Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T08:31:13.715Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Vibration Monitoring of Induction Motors and Case Histories on Shaft Misalignment and Soft Foot

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2021

William T. Thomson
Affiliation:
EM Diagnostics Ltd., Scotland
Get access

Summary

Chapter 1 provides an overview of publications on sources of vibration in electrical machines.Problems in rolling element bearings account for the largest number of failures of induction motors, therefore a review is presented on the use of vibration measurements and spectrum analysis to diagnose faults in rolling element bearings.The practical difficulty of accessing the housings of rolling element bearings is strongly emphasised, because if bearing housings cannot be accessed then it is more difficult to diagnose bearing faults. A brief overview of shaft misalignment and soft foot in induction motor drives is included, and five industrial case histories are presented on vibration analysis to detect shaft misalignment and/or soft foot.

Type
Chapter
Information
Vibration Monitoring of Induction Motors
Practical Diagnosis of Faults via Industrial Case Studies
, pp. 1 - 46
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References and Further Reading

Tesla, N., A New System of Alternate Current Motors and Transformers, Transactions of American Institute of Electrical Engineers, V (10), 1888, pp. 308–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunsheath, P., A History of Electrical Engineering, Faber and Faber, first published in 1962.Google Scholar
Randell, R. B., Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring, John Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-74788-8, 2012.Google Scholar
Brant, A., Noise and Vibration Analysis, John Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-74644-8, 2011.Google Scholar
Elsheman, R., Basic Machinery Vibrations: An Introduction to Machine Testing, Analysis and Monitoring, ASIN: B011YTFB9A, 1999.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. I., The Vibration Analysis Handbook, second edition, VCI, ISBN: 0-9640517-2-9, 2003.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. S., An Introduction to Machinery Analysis and Monitoring, Penwell Publishing, Tulsa, Okla., 1981.Google Scholar
Timoshenko, S., Vibration Problems in Engineering, Wolfenden Press, ASIN: B0012J1C80, 4 Nov. 2008.Google Scholar
Goldman, S., Vibration Spectrum Analysis – A Practical Approach, Industrial Press Inc., ISBN-13: 978-0831130886, 1999.Google Scholar
Lees, A. W., Vibration Problems in Machines – Diagnosis and Resolution, CRC Press, ISBN-13: 978-1-138-89383-2, 2017.Google Scholar
Den Hartog, J. P., Mechanical Vibrations, fourth edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1985.Google Scholar
Collacott, R. A., Mechanical Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring, first edition, Chapman and Hall, ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5725-1, 1977.Google Scholar
Inman, D. J., Engineering Vibration, third edition, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2007.Google Scholar
Bishop, R. E. D., The Mechanics of Vibration, Cambridge University Press, Reissue Edition, ISBN-10: 110740245X, July 2011.Google Scholar
Scheffer, C. and Girdhar, P., Machinery Vibration Analysis & Predictive Maintenance, Newnes, ISBN 0 7506 6275 1, 2004.Google Scholar
Kwok, V., Machinery Vibration – Measurement and Analysis, McGraw Hill Inc., ISBN: 0-07-071936-5, 1991.Google Scholar
Vance, J., Zeidan, F. and Murphy, B., Machinery Vibration and Rotor Dynamics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., ISBN: 978-0-471-46213-2, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooley, J. W. and Tukey, J. W., An Algorithm for Machine Calculation of Complex Fourier Series, Mathematics of Computation, 19 (90), 1965, pp. 297301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheim, A. V., Papers on Digital Signal Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vibration Analysis Dictionary – Mobius Institute: www.mobiusinstitute.com/site2/item.asp?LinkID=2002.Google Scholar
El-Hawary, M. E., Principles of Electric Machines with Power Electronic Application, Wiley–IEEE Press, July 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liwschitz-Garik, M. and Whipple, C. C., Electric Machinery Vol. II, A-C Machines, Van Nostrand Company, first published Sept. 1946.Google Scholar
Say, M. G., Alternating Current Machines, fourth edition, ELBS and Pitman Publishing, 1976.Google Scholar
Sen, P. C., Principle of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics, second edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1997.Google Scholar
Chapman, A., Electric Machinery Fundamentals, McGraw Hill, 1985.Google Scholar
Hughes, A., Electric Motor and Drives – Fundamentals, Types and Applications, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990.Google Scholar
Slemon, G., Electric Machines and Drives, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., 1992.Google Scholar
Alger, P. L., Induction Machines – Their Behaviour and Uses, Gordon and Breach Science Publications Inc., second edition, published by OPA Amsterdam, third printing with additions, 1995.Google Scholar
Vickers, H., The Induction Motor, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd, London, first edition 1924, second edition 1953.Google Scholar
Thomson, W. T. and Culbert, I., Current Signature Analysis for Condition Monitoring of Cage Induction Motors, IEEE-Press Wiley, ISBN: 978-1-119-02959-5, 2017.Google Scholar
Alger, P. L., Magnetic Noise in Poly-phase Induction Motors, Transactions of the AIEE, 73 (Part IIA), 1954, pp. 118–25.Google Scholar
Costello, M. J., Understanding the Vibration Forces in Induction Motors, Proc., 19th Turbomachinery Symp., College Station, TX, Oct., 1989, pp. 179–83.Google Scholar
Findlay, W. R. and Burke, R. R., Troubleshooting Motor Problems, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 27, Nov./Dec. 1991, pp. 1204–13.Google Scholar
Eis, R. O., Electric Motor Vibration – Cause, Prevention and Cure, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1A11 (3), May/June 1975.Google Scholar
Sommers, E. W., Vibration in 2-pole Induction Motors Related to Slip Frequency, IEEE Transactions on Power Applications, 74 (3), Feb. 1955, pp. 6972.Google Scholar
Ellison, A. J. and Moore, C. J., Acoustic Noise and Vibration of Rotating Electric Machines, Proceedings of the IEE, 155 (11), Nov. 1968, pp. 1633–40.Google Scholar
Chapman, F. T., Production of Noise and Vibration by Certain Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, IEE Journal, 61, Dec. 1922, pp. 3948.Google Scholar
Finley, W. R., Hodowanec, M. M. and Holter, W. G., An Analytical Approach to Solving Motor Vibration Problems, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 36 (5), Sept./Oct. 2000, pp. 1467–80.Google Scholar
Baumgardner, J., Vibration in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, Proc. 18th Turbomachinery Symp., College Station, TX, Oct. 1989, pp. 179–83.Google Scholar
Yang, S. J., Low Noise Electric Motors, Monographs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, IEE, Savoy Place, London, 1981.Google Scholar
Morrill, W. J., Harmonic Theory of Noise in Induction Motors, Transactions of the AIEE, 59 (8), Aug. 1940, pp. 474–80.Google Scholar
Arkkio, A., Antila, M., Pokki, K., Simon, A. and Lantto, E., Electromagnetic Force on a Whirling Cage Rotor, Proceedings of the IEE, Electrical Power Applications, 147 (5), Sept. 2000, pp. 353–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnett, A. et al., Motor Vibes: Noise and Vibration Bibliographies and Abstracts, IEEE Conference Record of 1993 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference, 1993, pp. 184–205.Google Scholar
Cameron, J. R., Thomson, W. T. and Dow, A. B., Vibration and Current Monitoring for Detecting Airgap Eccentricity in Large Induction Motors, IEE Proceedings, 133 (Part B, No. 3), May 1986.Google Scholar
Dorrell, D. G., Thomson, W. T. and Roach, S., Analysis of Airgap Flux, Current and Vibration Signals as a Function of the Combination of Static and Dynamic Airgap Eccentricity in 3-Phase Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 33 (1), Jan./Feb. 1997, pp 2434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, W. T., A Review of On-Line Condition Monitoring Techniques for Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors - Past, Present, and Future, IEEE Symposium on Diagnostics for Electrical Machines, Power Electronics and Drives, Gijon, Spain, 1999, pp. 318 (opening keynote address).Google Scholar
Thomson, W. T. and Orpin, P., Current and Vibration Monitoring for Fault Diagnosis and Root Cause Analysis of Induction Motors, Proc. 31st Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas, A&M University, USA, Sept. 2002.Google Scholar
Thomson, W. T., Barbour, A., Tassoni, C. and Filippetti, F., An Appraisal of the MMF-Permeance Method and Finite Element Models to Study Static Airgap Eccentricity and its Diagnosis in Induction Machines, Proc. ICEM'98, Istanbul, 1998.Google Scholar
Thomson, W. T., Cameron, J. R. and Dow, A. B., On-Line Diagnostics of Large Induction Motors, NATO ARW (by invitation only), Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, August 1986, published in the NATO Api Series, Pub Martines Hijhoff, July 1988.Google Scholar
Thomson, W. T., Deans, N. D., Leonard, R. A. and Milne, A. J., Monitoring Strategy for Discriminating Between Different Types of Rotor Cage Faults, Proc. 18th Universities Power Engineering Conference Proceedings, University of Surrey, April 1983.Google Scholar
Thomson, W. T., Vibration and Noise in Small-Power Electric Motors, MSc thesis by research, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, 1977.Google Scholar
Leonard, R. A. and Thomson, W. T., Vibration and Stray Flux Monitoring for Unbalanced Supply and Inter-turn Winding Faults in Induction Motors, Proc, Condition Monitoring Conference, University College, Swansea, Wales, UK, 1983.Google Scholar
Tavner, P. et al., Condition Monitoring of Rotating Electrical Machines, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, ISBN: 978-0-86341-739-9, London, UK, 2008.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. H., Root Cause Failure Analysis for AC Induction Motors in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry, IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC), 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual Conference, 2010, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. H., Root Cause Methodology for Induction Motors; A Step-by-Step Guide to Examining Failure, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, 18 (6), 2012, pp. 5062.Google Scholar
IEEE Committee Report, Report of Large Motor Reliability Survey of Industrial and Commercial Installations, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1A-21 (4), Parts I and II, July/Aug. 1985.Google Scholar
IEEE Committee Report, Report of Large Motor Reliability Survey of Industrial and Commercial Installations, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1A-23 (1), Part III, Jan./Feb. 1987.Google Scholar
Thorson, O. V. and Dalva, M., A Survey of Faults on Induction Motors in Offshore Oil Industry, Petrochemical Industry, Gas Terminals and Oil Refineries, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 31 (5), Sept./Oct. 1995.Google Scholar
https://www.efficientplantmag.com/2012/03/large-electric-motor-reliability-what-did-the-studies-really-say/ Large Electric Motor Reliability: What Did The Studies Really Say?, EP Editorial Staff 23 March 2012; Efficient Plant Magazine formerly Maintenance Technology: https://www.efficientplantmag.com/Google Scholar
Taylor, J. I. and Kirkland, D. Wyndell, The Bearing Analysis Handbook, ISBN: 0-9640517-3-7, Vibration Consultants, VCI USA, 2004.Google Scholar
Piotrowski, J., Shaft Alignment Handbook, third edition, CRC Press, ISBN: 13 978-1-57444-727-1, 2007.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. S., Introduction to Machinery Analysis and Monitoring, second edition, Penwell Books, USA, ISBN 0-78714-401-3, 1993.Google Scholar
Pruftechnic, A White Paper on a Practical Guide to Shaft Alignment, distributed in the USA by Ludeca Inc. (www.ludeca.com), 2002, pp. 1–62.Google Scholar
ISO 1940-1:2003.Google Scholar
British Standard (BS) 60034-14: Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 14 Mechanical Vibration of Certain Machines with Shaft Heights of 56 mm and Higher – Measurement, Evaluation and Limits of Vibration Severity, Feb. 2004.Google Scholar
NEMA MG1: Motors and Generators, 2012.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Rotor Failures in Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, IA-22 (6), 1986, pp. 1165–73.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Analysis of Rotor Failures in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 24 (6), 1988, pp. 1124–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Cause and Analysis of Stator and Rotor Failures in Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 28 (4), 1992, pp. 921–37.Google Scholar
Barr, H., Bonnett, A. H. and Yung, C., Understanding Vertical Motor Bearing Systems and Minimizing Their Failures, IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 2007, pp. 1–9.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Rotor Failures in Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, IA-22 (6), 1986, pp. 1165–73.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Analysis of Rotor Failures in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 24 (6), 1988, pp. 1124–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Cause and Analysis of Stator and Rotor Failures in Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 28 (4), 1992, pp. 921–37.Google Scholar
Barr, H., Bonnett, A. H. and Yung, C., Understanding Vertical Motor Bearing Systems and Minimizing Their Failures, IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 2007, pp. 1–9.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Rotor Failures in Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, IA-22 (6), 1986, pp. 1165–73.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Analysis of Rotor Failures in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 24 (6), 1988, pp. 1124–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnett, A. H. and Soukup, G. C., Cause and Analysis of Stator and Rotor Failures in Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 28 (4), 1992, pp. 921–37.Google Scholar
Barr, H., Bonnett, A. H. and Yung, C., Understanding Vertical Motor Bearing Systems and Minimizing Their Failures, IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 2007, pp. 1–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×