Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×

Online ordering will be unavailable from 17:00 GMT on Friday, April 25 until 17:00 GMT on Sunday, April 27 due to maintenance. We apologise for the inconvenience.

Hostname: page-component-669899f699-g7b4s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-27T04:53:57.687Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Forced Response II: Heat Release Dynamics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2021

Tim C. Lieuwen
Tim C. Lieuwen
Affiliation:
Georgia Institute of Technology
Get access

Summary

Chapter 11 described the dynamics of flamelets forced by velocity or burning rate oscillations and illustrated the key physics controlling the spatiotemporal dynamics of the flame position. This chapter focuses on the impacts of these disturbances on the mass burning rate and/or heat release rate itself. For example, a key quantity of interest for the thermoacoustic instability problem is the heat release fluctuations that are induced by the flame disturbances. Section 12.1 gives an overview of the basic mechanisms through which flow disturbances lead to heat release oscillations, and differentiates between velocity coupling, fuel/air ratio coupling, pressure coupling, and acceleration coupling. Section 12.2 treats the effects of the flame configuration on its sensitivity to these disturbances, such as geometry or reactant premixing.

Type
Chapter
Information
Unsteady Combustor Physics , pp. 463 - 510
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Magina, N., Shin, D.-H., Acharya, V., and Lieuwen, T., Response of non-premixed flames to bulk flow perturbations. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2013, 34(1): pp. 963–971.Google Scholar
Shreekrishna, and Lieuwen, T., High frequency response of premixed flames to acoustic disturbances, in 15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. 2009, Miami, FL.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clanet, C., Searby, G., and Clavin, P., Primary acoustic instability of flames propagating in tubes: cases of spray and premixed combustion. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1999, 385: pp. 157–197.Google Scholar
Malik, N.A. and Lindstedt, R.P., The response of transient inhomogeneous flames to pressure fluctuations and stretch: Planar and outwardly propagating hydrogen/air flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 2010, 182(7–9): pp. 1171–1192.Google Scholar
McIntosh, A.C., The linearized response of the mass burning rate of a premixed flame to rapid pressure changes. Combustion Science and Technology, 1993, 91: pp. 329–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, A.C., Batley, G., and Brindley, J., Short length scale pressure pulse interactions with premixed flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 1993, 91: pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
T’ien, J., Sirignano, W., and Summerfield, M., Theory of L-star combustion instability with temperature oscillations. AIAA Journal, 1970, 8: p. 120–126.Google Scholar
Richecoeur, F., Ducruix, S., Scouflaire, P., and Candel, S., Effect of temperature fluctuations on high frequency acoustic coupling. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009, 32(2): pp. 1663–1670.Google Scholar
Ayoola, B., Hartung, G., Armitage, C., Hult, J., Cant, R., and Kaminski, C., Temperature response of turbulent premixed flames to inlet velocity oscillations. Experiments in Fluids, 2009, 46(1): pp. 27–41.Google Scholar
Kim, D., Lee, J.G., Quay, B.D., Santavicca, D.A., Kim, K., and Srinivasan, S., Effect of flame structure on the flame transfer function in a premixed gas turbine combustor. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2010, 132: p. 021502.Google Scholar
Fleifil, M., Annaswamy, A.M., Ghoneim, Z.A., and Ghoneim, A.F., Response of a laminar premixed flame to flow oscillations: A kinematic model and thermoacoustic instability results. Combustion and Flame, 1996, 106: pp. 487–510.Google Scholar
Lieuwen, T., Modeling premixed combustion–acoustic wave interactions: A review. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2003, 19(5): pp. 765–781.Google Scholar
Palies, P., Durox, D., Schuller, T., and Candel, S., The combined dynamics of swirler and turbulent premixed swirling flames. Combustion and Flame, 2010, 157(9): pp. 1698–1717.Google Scholar
Palies, P., Schuller, T., Durox, D., and Candel, S., Modeling of premixed swirling flames transfer functions. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2010, 33(2): pp. 107–113.Google Scholar
Kim, K., Lee, J.G., and Santavicca, D.A., Spatial and temporal distribution of secondary fuel for suppression of combustion dynamics. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2006, 22(2): pp. 433–439.Google Scholar
Lee, J.G., Kim, K., and Santavicca, D., Measurement of equivalence ratio fluctuation and its effect on heat release during unstable combustion. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2000, 28(1): pp. 415–421.Google Scholar
Li, H., Wehe, S.D., and McManus, K.R., Real-time equivalence ratio measurements in gas turbine combustors with a near-infrared diode laser sensor. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2010, 33(1): pp. 717–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, D., Culick, F., and Ratner, A., Coupling between combustor pressure and fuel/oxidizer mixing and the consequences in flame behavior. Combustion Science and Technology, 2008, 180(1–3): pp. 127–142.Google Scholar
Lieuwen, T. and Zinn, B.T., The role of equivalence ratio oscillations in driving combustion instabilities in low NOx gas turbines. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 1998, 27: pp. 1809–1816.Google Scholar
Straub, D.L. and Richards, G.A., Effect of fuel nozzle configuration on premix combustion dynamics, in The 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. 1998, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Lieuwen, T., Torres, H., Johnson, C., and Zinn, B.T., A mechanism of combustion instability in lean premixed gas turbine combustor. Journal of Engineering in Gas Turbines and Power, 1998, 120: pp. 294–302.Google Scholar
Richards, G.A. and Janus, M.C., Characterization of oscillations during premix gas turbine combustion. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1998, 121: pp. 294–302.Google Scholar
Kendrick, D.W., Anderson, T.J., Sowa, W.A., and Snyder, T.S., Acoustic sensitivities of lean-premixed fuel injector in a single nozzle rig. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1999, 121: pp. 429–436.Google Scholar
Hemachandra, S., Shreekrishna, , and Lieuwen, T., Premixed flames response to equivalence ratio perturbations, in Joint Propulsion Conference. 2007, Cincinnatti, OH.Google Scholar
Cho, J.H. and Lieuwen, T., Laminar premixed flame response to equivalence ratio oscillations. Combustion and Flame, 2005, 140: pp. 116–129.Google Scholar
Stufflebeam, J.H., Kendrick, D.W., Sowa, W.A., and Snyder, T.S., Quantifying fuel/air unmixedness in premixing nozzles using an acetone fluorescence technique. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2002, 124(1): pp. 39–45.Google Scholar
Sandrowitz, A.K., Cooke, J.M., and Glumac, N.G., Flame emission spectroscopy for equivalence ratio monitoring. Applied Spectroscopy, 1998, 52(5): pp. 658–662.Google Scholar
Fureby, C., A computational study of combustion instabilities due to vortex shedding. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2000, 28(1): pp. 783–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, T., Cheng, X.C., Daniel, B.R., Jagoda, J.I., and Zinn, B.T., Vortex shedding and periodic combustion processes in a Rijke type pulse combustor. Combustion Science and Technology, 1993, 94(1–6): pp. 245–258.Google Scholar
Law, C.K. and Sung, C.J., Structure, aerodynamics, and geometry of premixed flamelets. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2000, 26(4–6): pp. 459–505.Google Scholar
Preetham, T., Sai, K., Santosh, H., and Lieuwen, T., Linear response of laminar premixed flames to flow oscillations: Unsteady stretch effects. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2010, 26(3): pp. 524–532.Google Scholar
Wang, H.Y., Law, C.K., and Lieuwen, T., Linear response of stretch-affected premixed flames to flow oscillations. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156(4): pp. 889–895.Google Scholar
Komarek, T. and Polifke, W., Impact of swirl fluctuations on the flame response of a perfectly premixed swirl burner. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2010, 132: p. 061503.Google Scholar
Shreekrishna, , Hemchandra, S., and Lieuwen, T., Premixed flame response to equivalence ratio perturbations. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2010, 14(5): pp. 681–714.Google Scholar
Hemchandra, S., Direct numerical simulation study of premixed flame response to fuel-air ratio oscillations. in ASME Turbo Expo 2011. 2011, Vancouver, British Columbia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durox, D., Baillot, F., Searby, G., and Boyer, L., On the shape of flames under strong acoustic forcing: A mean flow controlled by an oscillating flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1997, 350: pp. 295–310.Google Scholar
Polifke, W. and Lawn, C., On the low-frequency limit of flame transfer functions. Combustion and Flame, 2007, 151(3): pp. 437–451.Google Scholar
Magina, N., Acharya, V., and Lieuwen, T., Forced response of laminar non-premixed jet flames. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2019, 70: pp. 89–118.Google Scholar
McIntosh, A.C., The interaction of high frequency, low amplitude acoustic waves with premixed flames, in Nonlinear Waves in Active Media, Engelbrecht, J., ed. 1989, Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
McIntosh, A.C., Pressure disturbances of different length scales interacting with conventional flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 1991, 75: pp. 287–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Harten, A., Kapila, A., and Matkowsky, B.J., Acoustic coupling of flames. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics, 1984, 44(5): pp. 982–995.Google Scholar
Ledder, G. and Kapila, A., The response of premixed flame to pressure perturbations. Combustion Science and Technology, 1991, 76: pp. 21–44.Google Scholar
Jones, B., Lee, J.G., Quay, B.D., Santavicca, D.A., Kim, K., and Srinivasan, S., Flame response mechanisms due to velocity perturbations in a lean premixed gas turbine combustor, in Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea and Air. 2010, Glasgow, UK.Google Scholar
Acharya, V., Shin, D.-H., and Lieuwen, T., Swirl effects on harmonically excited, premixed flame kinematics. Combustion and Flame, 2012, 159(3): pp. 1139–1150.Google Scholar
Acharya, V.S., Shin, D.-H., and Lieuwen, T., Premixed flames excited by helical disturbances: flame wrinkling and heat release oscillations. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2013, 29(6): pp. 1282–1291.Google Scholar
Acharya, V. and Lieuwen, T., Premixed flame response to helical disturbances: Mean flame non-axisymmetry effects. Combustion and Flame, 2016, 165(C): pp. 188–197.Google Scholar
Acharya, V. and Lieuwen, T., Nonlinear response of swirling premixed flames to helical flow disturbances. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2020, 896: p. A6.Google Scholar
Lieuwen, T., Neumeier, Y., and Zinn, B.T., The role of unmixedness and chemical kinetics in driving combustion instabilities in lean premixed combustors. Combustion Science and Technology, 1998, 135: pp. 193–211.Google Scholar
Orawannukul, P., Lee, J.G., Quay, B.D., and Santavicca, D.A., Fuel-forced flame response of a lean-premixed combustor, in ASME Turbo Expo. 2011, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Google Scholar
Levine, W.S., Control System Fundamentals. 2nd ed. 2011, Boca Raton FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Preetham, Hemchandra S. and Lieuwen, T., Dynamics of laminar premixed flames forced by harmonic velocity disturbances. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2008, 24(6): pp. 1390–1402.Google Scholar
Noiray, N., Durox, D., Schuller, T., and Candel, S., A unified framework for nonlinear combustion instability analysis based on the flame describing function. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2008, 615(1): pp. 139–167.Google Scholar
Balachandran, R., Ayoola, B., Kaminski, C., Dowling, A., and Mastorakos, E., Experimental investigation of the nonlinear response of turbulent premixed flames to imposed inlet velocity oscillations. Combustion and Flame, 2005, 143(1–2): pp. 37–55.Google Scholar
Külsheimer, C. and Büchner, H., Combustion dynamics of turbulent swirling flames. Combustion and Flame, 2002, 131(1–2): pp. 70–84.Google Scholar
Poinsot, T.J., Trouve, A.C., Veynante, D.P., Candel, S.M., and Esposito, E.J., Vortex-driven acoustically coupled combustion instabilities. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1987, 177(1): pp. 265–292.Google Scholar
Schadow, K. and Gutmark, E., Combustion instability related to vortex shedding in dump combustors and their passive control. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1992, 18(2): pp. 117–132.Google Scholar
Reuter, D., Daniel, B., Jagoda, J., and Zinn, B., Periodic mixing and combustion processes in gas fired pulsating combustors. Combustion and Flame, 1986, 65(3): pp. 281–290.Google Scholar
Pang, B., Cipolla, S., and Yu, K., Effect of Damköhler number on vortex-combustion interaction, in Combustion and Noise Control, Roy, G.D., ed. 2003, Cranfield University Press, pp. 103–115.Google Scholar
Hedge, U.G., Reuter, D., Daniel, B.R., and Zinn, B.T., Flame driving of longitudinal instabilities in dump type ramjet combustors. Combustion Science and Technology, 1987, 55: pp. 125–138.Google Scholar
Bellows, B.D., Bobba, M.K., Forte, A., Seitzman, J.M., and Lieuwen, T., Flame transfer function saturation mechanisms in a swirl-stabilized combustor. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007, 31(2): pp. 3181–3188.Google Scholar
Dawson, J.R., Rodriguez-Martinez, V.M., Syred, N., and O’Doherty, T., The effect of combustion instability on the structure of recirculation zones in confined swirling flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 2005, 177(12): pp. 2349–2371.Google Scholar
Lacarelle, A., Faustmann, T., Greenblatt, D., Paschereit, C., Lehmann, O., Luchtenburg, D., and Noack, B., Spatiotemporal characterization of a conical swirler flow field under strong forcing. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2009, 131: p. 031504.Google Scholar
O’Connor, J., Kolb, M., and Lieuwen, T., Visualization of shear layer dynamics in a transversely excited, annular premixing nozzle, in 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. 2011, Orlando, FL: AIAA.Google Scholar
Schuller, T., Durox, D., and Candel, S., A unified model for the prediction of laminar flame transfer functions: Comparisons between conical and V-flame dynamics. Combustion and Flame, 2003, 134(1–2): pp. 21–34.Google Scholar
Durox, D., Schuller, T., Noiray, N., and Candel, S., Experimental analysis of nonlinear flame transfer functions for different flame geometries. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009, 32(1): pp. 1391–1398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peracchio, A. and Proscia, W.M., Nonlinear heat-release/acoustic model for thermoacoustic instability in lean premixed combustors. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1999, 121: pp. 415–421.Google Scholar
Dowling, A.P., Thermoacoustic sources and instabilities, in Modern Methods in Analytical Acoustics, Crighton, D.G., Dowling, A.P., Ffowcs Williams, J.E., Heckl, M., and Leppington, F.G., eds. 1994, Springer. pp. 378–405.Google Scholar
Driscoll, J.F., Turbulent premixed combustion: Flamelet structure and its effect on turbulent burning velocities. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2008, 34(1): pp. 91–134.Google Scholar
Peters, N., Turbulent Combustion. 1st ed. 2000, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Poinsot, T. and Veynante, D., Theoretical and Numerical Combustion. 2nd ed. 2005, R.T. Edwards, Inc.Google Scholar
Cheng, R.K., Turbulent combustion properties of premixed syngas, in Synthesis Gas Combustion, Lieuwen, T., Yang, V., and Yetter, R., eds. 2011, CRC Press, pp. 129–168.Google Scholar
Law, C.K., Combustion Physics. 2006, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerstein, A.R., Simple derivation of Yakhot’s turbulent premixed flamespeed formula. Combustion Science and Technology, 1988, 60(1–3): pp. 163–165.Google Scholar
Kerstein, A.R., Fractal dimension of turbulent premixed flame. Combustion Science and Technology, 1988, 60: pp. 441–445.Google Scholar
Sivashinsky, G.I., Cascade-renormalization theory of turbulent flame speed. Combustion Science and Technology, 1988, 62(1–3): pp. 77–96.Google Scholar
Yakhot, V., Propagation velocity of premixed turbulent flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 1988, 60(1–3): pp. 191–214.Google Scholar
Hemchandra, S. and Lieuwen, T., Local consumption speed of turbulent premixed flames: An analysis of “memory effects.” Combustion and Flame, 2010, 157(5): pp. 955–965.Google Scholar
Tanahashi, M., Murakami, S., Choi, G.M., Fukuchi, Y., and Miyauchi, T., Simultaneous CH-OH PLIF and stereoscopic PIV measurements of turbulent premixed flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2005, 30(1): pp. 1665–1672.Google Scholar
Yuen, F.T.C. and Gülder, Ö.L., Dynamics of lean-premixed turbulent combustion at high turbulence intensities. Combustion Science and Technology, 2010, 182(4–6): pp. 544–558.Google Scholar
Yuen, F.T.C. and Gülder, Ö.L., Premixed turbulent flame front structure investigation by Rayleigh scattering in the thin reaction zone regime. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009, 32(2): pp. 1747–1754.Google Scholar
Daniele, S., Jansohn, P., Mantzaras, J., and Boulouchos, K., Turbulent flame speed for syngas at gas turbine relevant conditions. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2010, 33: p. 2937–2944.Google Scholar
Griebel, P., Siewert, P., and Jansohn, P., Flame characteristics of turbulent lean premixed methane/air flames at high pressure: Turbulent flame speed and flame brush thickness. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007, 31(2): pp. 3083–3090.Google Scholar
Bastiaans, R.J.M., Martin, S.M., Pitsch, H., Van Oijen, J.A., and De Goey, L.P.H., Flamelet analysis of turbulent combustion, in International Conference on Computational Science, 2005, pp. 64–71.Google Scholar
Raman, V., Pitsch, H., and Fox, R.O., Eulerian transported probability density function sub-filter model for large-eddy simulations of turbulent combustion. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2006, 10(3): pp. 439–458.Google Scholar
Pettit, M.W.A., Coriton, B., Gomez, A., and Kempf, A.M., Large-eddy simulation and experiments on non-premixed highly turbulent opposed jet flows. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2010, 33: pp. 1391–1399.Google Scholar
Halter, F., Chauveau, C., Gökalp, I., and Veynante, D., Analysis of flame surface density measurements in turbulent premixed combustion. Combustion and Flame, 2009, 156(3): pp. 657–664.Google Scholar
Filatyev, S.A., Driscoll, J.F., Carter, C.D., and Donbar, J.M., Measured properties of turbulent premixed flames for model assessment, including burning velocities, stretch rates, and surface densities. Combustion and Flame, 2005, 141(1–2): pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Nakahara, M. and Kido, H., Study on the turbulent burning velocity of hydrogen mixtures including hydrocarbons. AIAA Journal, 2008, 46(7): pp. 1569–1575.Google Scholar
Lipatnikov, A. and Chomiak, J., Molecular transport effects on turbulent flame propagation and structure. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2005, 31(1): pp. 1–73.Google Scholar
Venkateswaran, P., Marshall, A., Shin, D.H., Noble, D., Seitzman, J., and Lieuwen, T., Measurements and analysis of turbulent consumption speeds of H2/CO mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 2011, 158: pp. 1602–1614.Google Scholar
Rajaram, R. and Lieuwen, T., Acoustic radiation from turbulent premixed flames. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, 637: pp. 357–385.Google Scholar
Bendat, J.S. and Piersol, A.G., Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures. 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Rajaram, R., Characteristics of Sound Radiation from Turbulent Premixed Flames. 2007, Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Clavin, P. and Siggia, E.D., Turbulent premixed flames and sound generation. Combustion Science and Technology, 1991, 78(1–3): pp. 147–155.Google Scholar
Lieuwen, T., Mohan, S., Rajaram, R., and Preetham, , Acoustic radiation from weakly wrinkled premixed flames. Combustion and Flame, 2006, 144(1–2): pp. 360–369.Google Scholar
Aldredge, R. and Williams, F., Influence of wrinkled premixed flame dynamics on large scale, low intensity turbulent flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1991, 228: pp. 487–511.Google Scholar
Rajaram, R. and Lieuwen, T., Effect of Approach Flow Turbulence Characteristics on Sound Generation from Premixed Flames. AIAA-2004-461, 2004.Google Scholar
Clavin, P. and Siggia, E.D., Turbulent premixed flames and sound generation. Combustion Science and Technology, 1991, 78(1–3): pp. 147–155.Google Scholar
Bragg, S.L., Combustion noise. Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 1963, 36(264): pp. 12–16.Google Scholar
Strahle, W.C., On combustion generated noise. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1971, 66(3): pp. 445–453.Google Scholar
Strahle, W.C., Combustion noise. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1978, 4(3): pp. 157–176.Google Scholar
Hassan, H.A., Scaling of combustion-generated noise. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1974, 66(3): pp. 445–453.Google Scholar
Chiu, H.H. and Summerfield, M., Theory of combustion noise. Acta Astronautica, 1973, 1(7–8): pp. 967–984.Google Scholar
Hegde, U., Reuter, D., and Zinn, B., Sound generation by ducted flames. AIAA Journal, 1988, 26(5): p. 532.Google Scholar
Ihme, M., Pitsch, H., and Bodony, D., Radiation of noise in turbulent non-premixed flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2009, 32(1): pp. 1545–1553.Google Scholar
Wäsle, J., Winkler, A., and Sattelmayer, T., Spatial coherence of the heat release fluctuations in turbulent jet and swirl flames. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 2005, 75(1): pp. 29–50.Google Scholar
Hirsch, C., Wasle, J., Winkler, A., and Sattelmayer, T., A spectral model for the sound pressure from turbulent premixed combustion. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007, 31(1): pp. 1435–1441.Google Scholar
Roberts, J.P. and Leventhall, H.G., Noise sources in turbulent gaseous premixed flames. Applied Acoustics, 1973, 6(4): pp. 301–308.Google Scholar
Strahle, W.C. and Shivashankara, B.N., A rational correlation of combustion noise results from open turbulent premixed flames. Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1974, 15(1): pp. 1379–1385.Google Scholar
Putnam, A.A., Combustion roar of seven industrial gas burners. Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 1976, 49(400): pp. 135–138.Google Scholar
Giammar, R. and Putnam, A., Guide for the design of low noise level combustion systems, in American Gas Institute Report. 1971.Google Scholar
Bellows, B.D., Hreiz, A., and Lieuwen, T., Nonlinear interactions between forced and self-excited acoustic oscillations in premixed combustor. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2008, 24(3): p. 628.Google Scholar
Acharya, V.S. and Lieuwen, T.C., Sound generation from swirling, premixed flames excited by helical flow disturbances. Combustion Science and Technology, 2015, 187(1–2): pp. 206–229.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×