Introduction

While the Hungarian mathematicians tackled chess in a formal manner, deliberately circumventing the game's psychological complexity and inherent unpredictability, amongst the Viennese economists, the chess metaphor was being put to different use. They seized upon it as an exemplar of complexity.

To the extent that a game of chess involved interdependent steps, taken through time and cumulative in their importance, it was, in the eyes of Oskar Morgenstern's teachers, the quintessential embodiment of a time-bound activity with an unpredictable outcome. If, therefore, one saw the essence of economic exchange, not in the mechanical and instantaneous achievement of an equilibrium, but as a process of uncertain outome in which the passage of time was crucial, then the joint search for a result at the chessboard offered a powerful analogy with which to counter the mechanistic view. This was the understanding of the game metaphor that best characterized the thought-world of Oskar Morgenstern in the late 1920s, and that fact is illustrative of both the gulf then separating him from the Hungarian mathematicians and the distance he would travel in becoming co-author of The Theory of Games.