Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-grxwn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-08T08:59:43.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

18 - Cloud forests in East Africa as evolutionary motors for speciation processes of flightless Saltatoria species

from Part II - Regional floristic and animal diversity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2011

By
C. Hemp
Edited by
L. A. Bruijnzeel ,
F. N. Scatena  and
L. S. Hamilton
C. Hemp
Affiliation:
University of Bayreuth, Germany
L. A. Bruijnzeel
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
F. N. Scatena
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
L. S. Hamilton
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Get access

Summary

ABSTRACT

High mountains in East Africa are characterized by high biodiversity and a high degree of endemism, especially in the insect group Saltatoria (grasshoppers, locusts, and katydids). A conspicuous feature of most high mountains in the region is that they harbor arrays of closely related species within various flightless genera of Saltatoria. This chapter compares inventories of Saltatoria in different mountain massifs of contrasting geologic age in East Africa at the species and genus level. Speciation processes and possible migration events are discussed in detail for Aerotegmina, a highly specialized canopy dweller in cloud forests. Climatic fluctuations and topographic features within the landscape are the driving forces of speciation processes in flightless Saltatoria on East African high mountains. Cloud forests appear particularly suited to examine speciation processes because during times of more extensive forest cover they are sufficiently interconnected but at the same time isolated enough to allow speciation of taxa with narrow habitat demands. During migration events young volcanoes offered more niches for species than did geologically older areas, but at the genus level geologically young areas exhibited greater similarity. At the species level geographic neighborship is of greater relevance in terms of species congruence.

Type
Chapter
Information
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests
Science for Conservation and Management
 , pp. 182 - 191
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackermann, W., andDurka, W. (2002). SORT 3.5. Bayreuth, Germany: University of Bayreuth.Google Scholar
Axmacher, J. C., Tünte, H., Schrumpf, M., et al. (2004). Diverging diversity patterns of vascular plants and geometrid moths during forest regeneration on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Journal of Biogeography 31: 895–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, P., and Gasse, F. (2003). New evidence for a reduced water balance in East Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum: implication for model-data comparison. Quarternary Science Reviews 22: 823–837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolivar, I. (1922). Voyage de M. le Baron Maurice de Rothschild en Éthiopie et en Afrique Orientale Anglaise (1904–1905): Résultats scientifiques – Animaux articulés, Part 1, Orthopterès. Paris.Google Scholar
Chopard, L. (1954). Orthopteres Ensiferes. Mémoires de l'IFAN 40: 25–100.Google Scholar
Menocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., et al. (2000). Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 347–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, S. V. (1998). Revision of the African grasshopper genus Parepistaurus Karsch 1896 (Orthoptera Acrididae Coptacridinae). Tropical Zoology 11: 259–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemp, A. (2001). Ecology of the pteridophytes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. II. Habitat selection. Plant Biology 3: 493–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemp, A. (2002). Ecology of the pteridophytes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. I. Altitudinal distribution. Plant Ecology 159: 211–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemp, C. (2001). Aerotegmina, a new genus of African Listroscelidinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Listroscelidinae, Hexacentrini). Journal of Orthoptera Research 10: 125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemp, C. (2005). The Chagga home gardens: relict areas for endemic Saltatoria species (Insecta: Orthoptera) on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Biodiversity and Conservation 125: 203–209.Google Scholar
Hemp, C. (2006). Aerotegmina shengenae, a new species of Listroscelidinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from the Eastern Arc mountains of East Africa. Journal of Orthoptera Research: 15: 99–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemp, C., and Hemp, A. (2003). Saltatoria coenoses of high altitude grasslands on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Orthoptera: Saltatoria). Ecotropica 9: 71–97.Google Scholar
Hemp, C., Schultz, O., Hemp, A., and Wägele, W. (2007). New Lentulidae species from East Africa (Orthoptera: Saltatoria). Journal of Orthoptera Research 16: 85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jago, N. D. (1981). A revision of the genus Usambilla Sjöstedt (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) and its allies. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 43: 1–38.Google Scholar
Jago, N. D. (1994). Odontomelus I. Bolivar 1890 (Orthoptera Acridoidea Acrididae Acridinae): savanna–woodland grasshoppers with a major radiation of flightless species in Eastern Africa. Tropical Zoology 7: 367–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karny, H. (1912). Orthoptera Fam. Locustidae Subfam. Conocephalinae. Genera Insectorum 135–143: 1–17.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. M cE. (1949). New species of Parasphena Bolivar 1884 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Pyrgomorphinae) from East Africa. Journal of East Africa Natural History 19: 110–130.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. M cE. (1950). Orthoptera from the hills of south-east Kenya. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 1947–1948, 21: 3–22.Google Scholar
Kutzbach, J. E., and Street-Perrott, F. A. (1985). Milankovitch forcing of fluctuations in the level of tropical lakes from 18 to 0 kyr BP. Nature 317: 130–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambrechts, C., Woodley, B., Hemp, A., Hemp, C., and Nnyiti, P. (2002). Aerial Survey of the Threats to Mt. Kilimanjaro Forests. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: UNDP.Google Scholar
Lovett, J. C. (1988). Endemism and affinities of the Tanzanian montane forest flora. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 25: 591–598.Google Scholar
Lovett, J. C. (1989). Tanzania. In Floristic Inventory of Tropical Countries, eds. Campbell, D. G. and Hammond, H. D., pp. 232–235. New York: New York Botanical Garden.Google Scholar
Mix, A. C., Bard, E., and Schneider, R. (2001). Environmental processes of the Ice Age: land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOPG). Quaternary Science Reviews 20: 627–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmark, W. D., and Senzota, R. B. M. (2003). Power to detect trends in ecological indicators in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 41: 294–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otte, D. (1997). Orthoptera Species File: Tettigonoidea. Philadelphia, PA: The Orthopterist's Society and The Academy of Natural Sciences and Eades, D. C., Otte, D. and Naskrecki, P.Orthoptera Species File Online. Version 2.0/3.1.
Ragge, D. R. (1980). A review of the African Phaneropterinae with open tympana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 40: 1–192.Google Scholar
Rodgers, W. A., and Homewood, K. M. (1982). Species richness and endemism in the Usambara mountain forests, Tanzania, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 18: 197–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, O. (2004). Molekulare Phylogenie und Radiation endemischer Orthopteren Ostafrikas. M.Sc. thesis, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany.Google Scholar
Sjöstedt, Y. (1909). 17. Orthoptera. Locustodea – Acridoidae. In Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimanjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906, ed. Y. Sjöstedt, pp. 125–148 and 149–200.
Sjöstedt, Y. (1912). Über einige von Herrn Prof. E. Lönnberg in Britisch Ostafrika eingesammelte Orthopteren. Arkiv för Zoologi 7(38): 1–26.Google Scholar
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M. E., et al. (2002). Kilimanjaro ice core records: evidence of Holocene climate change in tropical Africa. Science 18: 589–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. (1923). Notes on the Orthoptera in the British Museum. III. Some less known or new genera and species of the subfamilies Tettigoniinae and Decticinae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 49: 492–537.Google Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. (1941). New grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Kenya. Journal of the East African Natural History Society 16: 25–34.Google Scholar
Werther, W. (1898). Karte des nordöstlichen Teiles von Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. Berlin: Verlag Hermann Paetel.Google Scholar
Yokoyama, Y., Lambeck, K., Deckker, P., Johnston, P., and Fifield, L. K. (2000). Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima. Nature 406: 713–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×