Acitelli, L. K. (1992). Gender differences in relationship awareness and marital satisfaction among young married couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 102–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, M. (1996). Children's perceptions and comparisons of two marital conflict patterns: Mutually hostile and demand-withdraw. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University

Babcock, J. C., Waltz, J., Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Power and violence: The relation between communication patterns, power discrepancies, and domestic violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 40–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baucom, D. H., & Adams, A. N. (1987). Assessing communication in mar-ital interaction. In K. D. O'Leary (Ed.), Assessment of marital discord (pp. 139–181). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Belle, D. (1987). Gender differences in the social moderators of stress. In R. C. Barnett, L. Biener, & G. K. Baruch (Eds.), Gender and stress (pp. 257–277). New York: Free Press

Berns, S. B., Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1999a). Demand-withdraw interaction in couples with a violent husband. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 666–674CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berns, S. B., Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1999b). Demand/withdraw interaction patterns between different types of batterers and their spouses. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 25(3), 337–348CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradbury, T. N., & Karney, B. R. (1993). Longitudinal study of marital interaction and dysfunction: Review and analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 15–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brody, L. R. (1993). On understanding gender differences in the expression of emotion: Gender roles, socialization, and language. In S. J. Ablon, D. Brown, E. L. Khantzian, & J. E. Mack (Eds.), Human feelings (pp. 87–121). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press

Burman, B., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (1993). America's angriest home videos: Behavioral contingencies observed in home reenactments of marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 28–39CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cain, J. A. (1996). The investigation of predictor variables for successful behaviorally based marital therapy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Washington State University

Calhoun, P. S. (1998). The demand-withdraw interaction pattern in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt University

Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press

Christensen, A. (1987). Detection of conflict patterns in couples. In K. Hahlweg & M. J. Goldstein (Eds.), Understanding major mental disorder: The contribution of family interaction research (pp. 250–265). New York: Family Process Press

Christensen, A. (1988). Dysfunctional interaction patterns in couples. In P. Noller & M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Perspectives on marital interaction (pp. 31–52). Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd

Christensen, A., & Heavey, C. L. (1990). Gender and social structure in the demand/withdraw pattern of marital conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 73–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Christensen, A., & Heavey, C. L. (1993). Gender differences in marital conflict: The demand/withdraw interaction pattern. In S. Oskamp & M. Costanzo (Eds.), Gender issues in contemporary society (pp. 113–141). Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Christensen, A., & Shenk, J. L. (1991). Communication, conflict, and psychological distance in nondistressed, clinic, and divorcing couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 458–463CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Christensen, A., & Sullaway, M. (1984). Communication patterns questionnaire. Unpublished questionnaire, University of California, Los Angeles

Christensen, A., Sullaway, M., & King, C. E. (1982, November). Dysfunctional interaction patterns and marital happiness. Los Angeles: Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy

Cutrona, C. E., Hessling, R. M., & Suhr, J. A. (1997). The influence of husband and wife personality on marital social support interactions. Personal Relationships, 4, 379–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cutrona, C. E., & Suhr, J. A. (1994). Social support communication in the context of marriage: An analysis of couples' supportive interactions. In B. R. Burleson, T. L Albrecht, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community (pp. 113–135). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Daylen, J. L. (1994). Gender differences in spouses' coping with marital tension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia (Canada)

DeVault, M. L. (1990). Conflict over housework: The problem that (still) has no name. In L. Kriesberg (Ed.), Research in social movements, conflict, and change (pp. 189–202). Greenwood, CT: JAI

Eldridge, K. A. (2000). Demand-withdraw communication during marital conflict: Relationship satisfaction and gender role considerations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles

Ellis, A. P. (1997). The effects of coping strategies and interactional patterns on individual and dyadic adjustment to prostate cancer. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas

Fogarty, T. F. (1976). Marital crisis. In P. J. Guerin (Ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice (pp. 325–334). New York: Gardner Press

Gill, D. S., Fincham, F. D., & Christensen, A. (1999). Predicting marital satisfaction from behavior: Do all roads really lead to Rome? Personal Relationships, 6, 369–387CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 47–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1990). Complex statistics are not always clearer than simple statistics: A reply to Woody and Costanzo. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 502–505CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1986). Assessing the role of emotion in marriage. Behavioral Assessment, 8, 31–48Google Scholar

Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1988). The social psychophysiology of marriage. In P. Noller & M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Perspectives on marital interaction (pp. 182–202). Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd

Greenberg, L. S., & Johnson, S. M. (1986). Emotionally focused couples therapy. In N. S. Jacobson & A. S. Gurman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of marital therapy (pp. 253–276). New York: Guilford Press

Hahlweg, K., Kaiser, A., Christensen, A., Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., & Groth, T. (2000). Self-report and observational assessment of couples' conflict: The concordance between the Communication Patterns Questionnaire and the KPI observation system. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 61–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hahlweg, K., Reisner, L., Kohli, G., Vollmer, M., Schindler, L., & Revenstorf, D. (1984). Development and validity of a new system to analyze interpersonal communication: Kategoriensystem fuer Partnerschaftliche Interaktion (KPI). In K. Hahlweg & N. S. Jacobson (Eds.), Marital interaction: Analysis and modification (pp. 182–198). New York: Guilford Press

Heavey, C. L., Christensen, A., & Malamuth, N. M. (1995) The longitudinal impact of demand and withdrawal during marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 797–801CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heavey, C. L., Gill, D. S., & Christensen, A. (1996). The couples interaction rating system. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles

Heavey, C. L., Layne, C., & Christensen, A. (1993). Gender and conflict structure in marital interaction: A replication and extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 16–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Smutzler, N., Bates, L., & Vogel, D. (1995). Withdraw-demand communication behaviors: Comparing two observational coding systems. In A. Holtzworth-Munroe (Chair), Withdraw/demand behavior in marital interaction: Methodological and conceptual issues. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC

Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Smutzler, N., & Stuart, G. L. (1998). Demand and withdraw communication among couples experiencing husband violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 731–743CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jacobson, N. S. (1983). Beyond empiricism: The politics of marital therapy. American Journal of Family Therapy, 11, 11–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobson, N. S. (1989). The politics of intimacy. Behavior Therapist, 12, 29–32Google Scholar

Jacobson, N. S. (1990). Commentary: Contributions from psychology to an understanding of marriage. In F. D. Fincham & T. N. Bradbury (Eds.), The psychology of marriage (pp. 258–275). New York: Guilford Press

Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Pagel, M. (1986). Predicting who will benefit from behavioral marital therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 518–522CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1998) When men batter women: New insights into ending abusive relationships. New York: Simon & Schuster

Jacobson, N. S., & Margolin, G. (1979). Marital therapy: Strategies based on social learning and behavior exchange principles. New York: Brunner/Mazel

Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Julien, D., Arellano, C., & Turgeon, L. (1997). Gender issues in heterosexual, gay and lesbian couples. In W. K. Halford & H. J. Markman (Eds.) Clinical handbook of marriage and couples intervention. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons

Kelley, H. H., Cunningham, J. D., Grisham, J. A., Lefebvre, L. M., Sink, R. S., & Yablon, G. (1978). Sex differences in comments made during conflict within close heterosexual pairs. Sex Roles, 4, 473–492CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klinetob, N. A. (1997). An investigation of demand-withdraw communication in anxious, avoidant, and securely attached married couples. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University

Klinetob, N. A., & Smith, D. A. (1996). Demand-withdraw communication in marital interaction: Tests of interspousal contingency and gender role hypotheses. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 945–957CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klinetob, N. A., Smith, D. A., & House, V. L. (1994, November). Longitudinal association between demand/withdraw and marital adjustment. Poster presented to 28th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Diego, CA

Kluwer, E. S. (1998). Marital conflict over the division of labor: When partners become parents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Kurt Lewin Institute Dissertation Series, University of Groningen

Kluwer, E. S., Heesink, J. A., & Vliert, E. (1997). The marital dynamics of conflict over the division of labor. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 635–653CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Komarovsky, M. (1962). Blue collar marriage. New York: Random House

Komarovsky, M. (1976). Dilemmas of masculinity. New York: Norton

Kurdek, L. A. (1995). Predicting change in marital satisfaction from husbands' and wives' conflict resolution styles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(1), 153–164CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laurenceau, J. (1999). The interpersonal process model of intimacy and marriage: A daily-diary approach. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University

Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1985). Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 85–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Margolin, G., Talovic, S., & Weinstein, C. D. (1983). Areas of change questionnaire: A practical approach to marital assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 920–931CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Markman, H. J., & Kraft, S. A. (1989). Men and women in marriage: Dealing with gender differences in marital therapy. Behavior Therapist, 12, 51–56Google Scholar

McKelvie, M. M. (1999). The effect of hyperfemininity on communication patterns in dating couples. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University

Monarch, N. D. (1998). An examination of the demand-withdraw pattern in naturalistic conflicts among couples. Unpublished master's thesis, University of California, Los Angeles

Mullin, W. J. (1999). The impact of depression on marital beliefs and marital communication. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston College

Murphy, C. M., & Meyer, S. L. (1991). Gender, power, and violence in marriage. Behavior Therapist, 14, 95–100Google Scholar

Napier, A. Y. (1978). The rejection-intrusion pattern: A central family dynamic. Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling, 4, 5–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noller, P. (1993). Gender and emotional communication in marriage: Different cultures or differential social power? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12, 132–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noller, P., Feeney, J. A., Bonnell, D. & Callan, V. J. (1994). A longitudinal study of conflict in early marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 233–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noller, P., Feeney, J. A., Sheehan, G., & Peterson, C. (2000). Marital conflict patterns: Links with family conflict and family members' perceptions of one another. Personal Relationships, 7(1), 79–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noller, P., & White, A. (1990). The validity of the Communication Patterns Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 2, 478–482CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Leary, K. D. (1993). Through a psychological lens: Personality traits, personality disorders, and levels of violence. In R. J. Gelles & D. Loeske (Eds.), Current controversies regarding psychological explanations of family violence (pp. 7–30). Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Pace, J. F. (1999). The effects of gender, race, and client interpersonal style on therapists' clinical judgments in marital therapy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia

Pasch, L. A. (1994). Fertility problems and marital relationships: The effects of appraisal and coping differences on communication. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles

Pasch, L. A., & Bradbury, T. N. (1998). Social support, conflict, and the development of marital dysfunction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 219–230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pasch, L. A., Bradbury, T. N., & Davila, J. (1997). Gender, negative affectivity, and observed social support in marital interaction. Personal Relationships, 4, 361–378CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peplau, L. A., & Gordon, S. (1985). Women and men in love: Gender differences in close heterosexual relationships. In V. E. O'Leary, R. K. Unger, & B. S. Wallston (Eds.), Women, gender, and social psychology (pp. 257–291). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Phelps, J. S. (1995). The relationship between interparental and marital communication, conflict, and power: The difference between husbands and wives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder

Poleshuck, E. L. (1998). Couple conflict, life stress, and their interactions: Links to the development of child behavior problems. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kent State University

Roberts, L. J., (2000). Fire and ice in marital communication: Hostile and distancing behaviors as predictors of marital distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 693–707CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roberts, L. J. & Krokoff, L. J. (1990). A time-series analysis of withdrawal, hostility, and displeasure in satisfied and dissatisfied marriages. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 95–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, L. B. (1976). Worlds of pain: Life in the working class family. New York: Basic Books

Rubin, L. B. (1983). Intimate strangers: Men and women together. New York: Harper & Row

Rugel. R. P. (1997). Husband-focused marital therapy: An approach to dealing with marital distress. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher

Sayers, S. L., Baucom, D. H., Sher, T. G., Weiss, R. L., & Heyman, R. E. (1991). Constructive engagement, behavioral marital therapy, and changes in marital satisfaction. Behavioral Assessment, 13, 25–49Google Scholar

Shoham, V., Rohrbaugh, M. J., Stickle, T. R., & Jacob, T. (1998). Demand-withdraw couple interaction moderates retention in cognitive-behavioral versus family-systems treatments for alcoholism. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 557–577CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, D. A., Vivian, D., & O'Leary, K. D. (1991). The misnomer proposition: A critical reappraisal of the longitudinal status of “negativity” in marital communication. Behavioral Assessment, 13, 7–24Google Scholar

Sullaway, M., & Christensen, A. (1983). Assessment of dysfunctional interaction patterns in couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 653–660CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tannen, D. (1990). You Just Don't Understand. New York: Morrow

Terman, L. M., Buttenweiser, P., Ferguson, L. W., Johnson, W. B., & Wilson, D. P. (1938). Psychological factors in marital happiness. New York: McGraw-Hill

Walczynski, P. T. (1997). Power, personality, and conflictual interaction: An exploration of demand/withdraw interaction in same-sex and cross-sex couples. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles

Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. New York: Norton

Weiss, R. L., & Heyman, R. E. (1997). A clinical-research overview of couples interactions. In W. K. Halford & H. J. Markman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of marriage and couples intervention. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons

Wilder, J. A. (1999). The relationship between patterns of marital conflict and child behavior: Linking parental interaction and child responses to conflict. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University

Wile, D. B. (1981). Couples therapy: A non-traditional approach. New York: Wiley

Woody, E. Z., & Costanzo, P. R. (1990). Does marital agony precede marital ecstasy? A comment on Gottman and Krokoff's ‘Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view.’; Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 58, 499–501CrossRefGoogle Scholar