Works in arabic cited in the textʿAbbās, ʿAbd al-Jabbār. 1967. al-Lugha ʿind Yūsuf Idrīs. al-Ādāb, 1: 29–31
ʿAbbūd, Mārūn. 1968. al-Shiʿr al-ʿāmmī: amthāl al-qarya al-lubnāniyya wa-aghānīhā wa-saharātihā wa-l-lugha al-ʿāmiyya fīhā. Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfa
ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Muṣṭafā. 1999. al-Gāt wa-l-tabiʿiyya al-thaqāfiyya. Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-Miṣriyya al-ʿĀmma li-l-Kitāb
ʿAbd al-Laṭīf, Sanāʾ. n.d. al-Tarjama ʿan al-ʿibriyya wājib qawmī wa-risāla sāmiya. In Qaḍāyā al-tarjama wa-ishkāliyyātihā. Cairo: al-Majlas al-Aʿlā li-l-Thaqāfa, pp. 161–70
ʿAbd al-Mawlā, Maḥmūd. 1980. al-Lahajāt khaṭar ʿalā al-fuṣḥā. Qaḍāyā ʿarabiyya, 8: 125–32
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ʿĀiʾsha (Bint al-Shāṭiʾ). 1969. Lughatunā wa-l-ḥayā. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif
al-Abṭaḥ, Sawsan. 2001. al-Tabarruj al-lughawī: al-ṭarīq al-asraʿ ilā al-hāwiya. Asharq al-Awsat, 13 August 2001
al-ʿĀlim, Maḥmūd Amīn (ed.). 1997. Lughatunā al-ʿarabiyya fī maʿrakat al-ḥaḍāra (Special issue of Qaḍāyā fikriyya). Cairo: Qaḍāyā Fikriyya li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ
ʿAmāmra, Turkī Rābiḥ. 1995. Dawr al-istiʿmār fī ibʿād al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya ʿan majālāt al-ḥayā al-thaqāfiyya wa-l-tarbawiyya wa-l-idāriyya. Asharq al-Awsat, 7 March 1995
al-Anbārī, Muḥammad Ibn al-Qāsim. 1987. Kitāb al-aḍdād, ed. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Sidon and Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya
Anīs, Ibrāhīm. 1970. al-Lugha bayn al-qawmiyya wa-l-ʿālamiyya. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif
al-Atharī, Muḥammad Bahjat. 1984. (A poem in praise of Arabic: untitled). Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-urdunī, 25/6: 112–14
ʿAṭṭār, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghafūr. 1964. Ārāʾ fī al-lugha. Jedda: al-Muʾassasa al-ʿArabiyya li-l-Ṭibāʿa
ʿAṭṭār, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghafūr. 1966. al-Zaḥf ʿalā lughat al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn
ʿAṭṭār, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghafūr. 1979. Wafāʾ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya bi-ḥājāt hādhā al-ʿaṣr wa-kull ʿaṣr. Mecca (no publisher)
ʿAṭṭār, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghafūr. 1982. Qaḍāyā wa-mushkilāt lughawiyya. Jedda: Tihāma
ʿAwaḍ, Luwīs. 1947. Plutoland wa qaṣāʾid ukhrā. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Karnak
ʿAwaḍ, Luwīs. 1965. Mudhakkirāt ṭālib baʿtha. Cairo: al-Kitāb al-Dhahabī
ʿAwaḍ, Luwīs. 1980. Muqaddima fī fiqh al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya. Cairo: Sīnā li-l-Nashr
Badawī, El-Saʿīd Muḥammad. 1973. Mustawayāt al-ʿarabiyya al-muʿāṣira fī miṣr. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif
al-Baḥrāwī, Sayyid. 1997. Lughat al-salām shopping centre li-l-muḥajjabāt. In al-ʿĀlim (ed.), Lughtatunā al-ʿarabiyya, pp. 135–8
Barānsī, Ṣāliḥ. 1981. al-Niḍāl al-ṣāmit: thalāthūn sana taḥt al-iḥtilāl al-ṣuhyūnī. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿa
al-Barāzī, Majd Muḥammad al-Bākīr. 1989. Mushkilāt al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-muʿāṣira. Amman: Maktabat al-Risāla al-Ḥadītha
al-Bayyārī, Maʿn. 2001. al-Lugha al-ʿarabiyya tatadahwar fī dawlat al-imārāt. al-Quds al-ʿArabī, 14 July 2001
al-Bazzāz, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 1956. al-Tarbiya al-qawmiyya. Baghdad: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿĀnī. (Pages 9–47 are reproduced in Qirāʾāt fī al-fikr al-qawmī, vol. I: al-Qawmiyya al-ʿarabiyya, fikratuhā wa-nahḍatuhā. Beirut: Markiz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʿArabiyya, 1993, pp. 259–79.)
bin Salāma, al-Bashīr. 1974. al-Shakhṣiyya al-tūnisiyya: khaṣāʾiṣuhā wa-muqawwimātuhā. Tunis: Muʾassasāt ʿAbd al-Karīm bin ʿAbdalla
Bsīsū, Muʿīn. 1974. Muḥāwalat fakk al-irtibāṭ bayn al-fāʿil wa-l-mafʿūl bihi fī al-lugh al-ʿarabiyya. Dirāsāt ʿarabiyya, 8: 2–4
al-Dabbāgh, Muṣṭafā Murād. 1985. al-Mamlakatān al-nabātiyya wa-l-ḥayāwaniyya fi bilādina filaṣṭīn wa-atharuhā fī tasmiyat amkinatihā. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿa
Darwīsh, Maḥmūd. 1981. Dīwān Maḥmūd Darwīsh. Beirut: Dār al-ʿAwda
Ḍayf, Shawqī. 1986a. Tajdīd al-naḥw. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif
Ḍayf, Shawqī. 1986b. Taysīr al-naḥw al-taʿlīmī qadīman wa-ḥadīthan maʿ nahj tajdīdih. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif
Ḍayf, Shawqī. 1990. Taysīrāt lughawiyya. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif
Ḍayf, Shawqī. 1994. Taḥrīfāt al-ʿāmiyya li-l-fuṣḥā fī al-qawāʿid wa-l-binyāt wa-l-ḥurūf wa-l-ḥarakāt. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif
al-Dhwādī, Maḥmūd. 1981. Judhūr al-franco-arab al-unthawiyya bi-l-mahgrib al-ʿarabī. Shuʾūn ʿarabiyya, 22: 124–37
al-Dhwādī, Maḥmūd. 1983. al-Takhalluf al-ākhar fī al-maghrib al-ʿarabī. al-Mustaqbal al-ʿarabī, 47: 20–41
al-Dhwādī, Maḥmūd. 1986. al-Mazj al-lughawī ka-sulūk lughawī li-l-insān al-maghribī al-maghlūb. al-Majalla al-ʿarabiyya li-l-ʿulūm al-insāniyya, 6: 46–66
al-Dhwādī, Maḥmūd. 1988. Baʿḍ al-jawānib al-ukhrā li-mafhūm al-takhalluf al-ākhar fī al-waṭan al-ʿarabī. al-Waḥda, 50: 79–94
al-Dhwādī, Maḥmūd. 1996. al-Franco-arab al-unthawiyya al-maghāribiyya ka-sulūk iḥtijājī ʿalā al-lāmusāwā maʿ al-rajul wa-ka-ramz li-kasb rihān al-ḥadātha. Dirāsāt ʿarabiyya, 3/4: 81–9
al-Dibl, Muḥammad Ibn Saʿd. 1997. Risāla min umm al-lughāt. Buḥūth nadwat ẓāhirat al-ḍaʿf al-lughawī fī al-marḥala al-jāmiʿiyya (Special issue). Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad Ibn Saʿūd al-Islāmiyya, pp. 51–4
al-Dūrī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. 1960. al-Judhūr al-tārīkiyya li-l-qawmiyya al-ʿarabiyya. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn
Farrūkh, ʿUmar. 1961. al-Qawmiyya al-fuṣḥā. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn
Fayṣal, Rawḥī. 1989. al-Fuṣḥā wa-l-ʿāmiyyāt al-ʿarabiyya. Shuʾūn ʿarabiyya, 59: 168–80
Frayḥa, Anīs. 1955. Naḥw ʿarabiyya muyassara. Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfa
Frayḥa, Anīs. 1956. Yassirū asālīb taʿlīm al-ʿarabiyya: hādhā aysar. Junyeh: Matābiʿ Karīm
Frayḥa, Anīs. 1959. Tabsīṭ qawāʿid al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya ʿalā usus jadīda: iqtirāḥ wa namūdhaj. Beirut: American University
Frayḥa, Anīs. 1966. Fī al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya wa baʿḍ mushkilātihā. Beirut: Dār al-Nahār li-l-Nashr
Ghanāyim, Muḥammad Ḥamza. 2001. Wajhan li-wajh: sijālāt maʿ muthaqqaffīn yahūd. Ramalla: Palestinian Forum for Israeli Studies (MADAR)
al-Ghazālī, Muḥammad. 1998. Ḥaqīqat al-qawmiyya al-ʿarabiyya wa-usṭūrat al-baʿth al-ʿarabī. Cairo: Dār Nahḍat Miṣr li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ
al-Ḥājj, Kamāl Yūsuf. 1978. Fī falsafat al-lugha. Beirut: Dār al-Nahār li-l-Nashr (second printing; first published 1956)
Ḥamādī, Muḥammad Ḍārī. 1981. Ḥarakat al-taṣḥīḥ al-lughawī fī al-ʿaṣr al-ḥadīth. Baghdad: Dār al-Rashīd
Ḥasan, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ghanī. 1979. Lugha tajmaʿ al-qulūb ʿalā al-ḥubb. Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya, 43: 65–8
Ḥusayn, Muḥammad Muḥammad. 1979. al-Islām wa-l-ḥaḍāra al-gharbiyya. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī
Ḥusayn, Muḥammad Muḥammad. n.d. Ḥuṣūnunā muhaddada min dākhilihā. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla
Ibn Durayd, Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan. 1958. al-Ishtiqāq, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī
Ibn Fāris, Abū al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad. 1993. al-Ṣāḥibī fī fiqh al-lugha wa-masāʾilihā wa-sunan al-ʿarab fī kalāmihā, ed. ʿUmar Fārūq al-Ṭabbāʿ. Beirut: Maktabat al-Maʿārif
Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Muḥammad. 1958. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal (3 vols.). New York: Pantheon Books
Ibn Tinbāk, Marzūq Ibn Ṣnaytān. 1988. al-Fuṣḥā wa-naẓariyyat al-fikr al-ʿāmmī. Riyadh
Ibrāhīm, Ḥāfiẓ. 1903. Shakwā al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya. al-Muqtaṭaf, 28: 552
ʿĪd, Muḥammad. 1980. al-Maẓāhir al-ṭāriʾa ʿalā al-fuṣḥā. Cairo: ʿĀlam al-Kutub
ʿIrsān, ʿAlī ʿUqla. 1992. al-Fuṣḥā wa-l-ʿāmiyya wa-lughat al-ḥiwār al-masraḥī. al-Majalla al-ʿarabiyya li-l-thaqāfa, 22: 116–43
al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid. 1990. al-Siyāsāt al-taʿlīmiyya fī aqṭār al-maghrib al-ʿarabī. Amman: Muntadā al-Fikr al-ʿArabī
al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid. 1991. al-Turāth wa-l-ḥadātha: dirāsāt wa-munāqashāt. Beirut: Markiz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʿArabiyya
al-Jamālī, Fāḍil. 1996. Difāʿan ʿan al-ʿarabiyya. Tunis: Muʾassasat ʿAbd al-Karīm bin ʿAbdalla
al-Jārim, ʿAlī. 1935. (A poem in praise of Arabic: untitled). Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-malakī, 22–7
al-Jawārī, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Sattār. 1984. Naḥw al-Taysīr: dirāsa wa-naqd manhajī. Baghdad: al-Majmaʿ al-ʿIlmī al-ʿIrāqī
al-Jundī, Anwar. 1982. al-Fuṣḥā lughat al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Lubnānī
al-Jundī, Anwar. n.d. al-Madd al-islāmī fī maṭāliʿ al-qarn al-khāmis ʿashar. Dār al-Iʿtiṣām
Khālidī, Muṣṭafā and ʿUmar Farrūkh. 1982. al-Tabshīr wa-l-istiʿmār fī al-bilād al-ʿarabiyya: ʿarḍ li-juhūd al-mubashshirīn allatī tarmī ilā ikhḍāʿ al-sharq li-l-istiʿmār al-gharbī. Beirut and Sidon: Manshūrāt al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya (first published 1953)
Khalidī, Walīd (ed.). 1997. Kay lā nansā: qurā filasṭīn allatī dammarathā isrāʾīl sanat 1948 wa-asmāʾ shuhadāʾihā. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies
Khalīfa, ʿAbd al-Karīm. 1986. Taysīr al-ʿarabiyya bayn al-qadīm wa-l-ḥadīth. Amman: Majmaʿ al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya al-Urdunī
Khamīs, ʿAbdalla (Ibn). 1984. (A poem in praise of Arabic: untitled). Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-urdunī, 25/6: 115–16
Khūrī, Yūsuf Qazmā. 1991. Najāḥ al-umma al-ʿarabiyya fī lughatihā al-aṣliyya. Beirut: Dār al-Ḥamrāʾ
Laʿībī, Shākir. 2001. al-Frānkūfūniyya wa-l-ʿarabūfūniyya: malāyīn al-ʿarab al-mansiyyīn fī turkiyyā. al-Quds al-ʿArabī, 23 August 2001
al-Lugha al-ʿarabiyya fī miḥna wa-lā budd min inqādhihā. HTTP://www.middle-east-online.com/Features/May2001/arabic/language-14-5-2001.htm
Luṭfī al-Sayyid, Aḥmad. 1945. al-Muntakhabāt (2 vols.). Cairo: Maktabat al-Anglū al-Miṣriyya
Maḥfūẓ, Ḥusayn ʿAlī. 1990. Khams wa-thalāthūn ʿām fī majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya fī al-qāhira. Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-urdunī, 38: 108–9
Marḥabā, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 1990. al-Lugha al-ʿarabiyya wa mā alḥaqathā bihā al-tarjama min tashwīhāt. al-Fikr al-ʿarabī, 61: 69–86
Maṭar, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. 1966. Laḥn al-ʿāmma fī ḍawʾ al-dirāsāt al-lughawwiya al-ḥadītha. Cairo: Dār al-Kātib al-ʿArabī li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa-l-Nashr
Mijlī, Nasīm. 1995. Luwīs ʿAwaḍ wa-maʿārikuh al-adabiyya. Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-Miṣriyya al-ʿĀmma li-l-Kitāb
Munīf, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 1994. al-Kātib wa-l-manfā. Beirut: al-Muʾassasa al-ʿArabiyya li-l-Dirāsāt wa-l-Nashr
al-Mūsā, Nihād. 1987. Qaḍiyyat al-taḥawwul ilā al-fuṣḥā fī al-ʿālam al-ʿarabī al-ḥadīth. Amman: Dār al-Fikr li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ
al-Mūsā, Nihād. 1990. al-Lugha al-ʿarabiyya wa-abnāʾuhā: abḥāth fī qaḍiyyat al-khaṭaʾ wa-ḍaʿf al-ṭalaba fī al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya. Amman: Maktabat Wisām
Mūsā, Salāma. 1964. al-Balāgha al-ʿaṣriyya wa-l-lugha al-ʿarabiyya. Cairo: Salāma Mūsā li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ (first edition published 1945)
Muṣṭafā, Ibrāhīm. 1959. Iḥyāʾ al-naḥw. Cairo: Lajnat al-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjama wa-l-Nashr (first published 1937)
al-Naḥawī, ʿAdnān ʿAlī Riḍā. 1998. Limādhā al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya? Riyadh: Dār al-Naḥawī li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ
Nuʿmān, Aḥmad (Ibn). 1992. al-Lugha wa-l-thaqāfa fī ẓurūf al-ghazw. al-Fikr al-ʿarabī, 70: 91–108
Qaddūra, Zāhiya. 1972. al-Shuʿūbiyya wa-atharuhā al-ijtimāʿī wa-l-siyāsī fī al-ḥayāt al-islāmiyya fī al-ʿaṣr al-ʿabbāsī al-awwal. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Lubnānī
al-Qāḍī, Maḥmūd. 1982. al-Arḍ fī shiʿr al-muqāwama al-filasṭīniyya. Libya and Tunis: al-Dār al-ʿArabiyya li-l-Kitāb
Qaṣṣāb, Walīd Ibrāhīm. 1994. Jināyat al-ḥadātha ʿalā al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya. Majallat kulliyat al-dirāsāt al-islāmiyya wa-l-ʿarabiyya, 9: 201–32
al-Qurashī, Ḥasan ʿAbdalla. 1990. Fī āfāq al-waḥy. Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-urdunī, 38: 104–6
al-Rāfiʿī, Muṣṭafā Ṣādiq. 1974. Taḥt rāyat al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Lubnānī
Rashīd, Amīna (ed.). 1999. al-Tabiʿiyya al-thaqāfiyya: mafāhīm wa-abʿād. Cairo: Dār al-Amīn
Rukaybī, ʿAbdalla. 1992. al-Frānkūfūniyya mashriqan wa-maghriban. Beirut: al-Ruwwād li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ
al-Ruṣāfī, Maʿrūf. 2000. al-Aʿmāl al-shiʿriyya al-kāmila. Beirut: Dār al-ʿAwda
al-Safṭī, Madīḥa. 1982. al-Taʿlīm al-ajnabī fī al-bilād al-ʿarabiyya: al-izdiwājiyya fī al-nasaq al-taʿlīmī wa-qaḍiyyat al-intimāʾ al-qawmī. Shuʾūn ʿarabiyya, 22: 13–26
Saʿīd, Naffūsa Zakariyyā. 1964. Tārīkh al-daʿwa ilā al-ʿāmmiyya wa-āthāruhā fī miṣr. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Dār Nashr al-Thaqāfa
Samʿān, Khalīl. 1967. Daʿwā al-ṣuʿūba fī taʿallum al-ʿarabiyya (part I). Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya bi-Dimashq, 42: 749–804
Samʿān, Khalīl. 1968. Daʿwā al-ṣuʿūba fī taʿallum al-ʿarabiyya (part II). Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya bi-Dimashq, 43: 166–78
al-Sāmirrāʾī, Ibrāhīm. 1979. al-Lugha al-ʿarabiyya wa-wasāʾil al-iʿlām: a-tarjama am ʿadwā lughawiyya?Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya, 43: 99–110
al-Sāmirrāʾī, Ibrāhīm. 1990. Maʿ al-ʿarabiyya wa-majmaʿ al-lugha fī al-qāhira. Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-urdunī, 38: 106–8
Shaʿbān, ʿAwaḍ. 1994. Muʾāmarat anṣār al-ʿāmiyya ʿalā al-fuṣḥā. al-Fikr al-ʿarabī, 75: 155–60
al-Shakʿa, Muṣṭafā. 1970. Muṣṭafā Ṣādiq al-Rāfiʿī kātiban ʿarabiyyan wa-mufakkiran islāmiyyan. Beirut: Arab University of Beirut
Shākir, Maḥmūd Muḥammad. 1972. Abāṭīl wa-asmār. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Madanī
al-Ṣuwayyān, Saʿd al-ʿAbdalla. 2000. al-Shiʿr al-nabaṭī. Beirut: Dār al-Sāqī
Ṭarābīshī, George. 1982. al-Dawla al-quṭriyya wa-l-naẓariyya al-qawmiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿa
al-Ṭawīl, al-Sayyid Rizq. 1986. al-Lisān al-ʿarabī wa-l-islām maʿan fī maʿrakat al-muwājaha. Daʿwat al-Ḥaqq (vol. 60)
al-Ṭayyib, ʿAbdalla. 1984. (A poem in praise of Arabic: untitled). Majallat majmaʿ al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya al-urdunī, 25/6: 139–40
ʿUmar, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ. 1987. Muʾāmarat istibdāl al-ḥurūf al-ʿarabiyya bi-l-ḥurūf al-lātīniyya fī ʿahd al-ḥimāya fī tūnis. al-Mustaqbal al-ʿarabī, 99: 65–76
Wahba, Tawfīq ʿAlī. 1983. al-Shiʿr al-Shaʿbī: shiʿr am zajal?. Riyadh
Willcocks, William. 1893. Lima lam tūjad quwwat al-ikhtirāʿ ladā al-miṣriyyīn al-ān?al-Azhar, 6: 1–10
Yaʿqūb, Emile Badīʿ. 1985. Gibran wa-l-lugha al-ʿarabiyya. Tripoli, Lebanon: Jarrūs Press
Zahrān, al-Badrāwī ʿAbd al-Wahhāb. 1985. Ḍaḥd muftarayāt ḍidd iʿjāz al-qurʾān wa-abāṭīl ukhrā ikhtalaqahā al-ṣalībī al-mustaghrib al-duktūr Luwīs ʿAwaḍ. Mecca: Rābiṭat al-ʿĀlam al-Islāmī
al-Zamakhsharī, Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd Ibn ʿUmar. 1840. al-Mufaṣṣal fī al-naḥw, ed. J. P. Broch. Oslo: Libraria P. T. Mallingii
Zughoul, Muḥammad Rājī. 1988. al-Lāfitāt fī al-urdun: dirāsa lughawiyya ijtimāʿiyya li-baʿḍ jawānib ghurbatinā al-ḥaḍāriyya. In Nadwat al-izdiwājiyya fī al-lugha al-ʿarabiyya (Special issue). Amman: University of Jordan Press, pp. 25–36
Works in other languages cited in the textAbdel-Jawad, Hassan Rashid E. 1981. Lexical and Phonological Variation in Spoken Arabic in Amman. University of Pennsylvania: Ph.d. thesis
Abd-el-Jawad, Hassan R. S. and Fawwaz al-Abed al-Haq. 1997. The Impact of the Peace Process in the Middle East on Arabic. In Michael Clyne (ed.), Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 415–43
Abdel-Malek, Zaki. 1972. The Influence of Diglossia on the Novels of Yusif al-Sibāʿī. Journal of Arabic Literature, 3: 132–41
Abdul-Fattah, H. and Zoghoul, M.. 1996. Business Signs in Jordan: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. al-Abhath, 44: 59–88
Abu-Absi, Samir. 1990. A Characterization of the Language of Iftaḥ Yā Simsim: Sociolinguistic and Educational Implications for Arabic. Language Planning and Language Problems, 14: 33–46
Abu-Absi, Samir. 1991. The ‘Simplified Arabic’ of Iftaḥ Yā Simsim: Pedagogical and Sociolinguistic Implications. al-ʿArabiyya, 24: 111–21
Abu El-Haj, Nadia. 1998. Translating Truths: Nationalism, the Practice of Archaeology, and the Remaking of Past and Present in Contemporary Jerusalem. American Ethnologist, 25: 166–88
Abu El-Haj, Nadia. 2001. Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society. Chicago: Chicago University Press
Abuljebain, Nader Khairiddine. 2001. Palestine History in Postage Stamps: Collection of Nader Khairiddine Abuljebain. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies
Abu-Melhim, Abdel-Rahman. 1991. Code-switching and Linguistic Accommodation in Arabic. In Bernard Comrie and Mushira Eid (eds.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics III: Papers from the Third Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 231–50
Abu-Odeh, Adnan. 1999. Jordanians, Palestinians and the Hashemite Kingdom in the Middle East Peace Process. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press
Agius, Dionisius A. 1980. The Shuʿūbiyya Movement and its Literary Manifestation. The Islamic Quarterly, 24: 76–87
Ahlqvist, Anders. 1993. Language Conflict and Language Planning. In Ernst Håkon Jahr (ed.), Language Conflict and Language Planning. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 7–20
Aitcheson, Jean. 2001. Misunderstandings about Language: A Historical View. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5: 611–19
Allen, Irving Lewis. 1983. The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture. New York: Columbia University Press
Alosh, Muhammad al-Mahdi. 1984. Implications of the Use of Modern Standard Arabic in the Arabic Adaptation of ‘Sesame Street’. Ohio State University: MA dissertation
al-Amadidhi, Darwish G. 1985. Lexical and Sociolinguistic Variation in Qatari Arabic. University of Edinburgh: Ph.d. thesis
Amara, Muhammad Hasan. 1999. Politics and Sociolinguistic Reflexes: Palestinian Border Villages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amara, Muhammad and Bernard Spolsky. 1996. The Construction of Identity in a Divided Palestinian Village: Sociolinguistic Evidence. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 81–98
Arnold, Werner. 2002. Code-switching and Code-mixing in the Arabic Dialects of Antioch. In Ibrahim Youssi, Fouzia Benjelloun, Mohamed Dahbi and Zakia Iraqui-Sinacer (eds.), Aspects of the Dialects of Arabic Today (Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the International Arabic Dialectology Association (AIDA), Marrakesh, 1–4 April 2000), pp. 163–8
Azarya, Victor. 1989. Civil Education in the Israeli Armed Forces. In Ernest Krausz and David Glanz (eds.), Education in a Comparative Context. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, pp. 119–47
Azaryahu, Maoz. 1992. The Purge of Bismarck and Saladin: The Renaming of Streets in East Berlin and Haifa: A Comparative Study in Culture-Planning. Poetics Today, 13: 350–67
Azaryahu, Maoz and Kook, Rebecca. 2002. Mapping the Nation: Street Names and Arab Palestinian Identity: Three Case Studies. Nations and Nationalism, 8: 195–212
Badawi, M. M. 1985. Modern Arabic Literature and the West. London: Ithaca Press
Bader, Yousef and Mahadin, Radwan. 1996. Arabic Borrowings and Code-switches in the Speech of English Native Speakers Living in Jordan. Multilingual, 15: 35–53
Baker, Colin. 1992. Attitudes and Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press
Bamia, Aida Adib. 2001. The Graying of the Raven: Cultural and Socio-political Significance of Algerian Folk Poetry. Cairo and New York: American University in Cairo Press
Bardenstein, Carol B. 1999. Trees, Forests, and the Shaping of Palestinian and Israeli Collective Memory. In M. Bal, J. Crewe and L. Spiter (eds.), Acts of Memory. Hanover: University Press of New England, pp. 148–68
Bar-Gal, Yoram. 1989. Cultural–Geographical Aspects of Street Names in the Towns of Israel. Names, 37: 329–44
Barhoum, Khalil. 1994. English–Arabic Code-switching as a Form of Bilingual Discourse. In Raji M. Rammuny and Dilworth B. Parkinson (eds.), Investigating Arabic: Linguistic, Pedagogical and Literary Studies in Honour of Ernest N. MacCarus. Columbus, OH: Greyden Press, pp. 95–109
Barnes, Barry. 1988. The Nature of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press
Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Introduction. In Fredrik Barth (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Boston: Little, Brown, pp. 9–38
Bauer, Laurie and Peter Trudgill (eds.). 1998. Language Myths. London: Penguin Books
Ben Artzi-Pelossof, Noa. 1996. In the Name of Sorrow and Hope. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer. 1994. Language, Identity and Social Division: The Case of Israel. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer. 2001. A Sociological Paradigm of Bilingualism: English, French, Yiddish and Arabic in Israel. In Hanna Herzog and Eliezer Ben-Rafael (eds.), Language and Communication in Israel. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publications, pp. 175–205
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer and Brosh, Hezi. 1991. A Sociolinguistic Study of Second Language Diffusion: The Obstacles to Teaching Arabic in the Israeli Schools. Language Planning and Language Problems, 15: 1–24
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer and Hezi Brosh. 2001. Jews and Arabs in Israel: The Cultural Convergence of Divergent Identities. In Hanna Herzog and Eliezer Ben-Rafael (eds.), Language and Communication in Israel. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publications, pp. 289–310
Benson, Phil. 2001. Ethnocentricism and the English Dictionary. London and New York: Routledge
Bentahila, Abdelali. 1983. Language Attitudes among Arabic–French Bilinguals in Morocco. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Bentolila, Yaakov. 2001. Bilingualism in a Moroccan Settlement in the South of Israel. In Hanna Herzog and Eliezer Ben-Rafael (eds.), Language and Communication in Israel. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publications, pp. 243–58
Benvenisti, Meron. 2000. Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, translated from the Hebrew by Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta. Berkeley: University of California Press
Berg, Nancy E. 1996. Exile from Exile: Israeli Writers from Iraq. Albany: State University of New York Press
Birks, J. S. 1988. The Demographic Challenge in the Arab Gulf. In B. R. Pridham (ed.), The Gulf and the Arab World. London: Croom Helm, pp. 131–52
Blanc, Haim. 1964. Communal Dialects in Baghdad. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Blau, Joshua. 1969. The Renaissance of Modern Hebrew and Modern Standard Arabic: Parallels and Differences in the Revival of Two Semitic Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press
Blommaert, Jan (ed.). 1999. Language Ideological Debates. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Bolinger, Dwight. 1980. Language: The Loaded Weapon. London: Longman
Boulding, Kenneth E. 1962. Conflict and Defense: A General Theory. New York: Harper & Row
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press
Bourhis, Richard Yvon. 1979. Language in Ethnic Interaction: A Social Psychological Approach. In Howard Giles and Bernard Saint-Jacques (eds.), Language and Ethnic Relations. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 117–41
Bourhis, Richard Yvon. 1997. Language Policies and Language Attitudes: Le Monde de la Francophonie. In Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (eds.), Sociolinguistics: A Reader and a Coursebook. New York: St Martinʾs Press, Inc. pp. 306–22 (first published in 1982)
Bourhis, Richard Yvon, Howard Giles, Jacques P. Leyens and Henri Tajfel. 1979. Psycholinguistic Distinctiveness: Language Divergence in Belgium. In Howard Giles and Robert N. St Clair (eds.), Language and Social Psychology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 158–85
Bowman, Glenn. 1988. Tales of the Lost Land: Palestinian Identity and the Formation of Nationalist Consciousness. New Formations, 4: 31–52
Brenner, Rachel Feldhay. 1993. In Search of Identity: The Israeli Arab Artist in Anton Shammasʾs Arabesques. Proceedings of the Modern Language Association, 18: 431–45
Cachia, Pierre. 1990. An Overview of Modern Arabic Literature. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Cadora, Frederic J. 1970. Some Linguistic Concomitants of Contractual Factors of Urbanization. Anthropological Linguistics, 12: 10–19
Cadora, Frederic J. 1992. Bedouin, Village and Urban Arabic: An Ecolinguistic Study. Leiden: E. J. Brill
Calvet, Louis-Jean. 1998. Language Wars and Linguistic Politics, translated from the French by Michel Petheram. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Cameron, Deborah. 1995. Verbal Hygiene. London and New York: Routledge
Cameron, Deborah. 1997. Demythologizing Sociolinguistics. In Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (eds.), Sociolinguistics: A Reader and a Coursebook. New York: St Martinʾs Press, Inc., pp. 55–67 (first published in 1990)
Cameron, Deborah and Bourne, Jill. 1988. No Common Ground: Kingman, Grammar and the Nation. Language and Education, 2: 147–60
Cheshin, Amir S., Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed. 1999. Separate and Unequal: The Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Cleary, Joe. 2002. Literature, Partition and the Nation State: Culture and Conflict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Cleveland, Ray C. 1963. A Classification of the Arabic Dialects of Jordan. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 17: 56–63
Cohen, Anthony P. 2000. The Symbolic Construction of Community. London and New York: Routledge (first published in 1985)
Cohen, Israel. 1911. Zionist Work in Palestine. London and Leipzig: Zionist Central Office and T. Fisher Unwin
Cohen, Israel. 1918. The German Attack on the Hebrew Schools in Palestine. London: Offices of the Jewish Chronicle and the Jewish World
Cohen, Saul B. and Kliot, Nurit. 1981. Israelʾs Place-names as Reflection of Continuity and Change in Nation-building. Names, 29: 227–48
Cohen, Saul B. and Nurit, Kliot. 1992. Place-names in Israelʾs Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 82: 653–80
Cooper, Robert. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Coulombe, Pierre A. 1993. Language Rights, Individual and Communal. Language Planning and Language Problems, 17: 140–52
Crowley, Tony. 1989. The Politics of Discourse: The Standard Language Question in British Cultural Debates. London: Macmillan
Daniels, Helge. 2002. Debating Variability in Arabic: Fuṣḥā versus ʿāmiyyah. University of Antwerp: Ph.d. thesis
Das Gupta, Jyotirindra. 1970. Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India. Berkeley: University of California Press
Davison, Roderic H. 1963. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. New York: Praeger
Dua, Hans Raj. 1996. The Politics of Language Conflict: Implications for Language Planning and Political Theory. Language Planning and Language Problems, 20: 1–17
Eastman, Carol M. and Roberta, F. Stein. 1993. Language Display: Authenticating Claims to Social Identity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 14: 187–202
Edwards, John. 1988. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Eisele, John. 2001. Representations of Arabic in Egypt, 1940–1990. Arab Studies Journal, 8/9: 47–60
Elad-Bouskila, Ami. 1999. Modern Palestinian Literature and Culture. London: Frank Cass
Eminov, Ali. 1997. Turkish and Other Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria. London: Hurst & Company
Fairclough, Norman. 1989. Language and Power. London: Longman
Faraco, J. Carlos González and Dean Murphy, Michael. 1997. Street Names and Political Regimes in an Andalusian Town. Ethnology, 36: 123–48
Ferguson, Charles. 1959. Diglossia. Word, 15: 325–40
Ferguson, Charles. 1972. Myths about Arabic. In Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Readings in the Sociology of Language. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 375–81
Ferguson, Charles. 1990. ‘Come Forth with a Surah Like It’: Arabic as a Measure of Arab Society. In Mushira Eid (ed.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics I: Papers from the First Annual Conference of Arabic Linguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 39–51
Ferguson, Charles. 1996. Diglossia Revisited. In Alaa El-Jibali (ed.), Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honour of El-Said Badawi. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, pp. 49–64
Fernandez, Mauro. 1993. Diglossia: A Comprehensive Bibliography 1960–1990, and Supplement. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fisherman, Haya and Joshua Fishman. 1975. The ‘Official Languages’ of Israel: Their Status in Law and Police Attitudes and Knowledge Concerning Them. In Jean-Guy Savard and Richard Vigneault (eds.), Multilingual Political Systems: Problems and Solutions. Quebec: Les Presses de lʾUniversité Laval, pp. 497–535
Fishman, Joshua. 1972. Language and Nationalism: Two Integrative Essays. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers
Fishman, Joshua. 1997. The Sociology of Language. In Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (eds.), Sociolinguistics: A Reader and a Coursebook. New York: St Martinʾs Press, Inc., pp. 25–30 (first published in 1972)
Friedland, Roger and Richard Hecht. 1996. To Rule Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Galtung, John. 1980. The True Worlds: A Transnational Perspective. New York: Free Press
Garrett, Peter. 2001. Language Attitudes and Sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5: 626–31
Gershoni, Israel and James Jankowski. 1986. Egypt, Islam and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationalism 1900–1930. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
Gibb, H. A. R. 1962. Studies on the Civilization of Islam, eds. Stanford J. Shaw & William R. Polk. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Giles, Howard, Richard Yvon Bourhis and D. M. Taylor. 1977. Towards a Theory of Language in Ethnic Group Relations. In Howard Giles (ed.), Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London, New York and San Francisco: Academic Press, pp. 307–48
Giles, Howard and Peter F. Powesland. 1975. Speech Style and Social Evaluation. London, New York and San Francisco: Academic Press
Giles, Howard and Philip Smith. 1979. Accommodation Theory: Optimal Levels of Convergence. In Howard Giles and Robert N. St Clair (eds.), Language and Social Psychology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 45–65
Goffman, E. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books
Goldziher, Ignaz. 1966. Muslim Studies, ed. Samuel M. Stern and translated from German by G. R. Barber and Samuel M. Stern, (2 vols.). London: George Allen & Unwin
Gramsci, Antonio. 1985. Selections from Cultural Writings, translated from the Italian by W. Boelhower. London: Lawrence & Wishart
Grossman, David. 1993. Sleeping on a Wire: Conversations with Palestinians in Israel, translated from the Hebrew by Haim Watzman. London: Jonathan Cape
Gully, Adrian. 1997. Arabic Linguistic Issues and Controversies of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Journal of Semitic Studies, 42: 75–120
Gur-Zeʾev, Ilan. 2001. The Production of Self and the Destruction of the Otherʾs Memory and Identity in Israeli/Palestinian Education on the Holocaust/Nakbah. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 20: 255–66
HaCohen, Ran. 1997. Influence of the Middle East Process on the Hebrew Language. In Michael Clyne (ed.), Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 385–414
Haeri, Niloofar. 1996. The Sociolinguistic Market of Cairo: Gender, Class, and Education. London and New York: Kegan Paul International
al-Haj, Majid. 1995. Education, Empowerment and Control: The Case of the Arabs in Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press
al-Hamad, Mohamed Qasim. 2001. Translation and Censorship with Special Reference to Jordan. Edinburgh University: Ph.d. thesis
al-Haq, Fawwaz al-Abed. 1999. A Sociolinguistic Study of Hebrew in Jordan: Implications for Language Planning. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 140: 45–58
Hary, Benjamin. 1996. The Importance of the Language Continuum in Arabic Multiglossia. In Alaa El-Jibali (ed.), Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honour of El-Said Badawi. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, pp. 69–90
El-Hassan, S. 1977. Educated Spoken Arabic in Egypt and the Levant: A Critical Review of Diglossia and Related Concepts. Archivum Linguisticum, 8: 112–32
El-Hassan, S. 1978. Variation in the Demonstrative System in Educated Spoken Arabic. Archivum Linguisticum, 9: 32–57
Heller, Monica (ed.). 1988. Code-switching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Heller, Monica 1995. Code-switching and the Politics of Language. In Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken (eds.), One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 158–74
Heller, Monica 1999. Ebonics, Language Revival, la qualité de la langue and More: What do we Have to Say about the Language Debates of our Time?Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3: 260–6
Helman, Sara. 2002. Monologic Results of Dialogue: Jewish–Palestinian Encounter Groups as Sites of Essentialization. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 9: 327–54
Hever, Hannan. 1987. Hebrew in an Arab Israeli Hand: Six Miniatures on Anton Shammasʾs Arabesques. Cultural Critique, 7: 47–76
Hindess, Barry. 1996. Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Holes, Clive. 1983. Patterns of Communal Language Variation in Bahrain. Language in Society, 12: 433–57
Holes, Clive 1987. Language Variation and Change in a Modernizing Arab State. London: Kegan Paul International
Holes, Clive 1993. The Uses of Variation: A Study of the Political Speeches of Gamal Abdul-Nasir. In Mushira Eid and Clive Holes (eds.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics V. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 13–45
Holes, Clive 1995. Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions and Varieties. London and New York: Longman
Honey, John. 1997. Language is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies. London and Boston: Faber & Faber
Hourani, Albert. 1983. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1789–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Hudson, Alan. 1992. Diglossia: A Bibliographic Review. Language in Society, 21: 611–74
Hussein, Riad Fayez Issa. 1980. The Case of Triglossia in Arabic with Special Emphasis on Jordan. State University of New York: Ph.d. thesis
Hussein, Riad F. and El-Ali, Nasr. 1988. Subjective Reactions Towards Different Varieties of Arabic. al-Lisān al-arabī, 30: 7–17
Ibrahim, Mohammad H. 1981. Language and Politics in Modern Palestine. Arab Journal for the Humanities, 1: 323–41
Ibrahim, Mohammad H. 1986. Standard and Prestige Language: A Problem in Arabic Sociolinguistics. Anthropological Linguistics, 26: 115–26
Ibrahim, Zeinab. 2000. Myths about Arabic Revisited. al-ʿArabiyya, 33: 13–27
Inglehart, R. F. and M. Woodward. 1972. Language Conflict and Political Community. In Pier Paolo Giglioli (ed.), Language and Social Contexts: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin, pp. 358–77
Ivanic, Roz. 1997. Writing and Identity: The Discoursal Construction of Identity in Academic Writing. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Jabeur, M. 1987. A Sociolinguistic Study in Tunisia: Rades. University of Reading: unpublished Ph.d. thesis
Jahr, Ernst Håkon (ed.). 1993. Language Conflict and Language Planning. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Janicki, Karol. 1993. From Small to Large-scale Language Conflicts: A Philosophical Perspective. In Jahr (ed.), Language Conflict and Language Planning, pp. 99–113
Jassem, Zaidan Ali. 1993. Impact of the Arab Israeli Wars on Language and Social Change in the Arab World: The Case of Syrian Arabic. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara
Johnson, Sally. 2001. Who's Misunderstanding Whom? Sociolinguistics, Public Debate and the Media. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5: 591–610
Joseph, John Earl. 1987. Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. New York: Basil Blackwell
Kamhawi, Dania L. W. 2000. Code-switching: A Social Phenomenon in Jordanian Society. Edinburgh University M.Litt. thesis
Katriel, Tamar. 1986. Talking Straight: Dugri Speech in Israeli Sabra Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Katriel, Tamar and Yusuf Greifat. 1988. Cultural Borrowings: A Sociolinguistic Approach. In John E. Hofman (ed.), Arab–Jewish Relations in Israel: A Quest in Human Understanding. Bristol: Wyndham Hall Press, pp. 301–21
Kattan, Naim. 1976. Farewell, Babylon, translated from the French by Sheila Fischman. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart
Katz, Kimberly. 1999. Jordanian Jerusalem: Postage Stamps and Identity Construction. Jerusalem Quarterly File, 5 (http://www.jqf-jerusalem.org./journal/1999/jqf5/katz.html)
Katz, Pearl. 1982. Ethnicity Transformed: Acculturation in Language Classes in Israel. Anthropological Quarterly, 55: 99–111
Kaye, Alan. 1972. Remarks on Diglossia in Arabic: Well-defined vs ill-defined. Linguistics, 81: 32–48
Kaye, Alan. 1994. Formal vs. Informal in Arabic: Diglossia, Triglossia, Tetraglossia, etc.: Polyglossia-multiglossia Viewed as a Continuum. Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik, 27: 47–66
Kaye, Alan. 2001. Diglossia: The State of the Art. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 152: 117–29
Khalidi, Rashid. 1997. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press
Khalidi, Walid (ed.). 1982. All that Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies
Khalili, Laleh. Forthcoming. Virtual Nation: Palestinian Cyberculture in Lebanese Camps
al-Khatib, Mahmoud Abed Ahmad. 1988. Sociolinguistic Change in an Expanding Context: A Case Study of Irbid City, Jordan. University of Durham: unpublishd Ph.d. thesis
Khleif, Bud B. 1979. Insiders, Outsiders, and Renegades: Towards a Classification of Ethnolinguistic Labels. In Howard Giles and Bernard Saint-Jacques (eds.), Language and Ethnic Relations. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 159–77
Kia, Mehrdad. 1998. Persian Nationalism and the Campaign for Language Purification. Middle Eastern Studies, 34: 9–36
Kinberg, Naphtali and Talmon, Rafael. 1994. Learning of Arabic by Jews and the Use of Hebrew among Arabs in Israel. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 20: 37–54
Koplewitz, Immanuel. 1992. Arabic in Israel: The Sociolinguistic Situation of Israelʾs Linguistic Minority. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 98: 29–66
Kotler, Philip, Somkid Jatusripitak and Suvit Mausincee. 1997. The Marketing of Nations: A Strategic Approach to Building National Wealth. New York: Free Press
Kraemer, Roberta and Olshtain, Elite. 1989. Perceived Ethnolinguistic Vitality and Language Attitudes: The Israeli Setting. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 10: 197–212
Kramarae, Cheris, Muriel Schulz and William M. OʾBar. 1984. Toward an Understanding of Language and Power. In Cheris Kramarae, Muriel Schulz and William M. OʾBar (eds.), Language and Power. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp. 9–22
Kuzar, Ron. 2001. Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Laforest, Marty. 1999. Can a Sociolinguist Venture outside the University?Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3: 276–81
Laitin, David D. 1987. Linguistic Conflict in Catalonia. Language Planning and Language Problems, 11: 129–47
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach. 1990. Talking Power: The Politics of Language. New York: Basic Books
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach. 2000. The Language War. Berkeley: University of California Press
Lalor, Paul. 1997. Naming Jordanian–Palestinian Relations. Paper presented at the Third Symposium on Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa, 1–4 July, Edinburgh
Lambert, Wallace E. 1979. Language as a Factor in Intergroup Relations. In Howard Giles and Robert N. St Clair (eds.), Language and Social Psychology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 186–92
Landau, Jacob M. 1970. Language Study in Israel. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, VI. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 721–45
Landau, Jacob M. 1987. Hebrew and Arabic in the State of Israel: Political Aspects of the Language Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 67: 117–33
Layne, Linda L. 1994. Home and Homeland: The Dialogics of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Lefkowitz, Daniel. 1993. On the Social Meaning of Code Choice in an Israeli City. Proceedings of the First Annual Symposium about Language and Society-Austin (SALSA I), 89–100
Lehn, Walter. 1980. West Bank Sojourn. Journal of Palestine Studies, 9: 1–16
Liebes, Tamar. 1997. Reporting the Arab–Israeli Conflict: How Hegemony Works. London and New York: Routledge
Lodge, Anthony. 1998. French is a Logical Language. In Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill (eds.), Language Myths. London: Penguin, pp. 23–30
Makdisi, Ned. 1955. Arabic Type Simplified. Middle Eastern Affairs, 16: 51–3
Maoz, Ifat. 2001. Power Relations in Intergroup Encounters: A Case Study of Jewish–Arab Encounters in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Studies, 24: 259–77
Marʿi, Sami Khalil. 1978. Arab Education in Israel. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press
Marʿi, Sami Khalil. 1989. Arab Education in Israel. In Ernest Krausz and David Glanz (eds.), Education in a Comparative Context. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, pp. 91–118
Massad, Joseph A. 2001. Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan. New York: Columbia University Press
Massey, Doreen. 1995. Places and their Pasts. History Workshop Journal, 39: 182–92
May, Stephen. 2001. Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language. Harlow: Longman
Mazrui, Ali and Alamin M. Mazrui. 1998. The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience. Oxford: James Currey Ltd.
McCarthy, Kevin M. 1979. Street Names in Beirut, Lebanon. Names, 23: 74–88
Meskell, Lynn (ed.). 1998. Archaeology under Fire: Nationalism, Politics, and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London and New York: Routledge
Milroy, James. 2001a. Language Ideologies and the Consequences of Standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5: 530–55
Milroy, James. 2001b. Response to Sally Johnson: Misunderstanding Language?Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5: 620–5
Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy. 1999. Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English. London: Routledge (third edition)
Mitchell, T. F. 1978. Educated Spoken Arabic in Egypt and the Levant, with Special Reference to Participle and Tense. Journal of Linguistics, 14: 227–58
Mitchell, T. F. 1986. What is Educated Spoken Arabic?International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 61: 7–32
Musa, Salama. 1955. Arabic Language Problems. Middle Eastern Affairs, 16: 41–4
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Social Motivations for Code-switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Newman, Francis W. 1895. Handbook of Modern Arabic: Consisting of Practical Grammar with Numerous Examples, Dialogues, and Newspaper Extracts in a European Type. Nottingham: Stevenson, Bailey & Smith
Niedzielski, Nancy A. and Dennis R. Preston. 2000. Folk Linguistics. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter
Norris, H. T. 1990. Shuʿūbiyya in Arabic Literature. In Julia Ashtiany, T. M. Johnstone, J. D. Letham, R. B. Serjeant and G. Rex Smith (eds.), The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: ʿAbbasid Belles-Lettres. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–47
OʾLeary, de Lacy Evans. 1872. Colloquial Arabic. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
Olins, Wally. 1999. Trading Identities: Why Countries and Companies are Taking on Each Othersʾ Roles. London: Foreign Policy Centre
Omran, Elsayed M. H. 1991. Arabic Grammar: Problems and Reform Efforts. In Kinga Dévényi and Tamás Iványi (eds.), Proceedings of the Colloquium on Arabic Grammar (Special issue of The Arabist: Budapest Studies in Arabic, 34) Budapest: Eötvös Lorànd University, Department of Arabic Studies, and Csoma De Körös Society, Islamic Studies Section, pp. 297–311
Palmer, Edward L. 1979. Linguistic Innovation in the Arabic Adaptation of ‘Sesame Street’. In James E. Altais and G. Richard Tucker (eds.), Language in Public Life: Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1979. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 287–94
Patai, Raphael. 1977. The Jewish Mind. New York: Charles Scribnerʾs Sons
Paulston, Christina Bratt, Chee Chen, Pow and Mary, C. Connerty. 1993. Language Regenesis: A Conceptual Overview of Language Revival, Revitalization and Reversal. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 14: 275–86
Paxman, Jeremy. 1999. The English: The Portrait of a People. London: Penguin Books
Peake, Roderick. 1958. History and Tribes of Jordan. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press
Peres, Yochanan, Erlich, Avishai and Yuval-Davis, Nira. 1970. National Education for Arab Youth in Israel: A Comparative Analysis of Curricula. Jewish Journal of Sociology, 12: 147–63
Piamenta, Moshe. 1979. Jerusalem Sub-standard Arabic: Linguistic Analysis of an Idiolect. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 1: 263–85
Piamenta, Moshe. 1992. Notes on the Decay of Jerusalem Judaeo-Arabic under the Impact of Socio-political Transformation. Asian and African Studies, 26: 81–88
Pinchevski, Amit and Torgovnik, Efraim. 2002. Signifying Passages: The Signs of Change in Israeli Street Names. Media, Culture and Society, 24: 365–88
Rabinowitz, Dan. 2002. Oriental Othering and National Identity: A Review of Early Israeli Anthropological Studies of Palestinians. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 9: 305–25
Reiter, Yitzhak. 2002. Higher Education and Socio-political Transformation in Jordan. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 29: 137–64
Rickford, John. 1999. The Ebonics Controversy in my Backyard: A Sociolinguistʾs Experiences and Reflections. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3: 267–75
Rouhana, Nadim. 1997. Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State. New Haven and London: Yale University Press
Rudin, Catherine and Eminov, Ali. 1990. Bulgarian Turkish: The Linguistic Effects of Recent Nationality Policy. Anthropological Linguistics, 32: 149–62
Saatci, Mustafa. 2002. Nation-states and Ethnic Boundaries: Modern Turkish Identity and Turkish–Kurdish Conflict. Nations and Nationalism, 8: 549–64
Safi, Sabah. 1992. Functions of Code-switching: Saudi Arabic in the United States. In Aleya Rouchdy (ed.), The Arabic Language in America. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, pp. 72–80
Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul
Salih, Mahmud and El-Yasin, Mohammed. 1994. The Spread of Foreign Business Names in Jordan: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Abhath al-Yarmouk, 12: 37–50
Sallam, A. 1979. Concordial Relations within the Noun Phrase in ESA. Archivum Linguisticum, 10: 20–56
Sallam, A. 1980. Phonological Variation in Educated Spoken Arabic: A Study of the Uvular and Related Plosive Types. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 42: 77–100
Sarsour, Saad. 1983. Arab Education in a Jewish State: Major Dilemmas. In Alouph Hareven (ed.), Every Sixth Israeli: Relations between Jewish Majority and the Arab Minority in Israel. Jerusalem: Van Leer Jerusalem Foundation, pp. 113–32
Saulson, Scott B. 1979. Institutionalized Language Planning: Documents and Analysis of the Revival of Hebrew. The Hague, Paris and New York: Mouton Publishers
Sawaie, Mohammed. 1986. A Sociolinguistic Study of Classical and Colloquial Arabic Varieties: A Preliminary Investigation into Some Arabic Speakersʾ Attitudes. al-Lisān al-arabī, 26: 1–19
Sawaie, Mohammed. 1994. Linguistic Variation and Speakersʾ Attitudes: A Sociolinguistic Study of Some Arabic Dialects. Damascus: al-Jaffan and al-Jabi Publishers
Schmid, Carol L. 2001. The Politics of Language: Conflict, Identity and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Seccombe, I. I. 1988. International Migration, Arabization and Localization in the Gulf Labour Market. In B. R. Pridham (ed.), The Gulf and the Arab World. London: Croom Helm, pp. 153–88
Selwyn, Tom. 2001. Landscapes of Separation: Reflections on the Symbolism of By-pass Roads in Palestine. In Barbara Bender and Margot Winer (eds.), Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place. Oxford and New York: Berg, pp. 225–40
Shammas, Anton. 1991. Cultural Identity and the Crisis of Representation. In Miriana Philomena (ed.), Critical Fictions: The Politics of Imaginative Writing. Seattle: Bay Press, pp. 75–9
Shohamy, Elena. 1994. Issues of Language Planning in Israel: Language and Ideology. In Richard D. Lambert (ed.), Language Planning around the World: Contexts and Systemic Change. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University, National Foreign Language Center, pp. 131–42
Shohat, Ella. 1989. Israeli Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation. Austin: University of Texas Press
Shorrab, Ghazi Abd-El-Jabbar. 1981. Models of Socially Significant Linguistic Variation: The Case of Palestinian Arabic. State University of New York at Buffalo: Ph.d. thesis
Shryock, Andrew. 1997. Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination: Oral History and Textual Authority in Tribal Jordan. Berkeley: University of California Press
Simmel, Georg. 1955a. Conflict. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
Simmel, Georg. 1955b. The Web of Group Affiliations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Sertaç Bucak. 1994. Killing a Mother Tongue: How the Kurds are Deprived of Linguistic Human Rights. In Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson (eds.), Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 347–71
Sleeboom, Margaret. 2002. The Power of National Symbols: The Credibility of a Dragonʾs Efficacy. Nations and Nationalism, 8: 299–313
Sluglett, Peter and Marion Farouk-Sluglett (eds.). 1996. Guide to the Middle East: The Arab World and its Neighbours. London: Times Books
Slyomovics, Susan. 1998. The Object of Memory: Arab and Jew Narrate the Palestinian Village. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
Smart, J. R. 1990. Pidginization in Gulf Arabic: A First Report. Anthropological Linguistics, 32: 83–119
Smith, Anthony D. 2001. Nationalism. Cambridge: Polity
Smith-Kocamahhul, Joan. 2001. In the Shadow of Kurdish: The Silence of Other Ethnolinguistic Minorities in Turkey. Middle East Report, 219: 45–7
Sowayan, Saad Abdullah. 1985. Nabaṭi Poetry: The Oral Poetry of Arabia. Berkeley: University of California Press
Spolsky, Bernard. 1993. Language Conflict in Jerusalem, 1880–1980. In Jahr (ed.), Language Conflict and Language Planning, pp. 179–92
Spolsky, Bernard. 1996. Hebrew and Israeli Identity. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 181–92
Spolsky, Bernard and Muhammad Amara. 1995. Sociolinguistic Reflexes of Political Division: A Study of a Divided Village. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, Language Policy Research Centre
Spolsky, Bernard, Muhammad Amara, Hanna Tushyeh and Kees de Bot. n.d. Language, Education and Identity in a Palestinian Town: The Case of Bethlehem. Unpublished manuscript
Spolsky, Bernard and Robert Cooper. 1991. The Languages of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Spolsky, Bernard and Elana Shohamy. 1999. The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology and Practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters
Suleiman, Saleh M. 1985. Jordanian Arabic between Diglossia and Bilingualism: Linguistic Analysis. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Suleiman, Yasir. 1993. The Language Situation in Jordan and Code-switching: A New Interpretation. New Arabian Studies, 1: 1–20
Suleiman, Yasir 1994. Nationalism and the Arabic Language: An Historical Overview. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Arabic Sociolinguistics: Issues and Perspectives. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 3–24
Suleiman, Yasir 1996a. The Simplification of Arabic Grammar and the Problematic Nature of the Sources. Journal of Semitic Studies, 41: 99–119
Suleiman, Yasir 1996b. Language and Identity in Egyptian Nationalism. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 25–37
Suleiman, Yasir 1997. The Arabic Language in the Fray: A Sphere of Contested Identities. In Alan Jones (ed.), University Lectures in Islamic Studies I. London: Altajir World of Islam Trust, pp. 127–48
Suleiman, Yasir 1999a. Language and Political Conflict in the Middle East: A Study in Symbolic Sociolinguistics. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa: Studies in Variation and Identity. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 10–37
Suleiman, Yasir 1999b. Language Education Policies: Arabic-speaking Countries. In Bernard Spolsky (ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of Educational Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier/Pergamon, pp. 106–16
Suleiman, Yasir 1999c. The Arabic Grammatical Tradition: A Study in Taʿlīl. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Suleiman, Yasir 2000. Under the Spell of Language: Arabic between Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity. In Ian Richard Netton (ed.), Studies in Honour of Clifford Edmund Bosworth, vol. I: Hunter of the East. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 113–37
Suleiman, Yasir 2002. Bayān as a Principle of Taxonomy: Linguistic Elements in Jāḥiẓʾs Thinking. In J. F. Healey and V. Porter (eds.), Studies on Arabic in Honour of G. Rex Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 273–95. (Journal of Semitic Studies, Supplement 14.)
Suleiman, Yasir 2003. The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
Swedenburg, Ted. 1995. Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press
Tabory, Mala. 1981. Language Rights in Israel. Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 11: 272–306
Taha, Ibrahim. 1995. Elements of Dialects in Palestinian Literature in Israel. In Nadia Anghelescu and Andrei A. Avram (eds.), Proceedings of the Colloquium on Arabic Linguistics (Bucharest) 29 August to 2 September 1994, part 1. Bucharest: University of Bucharest, Centre for Arab Studies, pp. 267–73
Talmon, Rafael. 2000. Arabic as a Minority Language in Israel. In Jonathan Owen (ed.), Arabic as a Minority Language. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 199–220
Thomas, George. 1991. Linguistic Purism. London and New York: Longman
Tibawi, A. L. 1956. Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine. London: Luzac
Tibawi, A. L. 1969. A Modern History of Syria including Lebanon and Palestine. London: Macmillan
Tilmatine, Mohamed and Yasir Suleiman. 1996. Language and Identity: The Case of the Berber. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 165–79
al-Toma, Salih J. 1961. The Arabic Writing System and Proposals for its Reform. The Middle East Journal, 15: 403–15
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell
Turki, Fawaz. 1999. Roundtable Discussion on Israeli and Palestinian Literature. In Kamal Abdel-Malek and David C. Jacobson (eds.), Israeli and Palestinian Identities in History and Literature. London: Macmillan, pp. 198–211
Ham, Peter. 2002. Branding Territory: Inside the Wonderful Worlds of PR and IR Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 31: 249–69
Vikør, Lars S. 1993. Principles of Corpus-planning as Applied to the Spelling Reforms of Indonesia and Malaysia. In Jahr (ed.), Language Conflict and Language Planning, pp. 278–98
Vollers, K. 1895. The Modern Egyptian Dialect of Arabic: A Grammar with Exercises, Reading Lessons and Glossaries, translated from the German by F. C. Burkitt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1987. Languages in Competition: Dominance, Diversity and Decline. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Weber, Jonathan. 1979. The Status of English as a Lingua Franca in Contemporary Jerusalem. University of Oxford: D.Phil. thesis
Weinreich, Uriel. 1966. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague: Mouton
Wendell, Charles. 1972. The Evolution of the Egyptian National Image: From its Origins to Aḥmad Luṭfī al-Sayyid. Berkeley: University of California Press
al-Wer, Enam Essa. 1991. Phonological Variation in the Speech of Women from Three Urban Areas in Jordan. University of Essex: Ph.d. thesis
al-Wer, Enam Essa. 1999. Why do Different Variables Behave Differently? Data from Arabic. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa: Studies in Variation and Identity. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 38–57
Wernberg-Møller, Alison. 1994. A Sociolinguistic Study of the Moroccan Community of Edinburgh. University of Edinburgh: Ph.d. thesis
Wernberg-Møller, Alison. 1999. Sociolinguistic Meaning in Code-switching: The Case of Moroccans in Edinburgh. In Yasir Suleiman (ed.), Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa: Studies in Variation and Identity. Richmond: Curzon Press, pp. 234–58
Wexler, Paul. 1990. The Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
Willmore, Seldon. 1901. The Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London
Wilson, Zara Jacqueline. 2002. Invisible Racism: The Language and Ontology of ‘White Trash’. Critique of Anthropology, 22: 387–401
Winter, Michael. 1979. Arab Education in Israel. Jerusalem Quarterly, 12: 112–22
Wright, Sue. 1996. Language and the State: Revitalization and Revival in Israel and Ireland. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters
El-Yasin, Mohammed K. and Radwan, S. Mahadin. 1996. On the Pragmatics of Shop Signs in Jordan. Journal of Pragmatics, 26: 407–16
Zerubavel, Yael. 1991. New Beginning, Old Past: The Collective Memory of Pioneering in Israeli Culture. In Laurence J. Silberstein (ed.), New Perspectives on Israeli History: The Early Years of the State. New York and London: New York University Press, pp. 193–215
