E.. 2020. “Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability.” World Politics 72 (4):557–600.Google Scholar

Laeuen, Harald. 1972. “Moczar’s Entmachtung.” Osteuropa 22 (1):36–42.Google Scholar

Lake, David A. 2009. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Lake, David A. 2016. The Statebuilder’s Dilemma: On the Limits of Foreign Intervention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Lampton, David M. 2015. “Xi Jinping and the National Security Commission: Policy Coordination and Political Power.” Journal of Contemporary China 24 (95):759–777.Google Scholar

Leffler, Melvyn P. and Westad, Odd Arne, eds. 2010a. The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Leffler, Melvyn P. and Westad, Odd Arne, eds. 2010b. The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Leggett, George. 1981. The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar

Lenin, Vladimir. 1943 [1917]. State and Revolution. New York, NY: International Publishers.Google Scholar

Leśkiewicz, Rafał and Žáček, Pavel, eds. 2013. Handbook of the European Network of Official Authorities in Charge of the Secret-Police Files. Prague & Warsaw: U˙ stav pro Studium Totalitních Režimu˙ & Instytut Pamiȩci Narodowej.Google Scholar

Letowski, Janusz. 1976. “The Problem of the Territorial Division of Poland in the Light of the Reforms of Administration of 1972–1973.” Polish Round Table 57:57–67.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven R. and Way, Lucan A.. 2012. “Beyond Patronage: Violent Struggle, Ruling Party Cohesion and Authoritarian Durability.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (4):869–889.Google Scholar

Lewis, Paul G. 1989. Political Authority and Party Secretaries in Poland 1975–1986. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1971. “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method.” American Political Science Review 65 (3):682–693.Google Scholar

Lohmann, Susanna. 1994. “The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989–91.” World Politics 47 (1):42–101.Google Scholar

Lukes, Igor. 1996. “Birth of a Police State: The Czechoslovak Ministry of the Interior, 1945–48.” Intelligence and National Security 11 (1):78–88.Google Scholar

Luther, Martin. 1991 [1523]. On Secular Authority. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lyne, Mona M., Nielson, Daniel L., and Tierney, Michael J.. 2006. Who Delegates? Alternative Models of Principals in Development Aid, chap. 2. In Hawkins et al. (2006), 41–76.Google Scholar

Macháček, Michal. 2016. “The Strange Unity: Gustáv Husák and Power and Political Fights Inside the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia as Exemplified by the Presidency Issue (1969–1975).” Czech Journal of Contemporary History 4:102–134.Google Scholar

Machcewicz, Paweł. 1997. “Intellectuals and Mass Movements: The Study of Political Dissent in Poland in 1956.” Contemporary European History 6 (3):361–382.Google Scholar

Machcewicz, Paweł. 1999. Social Protest and Political Crisis in 1956, chap. 6. In Kemp-Welch (1999), 99–118.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (4/5):715–741.Google Scholar

Mahoney, James and Rueschmeyer, Dietrich. 2003. Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas. In Rueschmeyer and Mahoney (2003), 3–38.Google Scholar

Mahoney, James and Thelen, Kathleen, eds. 2015. Advances in Comparative- Historical Analysis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Main, Izabella. 2004. President of Poland or ‘Stalin’s Most Faithful Pupil’? The Cult of Bolesław Bierut in Stalinist Poland, chap. 10. In Apor et al. (2004), 179–193.Google Scholar

Malycha, Andreas. 2014. Die SED in der Ära Honecker: Machtstrukturen, Entscheidungsmechanismen und Konfliktfelder in der Staatspartei 1971 bis 1989. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 1985. “The Cadre Management System, Post- Mao: The Appointment, Promotion, Transfer and Removal of Party and State Leaders.” The China Quarterly 102: 203–233.Google Scholar

Mann, Michael. 1984. “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results.” European Journal of Sociology 25 (2):185–213.Google Scholar

Marx, Gary T. 1988. Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Mastny, Vojtech. 1998. “The Soviet Non-Invasion of Poland in 1980/81 and the End of the Cold War.” Cold War International History Project. Working Paper No. 23.Google Scholar

Mastny, Vojtech. 2010. Soviet Foreign Policy, 1953–1962, chap. 15. Vol. 1 of Leffler and Westad (2010a), 312–333.Google Scholar

McCauley, Martin. 1986. The German Democratic Republic, chap. 4. In McCauley and Carter (1986), 64–80.Google Scholar

McCauley, Martin and Carter, Stephen, eds. 1986. Leadership and Succession in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

McCubbins, Matthew D., Noll, Roger D., and Weingast, Barry R.. 1987. “Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control.” Journal of Law, Economics & Organization 3 (2):243–277.Google Scholar

McDermott, Kevin. 2010b. “Popular Resistance in Communist Czechoslovakia: The Plzeň Uprising, June 1953.” Journal of Contemporary European History 19 (4):287–307.Google Scholar

McDermott, Kevin and Stibbe, Matthew, eds. 2010. Stalinist Terror in Eastern Europe: Elite Purges and Mass Repression. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

McDermott, Kevin and Stibbe, Matthew, eds. 2015. De-Stalinizing Eastern Europe: The Rehabilitation of Stalin’s Victims after 1953. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

McMahon, R. Blake and Slantchev, Branislav L.. 2015. “The Guardianship Dilemma: Regime Security through and from the Armed Forces.” American Political Science Review 109 (2):297–313.Google Scholar

Mehta, Judith, Starmer, Chris, and Sugden, Robert. 1994. “The Nature of Salience: An Experimental Investigation of Pure Coordination Games.” American Economic Review 84 (3):658–673.Google Scholar

Meng, Anne and Paine, Jack. 2022. “Power Sharing and Authoritarian Stability: How Rebel Regimes Solve the Guardianship Dilemma.” American Political Science Review 116 (4):1208–1225.Google Scholar

Metodiev, Momchil. 2008. State Security in the Power Strategy of the Bulgarian Communist Party. Sofia: Institute for Studies of the Recent Past, Open Society Institute and Ciela Publishers.Google Scholar

Metodiev, Momchil and Dermendzhieva, Mariia. 2015. Durzhavna Sigurnost: Predimstvo po Nasledstvo. Sofia: Ciela Publishers.Google Scholar

Micgiel, John Stanley. 1992. Coercion and the Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1944–1947. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar

Micgiel, John Stanley. 1997. “Bandits and Reactionaries”: The Suppression of the Opposition in Poland, 1944–1946, chap. 5. In Naimark and Gibianskii (1997), 93–110.Google Scholar

Miedzybrodski, Bartołomej. 2010. “‘Mission Accomplished: Crowds Dispersed’: Clashes Between Polish Citizens and ZOMO on the Streets of Polish Cities as Seen Through the Eyes of Participants (December 13, 1981–December 31, 1982).” The Polish Review 55 (2):151–168.Google Scholar

Mill, John Stuart. 2012 [1843]. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation, vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mills, Melinda. 2011. Introduction to Survival Analysis and Event History Analysis. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Monticone, Ronald Charles. 1965. Poland 1953–1957: A Study in De- Stalinization. Doctoral dissertation, New York University, New York.Google Scholar

Moore, Barrington. 1954. Terror and Progresss USSR: Some Sources of Change and Stability in the Soviet Dictatorship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Moore, Will H. 2000. “The Repression of Dissent: A Substitution Model of Government Coercion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (1):107–127.Google Scholar

Müller-Enbergs, Helmut. 2008. “Die inoffiziellen Mitarbeiter.” Anatomie der Staatsicherheit: MfS Handbuch 1–53. URL https://d-nb.info/1018535462/34.Google Scholar

Müller-Enbergs, Helmut and Muhle, Susanne. 2008. “Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit. Teil 3: Statistiken.” CD-ROM. URL www.bstu.bund.de/DE/Wissen/Publikationen/Publikationen/W_mueller-enbergs_inoffizielle_Teil3.pdf.Google Scholar

Naimark, Norman and Gibianskii, Leonid, eds. 1997. The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Naimark, Norman M. 1995. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Naimark, Norman M. 2010. The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953, chap. 9. Vol. 1 of Leffler and Westad (2010a), 175–197.Google Scholar

Naimark, Norman M. 2019. Stalin and the Fate of Europe: The Postwar Struggle for Sovereignty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Nalepa, Monika and Pop-Eleches, Grigore. 2022. “Authoritarian Infiltration of Organizations: Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Politics 84 (2):861–873.Google Scholar

Nikova, Ekaterina. 2010. Bulgarian Stalinism Revisited. In Tismaneanu (2009), 283–303.Google Scholar

North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

North, Douglass C., Wallis, John Joseph, and Weingast, Barry R.. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo A. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic- Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar

Olaszek, Jan. 2021. “Trust in the Underground: The Case from the History of ‘Solidarity’.” East European Politics and Societes 35 (3):703–727.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 2000. Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Opp, Karl-Dieter and Gern, Christiane. 1993. “Dissident Groups, Personal Networks, and Spontaneous Cooperation: The East German Revolution of 1989.” American Sociological Review 58 (5):659–680.Google Scholar

Osa, Maryjane. 2001. “Mobilizing Structures and Cycles of Protest: Post- Stalinist Contention in Poland, 1954–1959.” Mobilization 6 (2):40–51.Google Scholar

Osa, Maryjane. 2003. Solidarity and Opposition: Networks of Polish Opposition. Social Movements, Protest, and Contention. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Oseka, Piotr. 2019. “Dissidents and Police: The Polish March 1968 and a Tale of Two Generations.” East European Politics and Socieities 33 (4):861–880. URL https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325419865328.Google Scholar

Ostermann, Christian F. 1998. “This is Not a Politburo, But a Madhouse. The Post-Stalin Succession Struggle, Soviet Deutschlandpolitik and the SED: New Evidence from Russian, German and Hungarian Archives.” Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10:61–110.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Otto, Wilfriede. 2000. Erich Mielke – Biographie: Aufstieg und Fall eines Tschekisten. Berlin: Karl Dietz Verlag.Google Scholar

Paczkowski, Andrzej. 1999a. Building the One-Party State, chap. 3. In Kemp-Welch (1999), 41–53.Google Scholar

Paczkowski, Andrzej. 1999b. “Terror und Überwachung: Die Funktion des Sicherheitsdienstes im kommunistischen System in Polen von 1944 bis 1956.” BF Informiert 23:1–37. Translated by Labrenz-Weiss, Hanna.Google Scholar

Paczkowski, Andrzej. 2003. The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles From Occupation to Freedom. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. Translated by Cave, Jane.Google Scholar

Paczkowski, Andrzej. 2015. Revolution and Counterrevolution in Poland, 1980–1989. Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press. Translated by Manetti, Christina.Google Scholar

Palasik, Mária and Tibor Takács. 2019. “Professional staff, leaders and network of the Hungarian Secret Services.”Google Scholar

Pechatnov, Vladimir O. 2010. The Soviet Union and the World, 1944–1953, chap. 5. Vol. 1 of Leffler and Westad (2010a), 90–111.Google Scholar

Pepinsky, Thomas B. 2014. “The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism.” British Journal of Political Science 44 (3):631–653.Google Scholar

Persak, Krzysztof. 2006. “The Polish-Soviet Confrontation in 1956 and the Attempted Soviet Military Intervention in Poland.” Europe-Asia Studies 58 (8):1285–1310.Google Scholar

Pfaff, Steven. 2001. “The Politics of Peace in the GDR: The Independent Peace Movement, the Church, and the Origins of the East German Opposition.” Peace & Change 26 (3):280–300.Google Scholar

Pfaff, Steven. 2006. Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany: The Crisis of Leninism and the Revolution of 1989. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Pfaff, Steven and Kim, Hyojoung. 2003. “Exit-Voice Dynamics in Collective Action: An Analysis of Emigration and Protest in the East German Revolution.” American Journal of Sociology 109 (2):401–444.Google Scholar

Piotrowska, Barbara Maria. 2020. “The Price of Collaboration: How Authoritarian States Retain Control.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (13):2091–2117.Google Scholar

Piotrowski, Paweł. 2003. “Struktury Służby Bezpieczeństwa MSW 1975–1990 [The Structure of the Security Service 1975–1990].” Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość (1):51–106.Google Scholar

Piotrowski, Paweł, ed. 2006. Aparat Bezpieczeństwa w Polsce: Kadra kierownicza [The Security Apparatus in Poland: Managers], vol. II: 1956–1975. Warsaw: Instytut Pamiȩci Narodowej.Google Scholar

Piotrowski, Paweł, ed. 2008. Aparat Bezpieczeństwa w Polsce: Kadra kierownicza [The Security Apparatus in Poland: Managers], vol. III: 1975–1990. Warsaw: Instytut Pamiȩci Narodowej.Google Scholar

Podgórecki, Adam. 1994. “The Communist and Post-Communist Nomenklatura.” Polish Sociological Review 106:111–123.Google Scholar

Policzer, Pablo. 2009. The Rise & Fall of Repression in Chile. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar

Polonsky, Antony. 1987. “Stalin and the Poles, 1941–47.” East European Quarterly 17:453–492.Google Scholar

Popovski, Vesselin and Mónica Serrano, eds. 2012. After Oppression: Transitional Justice in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar

Popper, Karl. 1945. The Open Society and its Enemies. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Port, Andrew. 1997. “When Workers Rumbled: The Wismut Upheaval of August 1951 in East Germany.” Social History 22 (2):145–173.Google Scholar

Port, Andrew I. 2007. Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Post, Vincent. 2016. Putting out the Fire, or Fanning the Flames? How Regulating Secret Service Files and Personnel Affects Contestation Over the Communist Past. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.Google Scholar

Prażmowska, Anita. 2016. Władysław Gomułka: A Biography. London: I.B. Taurus.Google Scholar

Prazmowska, A. J. 2000. “The Polish Socialist Party, 1945–1948.” East European Quarterly 19 (3):337–359.Google Scholar

Pritchard, Gareth. 2000. The Making of the GDR, 1945–53: From Antifascism to Stalinism. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael E., Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam and Teune, Henry. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Przybylski, Peter. 1991. Tatort Politbüro: Die Akte Honecker. Berlin: Rowohlt.Google Scholar

Pucci, Molly. 2020. Security Empire: The Secret Police in Communist Eastern Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Quinlivan, James T. 1999. “Coup-proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East.” International Security 24 (2):131–165.Google Scholar

Rainer, János. 2002. “The New Course in Hungary in 1953.” Cold War International History Project. Working Paper No. 38.Google Scholar

Ramseyer, J. Mark and Rosenbluth, Frances M.. 1995. The Politics of Oligarchy: Institutional Choice in Imperial Japan. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Reynolds, Jaime. 1978. “Communists, Socialists and Workers: Poland 1944–48.” Soviet Studies 30 (1):516–539.Google Scholar

Rice, Condoleezza. 1984. Czechoslovakian Secret Police. In Adelman (1984), 155–173.Google Scholar

Roberts, Sam. 2015. “Gen. Czeslaw Kiszcak, 90; Led Poland in Communist Era.” New York Times 26.Google Scholar

Rubin, F. 1976. “The Hungarian People’s Army.” The RUSI Journal 121 (3):59–66.Google Scholar

Rueschmeyer, Dietrich and Mahoney, James. 2003. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Russett, Bruce, ed. 1972. Peace, War and Numbers. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Ruzikowski, Tadeusz. 2003. “Tajni współpracownicy pionów operacyjnych aparatu bezpieczeństwa 1950–1984 [Secret Collaborators of the Operational Divisions of the Security Apparatus 1950–1984].” Pamiec i Sprawiedliwość 1 (3):109–131.Google Scholar

Sacharov, Vladimir Vladimirovič, Filippovych, Dimitrij Nikolaevič, and Kubina, Michael. 1998. Tschekisten in Deutschland. Organisation, Aufgaben und Aspekte der Tätigkeit der sowjetischen Sicherheitsapparate in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands (1945–1949). 293–335.Google Scholar

Salehyan, Idean. 2010. “The Delegation of War to Rebel Organizations.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54 (3):493–515.Google Scholar

Sarotte, Mary E. 2012. “China’s Fear of Contagion: Tianmen Square and the Power of the European Example.” International Security 37 (2):156–182.Google Scholar

Sasanka, Paweł. 2017. From the Defection of Jósef Światło to Moczar’s Ministry of the Interior: The Collapse and Restoration of the Polish Security Apparatus (1954–1964). In Gyarmati and Palasik (2017a), 61–81.Google Scholar

Sassoon, Joseph. 2011. Saddam Hussein’s Ba’ath Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Scharpf, Adam. 2018. “Ideology and State Terror: How Officer Beliefs Shaped Repression During Argentina’s ‘Dirty War’.” Journal of Peace Research 55 (2):206–221.Google Scholar

Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Schemmel, B. 2020. “Rulers.” URL http://rulers.org/index.html.Google Scholar

Schmemann, Serge. 1990. “Angry Crowds of East Germans Ransack Offices of Spy Service.” New York Times A1.Google Scholar

Schöne, Jens. 2005. Frühling auf dem Lande? Die Kollektivierung der DDR-Landwirtschaft. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like A State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Seawright, James. 2016. Multi-method Research: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Tools. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Service, Robert. 2005. Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Service, Robert. 2015. The End of the Cold War, 1985–1991. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Siani-Davies, Peter. 2005. The Romanian Revolution of December 1989. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Siegel, David A. 2011. “When Does Repression Work? Collective Action in Social Networks.” Journal of Politics 73 (7):993–1010.Google Scholar

Sieren, Frank and Koehne, Ludwik, eds. 1990. Günter Schabowski: Das Politbüro: Ende eines Mythos. Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.Google Scholar

Singer, J. David, Bremer, Stuart, and Stuckey, John. 1972. Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820–1965. In Russett (1972), 19–48.Google Scholar

Sivoš, Jerguš. 2017. The Reorganization of the Czechoslovak Security Apparatus in 1953. In Gyarmati and Palasik (2017a), 103–122.Google Scholar

Skilling, H. Gordon. 1976. Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Skyrms, Brian. 2004. The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan and Fennder, Sofia. 2011. “State Power and Staying Power: Infrastructural Mechanisms and Authoritarian Durability.” Journal of International Affairs 65 (1):15–29.Google Scholar

Snidal, Duncan. 1985. “Coordination versus Prisoners’ Dilemma: Implications for International Cooperation and Regimes.” American Political Science Review 79 (4):923–942.Google Scholar

Soifer, Hillel and Matthias vom Hau. 2008. “Unpacking the Strength of the State: The Utility of State Infrastructural Power.” Studies in Comparative International Development 43 (3–4):219–230.Google Scholar

Soldatov, Andrei and Borogan, Irina. 2010. “Russia’s New Nobility: The Rise of the Security Services in Putin’s Kremlin.” Foreign Affairs 89 (5):80–96.Google Scholar

Sperber, Jonathan. 2004. “17 June 1953: Revisiting a German Revolution.” German History 22 (4):619–643.Google Scholar

Spiekermann, Uwe, ed. 2014. The Stasi at Home and Abroad: Domestic Order and Foreign Intelligence. Washington, DC: German Historical Institute.Google Scholar

Staar, Richard F. 1956. “The Political Bureau of the United Polish Workers’ Party.” American Slavic and East European Review 15 (2): 206–215.Google Scholar

Stan, Lavinia. 2004. “Spies, Files and Lies: Explaining the Failure of Access to Securitate Files.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37:341–359.Google Scholar

Stan, Lavinia. 2005. “Inside the Securitate Archives.” URL www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives. Cold War International History Project, Wilson Center.Google Scholar

Stan, Lavinia, ed. 2009. Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Stan, Lavinia. 2012. Neither Forgiving nor Punishing? Evaluating Transitional Justice in Romania, chap. 15. In Popovski and Serrano (2012), 363–389.Google Scholar

Stan, Lavinia. 2013. Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Romania: The Politics of Memory. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stulz-Herrnstadt, Nadja, ed. 1990. Das Herrnstadt-Dokument. Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.Google Scholar

Suda, Zdenek. 1980. Zealots and Rebels: A History of the Ruling Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar

Sudduth, Jun Koga. 2017. “Strategic Logic of Elite Purges in Dictatorships.” Comparative Political Studies 50 (13):1768–1801.Google Scholar

Sukalo, Alexandra. 2021. “The Soviet Political Police: Establishment, Training, and Operations in the Soviet Republics, 1918–1953.” PhD Dissertation.Google Scholar

Süß, Walter. 1997. “Das Verhältnis von SED und Staatsicherheit. Eine Skizze seiner Entwicklung.” BF Informiert (17):1–36. URL www.nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0292-97839421305925.Google Scholar

Süß, Walter. 2014. The Socialist Unity Party and the Stasi: A Complex Relationship. In Spiekermann (2014), 87–98.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2009. “Power Sharing and Leadership Dynamics in Authoritarian Regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 53 (2): 477–494.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2012a. “Contracting on Violence: The Moral Hazard in Authoritarian Repression and Military Intervention in Politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 57 (5):765–794.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2012b. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2019. “Democracy as an Equilibrium: Rational Choice and Formal Political Theory in Democratization Research.” Democratization 26 (1):40–60.Google Scholar

Świdlicki, Andrew. 1984. “Mechanisms of Repression in Poland During Martial Law.” The Polish Review 89 (1/2):97–126.Google Scholar

Szwagrzyk, Krzysztof, ed. 2005. Aparat Bezpieczeństwa v Polsce: Kadra kierownicza [The Security Apparatus in Poland: Managers], vol. I: 1944–1954. Warsaw: Instytut Pamiȩci Narodowej.Google Scholar

Tagliabue, John. 1990. “Secret Dossiers Arousing Germans; Protests Europe Over Fate of Millions of Files Kept by Secret Police in East.” New York Times 3.Google Scholar

Talmadge, Caitlin. 2015. The Dictator’s Army: Battlefield Effectiveness in Authoritarian Regimes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Tantzscher, Monika. 1998a. “Die Vorläufer des Staatsicherheitsdienstes in der Polizei der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone: Ursprung und Entwicklung der K5.” Jahrbuch für historische Kommunismusforschung 7:125–156.Google Scholar

Tantzscher, Monika. 1998b. “Maßnahme ‘Donau’ und Einsatz ‘Genesung’: Die Niederschlagung des Prager Frühlings im Spiegel der MfS-Akten.” BStU Analysen und Berichte, Reihe B, Nr. 1. URL www.bstu.de/assets/user_upload/E_tantzscher_massnahme.pdf.Google Scholar

Taras, Raymond. 1994. “Gomułka’s ‘Rightist-Nationalist Deviation,’ the Postwar Jewish Communists, and the Stalinist Reaction in Poland, 1945–1950.” Nationalities Papers 22 (S1):111–127.Google Scholar

Tellkamp, Uwe. 2008. Der Turm. Berlin: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar

Tendi, Blessing-Miles. 2016. “State Intelligence and the Politics of Zimbabwe’s Presidential Succession.” African Affairs 115 (459):203–224.Google Scholar

Thomas, Daniel C. 2005. “Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War.” Journal of Cold War Studies 7 (2):110–141.Google Scholar

Thomson, Henry. 2017. “Repression, Redistribution and the Problem of Authoritarian Control: Responses to the 17 June Uprising in Socialist East Germany.” East European Politics and Societies 31 (1):68–92.Google Scholar

Thomson, Henry. 2018. “Grievance Attribution, Mobilization and Mass Opposition to Authoritarian Regimes: A Sub-National Analysis of East Germany’s 1953 Abbreviated Revolution.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (2):1594–1627.Google Scholar

Thomson, Henry. 2019. Food and Power: Regime Type, Agricultural Policy and Political Stability. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thomson, Henry. 2022. “Authoritarian Repression and Electoral Opposition: Mobilization under Germany’s Antisocialist Law.” Comparative Politics 54 (4):621–643.Google Scholar

Thomson, Henry. 2023. “The Bureaucratic Politics of Authoritarian Repression: Intra-agency Reform and Secret Police Surveillance Capacity in Communist Poland.” Political Science Research and Methods. URL https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2023.41.Google Scholar

Thomson, Henry, Urdal, Henrik, Bahgat, Karim, and Buhaug, Halvard. 2023. “Urban Social Disorder 3.0: A Global, City-Level Event Dataset of Political Mobilization and Disorder.” Journal of Peace Research. 60 (3):521–531.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1985. War-Making and State-Making as Organized Crime. In Evans, Rueschmeyer, and Skocpol (1985), 169–191.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1992. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Tismaneanu, Vladimir. 2003. Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Tismaneanu, Vladimir, ed. 2009. Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar

Troncotă, Cristian. 1998. “Securitatea – Ĭnceputurile.” Magazin Isotoric 10. URL https://web.archive.org/web/20071212092940/www.itcnet.ro/hist ory/archive/mi1998/current10/mi24.htm.Google Scholar

Trotsky, Leon. 1918. Our Revolution: Essays on Working-Class and International Revolution, 1904–1917. New York, NY: Henry Holt.Google Scholar

Tymiński, Maciej. 2017. “Local Nomenklatura in Communist Poland: The Case of Warsaw Voivodship (1956–1970).” Europe–Asia Studies 69 (5):709–727.Google Scholar

Ungváry, Krisztián and Gabor Tabajdi. 2009. Ungarn. In Gieseke (2009), 481–554.Google Scholar

Valenta, Jiri and Rice, Condoleeza. 1982. The Czechoslovak Army, chap. 8. In Adelman (1982), 129–148.Google Scholar

van de Grift, Liesbeth. 2012. Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944–1948. Lanham, MD: Lexington.Google Scholar

Verdery, Katherine. 2018. My Life as a Spy: Investigations in a Secret Police File. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Vonyó, Tamás. 2017. “War and Socialism: Why Eastern Europe Fell behind between 1950 and 1989.” Economic History Review 70 (1): 248–274.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2014. “Rebellion and Repression in China, 1966–1971.” Social Science History 38 (3–4):513–539.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2019. Agents of Disorder: Inside China’s Cultural Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. and Lu, Qinglian. 2017. “The Dynamics of Collapse in an Authoritarian Regime: China in 1967.” American Journal of Sociology 122 (4):1144–1182.Google Scholar

Waller, J. Michael. 2004. “Russia: Death and Resurrection of the KGB.” Demokratizatsiya 12 (3):333–355.Google Scholar

Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua. 2014a. “Coercive Capacity and the Durability of the Chinese Communist State.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 47:13–25.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua. 2014b. “Empowering the Police: How the Chinese Communist Party Manages Its Coercive Leaders.” The China Quarterly 219:625–648.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua and Minzer, Carl. 2015. “The Rise of the Chinese Security State.” The China Quarterly 222:339–359.Google Scholar

Way, Lucan A. and Levitsky, Steven. 2006. “The Dynamics of Autocratic Coercion after the Cold War.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39:387–410.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. 1946. Politics as a Vocation. In Gerth and Mills (1946), 77–128.Google Scholar

Weeks, Jessica L. 2008. “Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve.” International Organization 62 (1):35–64.Google Scholar

Wendt, Alexander and Friedheim, Daniel. 1995. “Hierarchy under Anarchy: Informal Empire and the East German State.” International Organization 49 (4):689–721.Google Scholar

Wenzke, Rüdiger. 2013. Ulbrichts Armee: Die Nationale Volksarmee 1956 bis 1971. Berlin: Ch. Links.Google Scholar

Werblan, Andrzej. 1988. “Władysław Gomułka and the Dilemma of Polish Communism.” International Political Science Review 9 (2):143–158.Google Scholar

Werth, Nicolas. 2009. Sowjetunion (1917–1945). In Gieseke (2009), 15–42.Google Scholar

Wheaton, Bernard and Kavan, Zdeněk. 1992. The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988–1991. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Wightman, Gordon. 1986. Czechoslovakia. In McCauley and Carter (1986), 81–98.Google Scholar

Wilke, Manfred, ed. 1998. Anatomie der Parteizentrale. Studien des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat an der Freien Universität Berlin. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar

Wilke, Manfred. 2014. The Path to the Berlin Wall: Critical Stages in the History of Divided Germany. New York and Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar

Williams, Kieran. 1997. The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Williams, Kieran. 2001. The StB in Czechoslovakia, 1945–89. In Williams and Deletant (2001).Google Scholar

Williams, Kieran and Deletant, Dennis, eds. 2001. Security Services in New Democracies: The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wolle, Stefan. 2013a. Der Grosse Plan: Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR 1949–1961. Berlin: Ch. Links.Google Scholar

Wolle, Stefan. 2013b. Die heile Welt der Diktatur: Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR, 1971–1989. Berlin: Ch. Links.Google Scholar

Worst, Anne. 1991. Das Ende eines Geheimdienstes, oder, Wie lebendig ist die Stasi? Berlin: LinksDruck Verlag.Google Scholar

Zajda, Michał. 2013. “Reflections on the Mechanism of the Authoritarian System of the Polish People’s Republic Based on Actions of the Security Service Towards Tadeusz Pankiewicz – the Righteous Among the Nations of the World.” Security Dimensions: International & National Studies 10:159–163.Google Scholar

Zantovsky, Michael. 2014. Havel: A Life. London: Atlantic Books.Google Scholar

Začek, Pavel. 2012. “Operation ‘Tomis III’ and Ideological Diversion: Václav Havel in the Documents of the State Security, 1965–1968.” Behind the Iron Curtain: Review of the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes 2:60–71.Google Scholar

Znepolski, Ivaylo, Gruev, Mihail, Metodiev, Momchil, Ivanov, Martin, Vatchkov, Daniel, Elenkov, Ivan, and Doynov, Plamen. 2019. Bulgaria Under Communism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar