Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T04:47:19.767Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References and Further Reading

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2024

Eric Turkheimer
Affiliation:
University of Virginia
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

“All parents are environmentalists”: Zuckerman, M. (1987). All parents are environmentalists until they have their second child. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 4244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell curve: Herrnstein, R. J. & Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
“Neat, plausible, and wrong”: Mencken, H. L. (1920). Prejudices: Second Series. Available at https://archive.org/details/prejudicessecond00mencuoft, p. 158.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Darwin’s complete works are available at darwin-online.org.ukGoogle Scholar
Galton’s complete works are available at galton.orgGoogle Scholar
The biblical quotations are from the English Standard Version.Google Scholar
Passage from A Man in Full: Wolfe, T. A Man in Full. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 306.Google Scholar
“Whenever you can, count”: Quoted in Pearson, K. (1930). The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, p. 340.Google Scholar
“Counting telephone poles”: The quotation is always attributed to Hutchins in this form, although I can’t find where he actually said it. He makes the same point a little less pithily in Hutchins, R. M. (1937). Ideals in education. American Journal of Sociology, 43, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karl Marx’s works are available online at the Marxists Internet Archive, Marxists.org.Google Scholar
Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kevles, D. J. (1995). In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (No. 95). Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Positive eugenics and H. G. Wells: Wells, H. G. (1903). Mankind in the Making (Vol. 1). Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Early forms of racism: Heng, G. (2018). The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin’s abolitionism and racism: Gould, S. J. (1996). Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Polygenism: Keel, T. D. (2013). Religion, polygenism and the early science of human origins. History of the Human Sciences, 26, 332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galton’s early career as an explorer: Fancher, R. E. (2004). The concept of race in the life and thought of Francis Galton. In Winston, A. S (ed.), Defining Difference: Race and Racism in the History of Psychology. American Psychological Association, pp. 4975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher’s 1918 paper: Fisher, R. A. (1918). The correlation among relatives on the supposition of mendelian Inheritance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 14, 742757.Google Scholar
Fisher’s two goals: Downes, S. M. & Turkheimer, E. (2022). An early history of the heritability coefficient applied to humans (1918–1960). Biological Theory, 17, 126137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeting of National Society for the Study of Education: Whipple, G. M. (ed.) The Twenty-Seventh Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education: Nature and Nurture. Their Influence Upon Achievement. Public School Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Early history of twin studies: Rende, R. D., Plomin, R. & Vandenberg, S. G. (1990). Who discovered the twin method? Behavior Genetics, 20, 277285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, H. H., Freeman, F. N. & Holzinger, K. J. (1937). Twins: A Study of Heredity and Environment. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jay Lush: Bell, A. E. (1977). Heritability in retrospect. Journal of Heredity, 68, 297300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott and Fuller: Scott, J. P. & Fuller, J. L. (2012). Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog (Vol. 570). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fisher’s 1918 paper: Fisher, R. A. (1918). The correlation among relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 14, 742757.Google Scholar
D. S. Falconer: Falconer, D. S. (1960). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. Ronald Press, p. 165.Google Scholar
Cyril Burt in the 1970s: Burt, C. (1972). Inheritance of general intelligence. American Psychologist, 27, 175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamin’s accusations of fraud by Burt: Kamin, L. J. (2012). The Science and Politics of IQ. Routledge.Google Scholar
Hearnshaw biography: Hearnshaw, L. S. (1979). Cyril Burt, Psychologist. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
IQ correlations: BouchardJr, T. J. & McGue, M. (1981). Familial studies of intelligence: a review. Science, 212, 10551059.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck on Kantsaywhere: Eysenck, H. J. (1947). The measurement of socially valuable qualities. The Eugenics Review, 39, 102107.Google ScholarPubMed
Eysenck on neuroticism: Eysenck, H. J. & Prell, D. B. (1951). The inheritance of neuroticism: an experimental study. Journal of Mental Science, 97, 441465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman and Shields: Gottesman, I. I. & Shields, J. (1972). Schizophrenia and Genetics. A Twin Study Vantage Point. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Thomas Kuhn: Kuhn, T. S. (2012). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Equal environments assumption: Conley, D., Rauscher, E., Dawes, C., Magnusson, P. K. & Siegal, M. L. (2013). Heritability and the equal environments assumption: evidence from multiple samples of misclassified twins. Behavior Genetics, 43, 415426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scarr–Rowe interaction: Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., d’Onofrio, B. & Gottesman, I. I. (2003). Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science, 14, 623628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Genetics of TV: Plomin, R., Corley, R., DeFries, J. C. & Fulker, D. W. (1990). Individual differences in television viewing in early childhood: nature as well as nurture. Psychological Science, 1, 371377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genetics of religiosity: Waller, N. G., Kojetin, B. A., Bouchard Jr, T. J., Lykken, D. T. & Tellegen, A. (1990). Genetic and environmental influences on religious interests, attitudes, and values: a study of twins reared apart and together. Psychological Science, 1, 138142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genetics of divorce: McGue, M. & Lykken, D. T. (1992). Genetic influence on risk of divorce. Psychological Science, 3, 368373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Three Laws of Behavior Genetics: Turkheimer, E. (2000). Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 160164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin and Daniels on the nonshared environment: Plomin, R. & Daniels, D. (1987). Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turkheimer and Waldron on the nonshared environment: Turkheimer, E. & Waldron, M. (2000). Nonshared environment: a theoretical, methodological, and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin’s prediction about intelligence: Plomin, R. (1990). The role of inheritance in behavior. Science, 248, 183188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin and QTLs: Plomin, R., McClearn, G. E., Smith, D. L. et al. (1994). DNA markers associated with high versus low IQ: the IQ quantitative trait loci (QTL) project. Behavior Genetics, 24, 107118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Origins of QTL concept: Geldermann, H. (1975). Investigations on inheritance of quantitative characters in animals by gene markers I. Methods, 46, 319330.Google ScholarPubMed
Plomin study of candidate gene for IQ: Skuder, P., Plomin, R., McClearn, G. E. et al. (1995). A polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA associated with IQ? Intelligence, 21, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candidate gene doesn’t replicate: Petrill, S. A., Ball, D., Eley, T. et al. (1997). Failure to replicate a QTL association between a DNA marker identified by EST00083 and IQ. Intelligence, 25, 179184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin’s first GWAS: Plomin, R., Hill, L., Craig, I. W. et al. (2001). A genome-wide scan of 1842 DNA markers for allelic associations with general cognitive ability: a five-stage design using DNA pooling and extreme selected groups. Behavior Genetics, 31, 497509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comment on Plomin GWAS: de Geus, E. J., Wright, M. J., Martin, N. G. & Boomsma, D. I. (2001). Genetics of brain function and cognition. Behavior Genetics, 31, 489495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin’s 2010 GWAS: Davis, O. S., Butcher, L. M., Docherty, S. J. et al. (2010). A three-stage genome-wide association study of general cognitive ability: hunting the small effects. Behavior Genetics, 40, 759767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jencks’ red-haired child: Jencks, C. (1972). Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America. Basic Books.Google Scholar
First educational attainment study EA1: Rietveld, C. A., Medland, S. E., Derringer, J. et al. (2013). GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment. Science, 340, 14671471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Missing heritability problem: Maher, B. (2008). Personal genomes: the case of the missing heritability. Nature, 456, 1821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draining the pond dry: Crow, T. J. (2011). The missing genes: what happened to the heritability of psychiatric disorders? Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 362364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourth law of behavior genetics: Chabris, C. F., Lee, J. J., Cesarini, D., Benjamin, D. J. & Laibson, D. I. (2015). The fourth law of behavior genetics. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 304312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin’s blueprint: Plomin, R. (2019). Blueprint, with a New Afterword: How DNA Makes Us Who We Are. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Visscher on GWAS: Abdellaoui, A., Yengo, L., Verweij, K. J. & Visscher, P. M. (2023). 15 years of GWAS discovery: realizing the promise. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 110, 179194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EA1: Rietveld, C. A., Medland, S. E., Derringer, J. et al. (2013). GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment. Science, 340, 14671471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EA2: Okbay, A., Beauchamp, J. P., Fontana, M. A. et al. (2016). Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature, 533, 539542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EA3: Lee, J. J., Wedow, R., Okbay, A. et al. (2018). Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nature Genetics, 50, 11121121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EA4: Okbay, A., Beauchamp, J. P., Fontana, M. A. et al. (2016). Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature, 533, 539542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin on specific genes: Plomin, R. (1994). Genetics and Experience: The Interplay Between Nature and Nurture. Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turkheimer on specific genes: Turkheimer, E. (1998). Heritability and biological explanation. Psychological Review, 105, 782791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PGS within sibling pairs: Howe, L. J., Nivard, M. G., Morris, T. T. et al. (2022). Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects. Nature Genetics, 54, 581592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Non-inherited PGS: Kong, A., Thorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L. et al. (2018). The nature of nurture: effects of parental genotypes. Science, 359, 424428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RDR heritability: Young, A. I., Frigge, M. L., Gudbjartsson, D. F. et al. (2018). Relatedness disequilibrium regression estimates heritability without environmental bias. Naturex Genetics, 50, 13041310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The genetic lottery: Harden, K. P. (2021). The Genetic Lottery: Why DNA Matters for Social Equality. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Charles Spearman: Spearman, C. (1927). The Abilities of Man: Their Nature and Measurement. Public domain, available at: https://gwern.net/doc/iq/1927-spearman-theabilitiesofman.pdfGoogle Scholar
Innateness: Griffiths, P. E. (2002). What is innateness? The Monist, 85, 7085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur Jensen: Jensen, A. R. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 39, 1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adoption and intelligence: Turkheimer, E. (1991). Individual and group differences in adoption studies of IQ. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Flynn Effect: Flynn, J. R. (2012). Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickens and Flynn: Dickens, W. T. & Flynn, J. R. (2001). Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: the IQ paradox resolved. Psychological Review, 108, 346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Bell Curve: Herrnstein, R. J. & Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. Simon and Schuster. A precis of The Bell Curve is at: www.aei.org/society-and-culture/the-bell-curve-explained-introduction/Google Scholar
Herrnstein’s syllogism: Herrnstein, R. J. (1973). IQ in the meritocracy. Little, Brown.Google Scholar
The genetic lottery: Harden, K. P. (2021). The Genetic Lottery: Why DNA Matters for Social Equality. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Venn diagram of genetic similarity: Donovan, B. M., Semmens, R., Keck, P. et al. (2019). Toward a more humane genetics education: learning about the social and quantitative complexities of human genetic variation research could reduce racial bias in adolescent and adult populations. Science Education, 103, 529560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guttman on regions: Guttman, R. & Greenbaum, C. W. (1998). Facet theory: its development and current status. European Psychologist, 3, 1336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin’s thought experiment: Lewontin, R. C. (1970). Race and intelligence. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 26, 28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
How data happened: Wiggins, C. & Jones, M. L. (2023). How Data Happened: A History from the Age of Reason to the Age of Algorithms. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Warne: Warne, R. T. (2021). Between-group mean differences in intelligence in the United States are >0% genetically caused: five converging lines of evidence. The American Journal of Psychology, 134, 480501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Indian American spelling: www.nytimes.com/2021/07/03/style/spelling-bee-south-asian-americans.html. This was pointed out to me by James Tabery.Google Scholar
Twin study of sexual orientation: Bailey, J. M. & Pillard, R. C. (1995). Genetics of human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research, 6, 126150.Google Scholar
Waddington and canalization: Waddington, C. H. (1966). Principles of Development and Differentiation. MacMillan Company.Google Scholar
Gottlieb and canalization: Gottlieb, G. (1991). Experiential canalization of behavioral development: theory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GWAS of sexual orientation: Ganna, A., Verweij, K. J., Nivard, M. G. et al. (2019). Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior. Science, 365, eaat7693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ian Hacking: Hacking, I. (1998). Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses. University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Twin study of vegetarianism: Wesseldijk, L. W., Tybur, J. M., Boomsma, D. I., Willemsen, G. & Vink, J. M. (2023). The heritability of pescetarianism and vegetarianism. Food Quality and Preference, 103, 104705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GWAS of vegetarianism: Yaseen, N. R., Barnes, C. L., Sun, L., Takeda, A. & Rice, J. P. (2023). Genetics of vegetarianism: a genome-wide association study. PLoS One, 18, e0291305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ecotypes: Pigliucci, M. & Kaplan, J. (2003). On the concept of biological race and its applicability to humans. Philosophy of Science, 70, 11611172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kierkegaard: Kierkegaard, S. (1843). Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter, Søren Kierkegaard Research Center, Copenhagen, 1997–, volume 18, p. 306. Cited at https://homepage.math.uiowa.edu/~jorgen/kierkegaardquotesource.htmlGoogle Scholar
Turkheimer on free will: Turkheimer, E. (2011). Genetics and human agency: comment on Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011). Psychological Bulletin, 137, 825828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniel Dennett: Dennett, D. C. (1984). Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fathers reading to children: Quach, J., Sarkadi, A., Napiza, N. et al. (2018). Do fathers’ home reading practices at age 2 predict child language and literacy at age 4? Academic Pediatrics, 18, 179187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×