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7 - Écrire la première histoire universelle en français: l'Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César de Wauchier de Denain et l'adaptation du modèle latin de l'histoire universelle à un public de laïcs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2018

Catherine Gaullier-Bougassas
Affiliation:
Professor of Medieval French Language and Literature, Department of French Literature, Université Charles de Gaulle-Lille 3 and Senior Member of Institut universitaire de France
Michele Campopiano
Affiliation:
University of York
Henry Bainton
Affiliation:
University of York
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Summary

At the beginning of the thirteenth century, Wauchier de Denain wrote the oldest extant universal chronicle in French, the Histoire ancienne jusqu'a César. He was the first author we know to have borrowed this prestigious genre from Latin literature, transferring it to the French vernacular. In choosing to address a lay audience – the court of Flanders and the lord of Lille, Roger IV, who valued the use of French above all for political reasons – the author spearheaded a profound change in the refashioning and reinterpretation of ancient history at a time when the royal court was still deeply attached to the use of Latin.

La premiere histoire universelle écrite en langue française nous est connue sous le titre Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César: il s'agit d'un intitulé moderne, qui fait référence a l'interruption du récit au beau milieu de la conquete de la Gaule Belgique par César, puisque l'oeuvre est en effet inachevée, bien que déja tres longue. Dans l'un des manuscrits les plus anciens, le manuscrit de Paris, BnF, fr. 20125, ou elle occupe 375 folios, elle est introduite par la rubrique ‘Ci comence li prologues ou livre des estories Rogier et la porsivance’, qui contient le nom du mécene de l'auteur, Roger IV de Lille, d'ou le second titre donné par la critique moderne: Estoires Roger ou Histoires pour Roger. L'auteur de l’Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César ou Estoires Roger est le premier auteur français a transposer en langue vernaculaire ce genre prestigieux de l’écriture latine qu'est l'histoire universelle, en s'appuyant essentiellement sur le texte qui représente sans nul doute l'un de ses plus éminents modeles, les Historiae adversus paganos d'Orose, l'historien le plus lu au Moyen Âge selon B. Guenée. Le changement de langue et le choix d'un nouveau public, qui, au-dela d'un désir de connaissance et de divertissement, apprécie sans doute aussi pour des raisons politiques l'usage du français, s'accompagnent de modifications profondes dans la recomposition et l'interprétation de l'histoire antique, ainsi que d'une transformation des liens entre histoire et théologie.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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