Ajani, J. and Comisari, P. (2014). Towards a Comprehensive and Fully Integrated Stock and Flow Framework for Carbon Accounting in Australia. Discussion Paper. Australia: The Australian National University (ANU). Available at: https://coombs-forum.crawford.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publication/coombs_forum_crawford_anu_edu_au/2014-09/carbon_accounting_discussion_paper_revised_sept_2014.pdf.Google Scholar

Ajani, J., Keith, H., Blakers, M., Mackey, B. G. and King, H. P. (2013). Comprehensive carbon stock and flow accounting: A national framework to support climate change mitigation policy. Ecological Economics, 89, 61–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, M. R., Frame, D. J., Huntingford, C. et al. (2009). Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne. Nature, 458, 1163–1166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Archer, D. (2005). Fate of fossil fuel CO₂ in geologic time. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 1–6.Google Scholar

Archer, D., Eby, M., Brovkin, V. et al. (2009). Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37, 117–134.Google Scholar

Asner, G. P., Powell, G. V. N., Mascaro, J. et al. (2010). High resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16739–16742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Benndorf, R., Federici, S., Forner, C. et al. (2007). Including land use, land-use change, and forestry in future climate change, agreements: Thinking outside the box. Environmental Science & Policy, 10, 283–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ClimateWorks Australia, ANU (Australian National University), CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) and CoPS (Centre for Policy Studies) (2014). Pathways to Deep Decarbonisation in 2050: How Australia Can Prosper in a Low Carbon World. Technical report. Melbourne: ClimateWorks Australia. Available at: www.climateworksaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/climateworks_pdd2050_technicalreport_20140923-1.pdf.Google Scholar

Dean, C., Wardell-Johnson, G. and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2012). Are there any circumstances in which logging primary wet-eucalypt forest will not add to the global carbon burden? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 161, 156–169.Google Scholar

Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y. et al. (2014). Technical summary. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 33–107. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_technical-summary.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/i1757e/i1757e00.htm.Google Scholar

FAO (2015) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How Are the World’s Forests Changing?, 2nd ed. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar

Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K. et al. (2004). Impact of anthropogenic CO₂ in the CaCO₃ system in the oceans. Science, 305, 362–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R. et al. (2006). Climate–carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the C⁴MIP model intercomparison. Journal of Climate, 19, 3337–3353.Google Scholar

Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R., Marland, G. et al. (2010). Update on CO₂ emissions. Nature Geoscience, 3, 811–812.Google Scholar

GCP (Global Carbon Project) (2020). Carbon Budget 2020. Available at: www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/archive/2011/CarbonBudget_2011.pdf.Google Scholar

Global Commission on the Economy and Climate (2014). Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report. Synthesis Report. Washington, DC: The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. Available at: https://newclimateeconomy.report/2016/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/08/BetterGrowth-BetterClimate_NCE_Synthesis-Report_web.pdf.Google Scholar

Graβl, H., Kokott, J., Kulessa, M. et al. (2003). Climate Protection Strategies for the 21st Century: Kyoto and Beyond. Special Report. Berlin: German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU). Available at: www.gci.org.uk/Documents/wbgu_sn2003_engl.pdf.Google Scholar

Höhne, N., Wartmann, S., Herold, A. and Freibauer, A. (2007). The rules for land use, land use change and forestry under the Kyoto Protocol: Lessons learned for the future climate negotiations. Environmental Science & Policy, 10, 353–369.Google Scholar

Houghton, R. A. (2007). Balancing the global carbon budget. Annual Review Earth and Planetary Science, 35, 313–347.Google Scholar

Houghton, R. A. (2008). Carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use changes: 1850–2005. In TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/landuse/houghton/houghton.html.Google Scholar

House, J. I., Prentice, I. C. and Le Quéré, C. (2002). Maximum impacts of future reforestation or deforestation on atmospheric CO₂. Global Change Biology, 8, 1047–1052.Google Scholar

IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by Pachauri, R. K. and Meyer, L. A.. Geneva: IPCC. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/.Google Scholar

IPCC (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 °C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Edited by Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O. et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.Google Scholar

Keith, H., Vardon, M., Stein, J. A. and Lindenmayer, D. (2019). Contribution of native forests to climate change mitigation: A common approach to carbon accounting that aligns results from environmental-economic accounting with rules for emissions reduction. Environmental Science & Policy, 93, 189–199.Google Scholar

Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C. et al. (2021). Evaluating nature-based solutions for climate mitigation and conservation requires comprehensive carbon accounting. Science of the Total Environment, 769, 14434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Le Quéré, C. (2009). Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature Geoscience, 2, 831–836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J. et al. (2013). Global carbon budget 2013. Earth System Science Data, 6, 689–760.Google Scholar

Mackey, B., Prentice, I. C., Steffen, W. et al. (2013). Untangling the confusion around land carbon science and climate mitigation policy. Nature Climate Change, 3, 552–557.Google Scholar

Mackey, B., Kormos, C., Keith, H. et al. (2020). Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 25, 763–787. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matthews, H. D. and Caldeira, K. (2008). Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions. Geophysics Research Letters, 35, L04705.Google Scholar

MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf.Google Scholar

Nabuurs, G. J., Masera, O., Andrasko, K. et al. (2007). Forestry. In: Metz, B., Davidson, O. R., Bosch, P. R., Dave, R. and Meyer, L. A., eds., Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 541–581. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg3-chapter9-1.pdf. Google Scholar

Olsson, L., Barbosa, H., Bhadwal, S. et al. (2019). Land degradation. In Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Buendia, E. C. et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-4/. Google Scholar

Plattner, G. K., Knutti, R., Joos, F. et al. (2008). Long-term climate commitments projected with climate–carbon cycle models. Journal of Climate, 21, 2721–2751.Google Scholar

Prentice, I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R. et al. (2001). The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide. In Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185–237. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/TAR-03.pdf.Google Scholar

Richards, K. R. and Stokes, C. (2004). A review of forest carbon sequestration cost studies: A dozen years of research. Climatic Change, 63, 1–48.Google Scholar

Schellnhuber, H. J., Messnre, D., Leggewie, C. et al. (2009). Solving the Climate Dilemma: The Budget Approach. Special Report. Berlin: German Advisory Council on Global Change. Available at: www.wbgu.de/en/publications/publication/special-report-2009.Google Scholar

Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Arnell, N. W. and Prentice, I. C. (2006). A climate-change risk analysis for world ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 35, 13116–13120.Google Scholar

Schulze, E.-D., Valentini, R. and Sanz, M.-J. (2002). The long way from Kyoto to Marrakesh: Implications of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations for global ecology. Global Change Biology, 8, 505–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silva Junior,  C. H. L., Pessôa,  A. C. M., Carvalho,  N. S. et al. The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 5, 144–145. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01368-x.Google Scholar

Smith, P., Nkem, J., Calvin, K. et al. (2019). Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options. In Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Buendia, E. C. et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-6/. Google Scholar

Steffen, W. and Hughes, L. (2013). The Critical Decade 2013: Climate Change Science, Risks and Responses. Canberra: ACT Climate Commission Secretariat. Available at: https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/the-critical-decade-2013-climate-change-science-risks-and-respons.Google Scholar

Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S. and Mosseler, A. (2009). Forest Resilience, Biodiversity and Climate Change. A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems. CBD Technical Series No. 43. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention in Biological Diversity. Available at: www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-43-en.pdf.Google Scholar

UNSD (United Nations Statistics Division) (2021). System of Environmental–Economic Accounting – Ecosystem Accounting: Final draft. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/52nd-session/documents/BG-3f-SEEA-EA_Final_draft-E.pdf.Google Scholar

WBGU (German Advisory Council on Global Change) (1998). The Accounting of Biological Sinks and Sources under the Kyoto Protocol: A Step Forwards or Backwards for Global Environmental Protection? Special report. Berlin: German Advisory Council on Global Change. Available at: www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/user_upload/wbgu/publikationen/sondergutachten/sg1998/pdf/wbgu_sn1998_engl.pdf.Google Scholar

Acuff, K. and Kaffine, D. T. (2013). Greenhouse gas emissions, waste and recycling policy. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 65, 74–86.Google Scholar

Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H. et al. (2010). A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 660–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderegg, W. R. L., Kane, J. M. and Anderegg, L. D. L. (2013). Consequences of widespread tree mortality triggered by drought and temperature stress. Nature Climate Change, 3, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Archer, D. (2005). Fate of fossil fuel CO₂ in geologic time. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 1–6.Google Scholar

Asner, G. P., Powell, G. V. N., Mascaro, J. et al. (2010). High resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16739–16742.Google Scholar

Baccini, A., Goetz, S. J., Walker, W. S. et al. (2012 ). Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nature Climate Change, 2, 182–185.Google Scholar

Barnard, S. and Nakhooda, S. (2014). The Effectiveness of Climate Finance: A Review of the Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program. Working Paper 396. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Available at: www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9075.pdf.Google Scholar

Bellassen, V. and Luyssaert, S. (2014). Managing forests in uncertain times. Nature, 506, 153–155.Google Scholar

Berenguer, E., Ferreira, J., Gardner, T. A. et al. (2014). A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. Global Change Biology, 20, 3713–3726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Betts, R., Cox, P., Collins, M., Harris, P. and Huntingford, C. (2004). The role of ecosystem–atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 78, 157–175.Google Scholar

Boucher, D., Elias, P., Faires, J. and Smith, S. (2014). Deforestation Success Stories: Tropical Nations Where Forest Protection and Reforestation Policies Have Worked. Tropical Forest and Climate Initiative of the Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at: www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/stop-deforestation/deforestation-success-stories.html#.V20e8vl96M8.Google Scholar

Bowman, D., Balch, J. K., Artaxo, P. et al. (2009). Fire in the Earth system. Science, 324, 481–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brasier, C. and Webber, J. (2010). Plant pathology: Sudden larch death. Nature, 466, 824–825.Google Scholar

Breshears, D. D., Cobb, N. S., Rich, P. M. et al. (2005). Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 15144–15148.Google Scholar

Bryan, J., Shearman, P., Ash, J. and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2010). Estimating rainforest biomass stocks and carbon loss from deforestation and degradation in Papua New Guinea 1972–2002: Best estimates, uncertainties and research needs. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 995–1001.Google Scholar

Carlson, M., Chen, J., Elgie, S. et al. (2010). Maintaining the roles of Canada’s forests and peatlands in climate regulation. The Forestry Chronicle, 86, 1–10.Google Scholar

Carlson, K. M., Curran, L. M., Ratnasari, D. et al. (2012). Committed carbon emissions, deforestation, and community land conversion from oil palm plantation expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 7559–7564.Google Scholar

Carnahan, J. A. (1976). Natural vegetation: Map with accompanying booklet commentary. In Atlas of Australian Resources, Second series. Canberra: Geographic Section, Department of National Development.Google Scholar

Carnicer, J., Coll, M., Ninyerola, M., Pons, X., Sanchez, G. and Penuelas, J. (2011). Widespread crown condition decline, food web disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 1474–1478.Google Scholar

Cary, G. J., Bradstock, R. A., Gill, A. M. and Williams, R. J. (2012). Global change and fire regimes in Australia. In Bradstock, R. A., Malcolm, G. A. and Williams, R. J, eds., Flammable Australia: Fire Regimes, Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing World. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 149–170.Google Scholar

Chia, E. L., Somorin, O. A., Sonwa, D. J., Bele, Y. M. and Tiani, M. A. (2015). Forest–climate nexus: Linking adaptation and mitigation in Cameroon’s climate policy process. Climate and Development, 7, 85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chong, S. K. (2005). Anmyeon-do Recreation Forest: A millennium of management. In Durst, P., Brown, C., Tacio, H. D. and Ishikawa, M., eds., In Search of Excellence: Exemplary Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, pp. 251–259.Google Scholar

Cias, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N. et al. (2005). Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature, 437, 529–533.Google Scholar

Cyr, D., Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y. and Carcaillet, C. (2009). Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 519–524.Google Scholar

Dave, R., Saint-Laurent, C., Murray, L. et al. (2019). Second Bonn Challenge Progress Report: Application of the Barometer in 2018. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2019-018-En.pdf.Google Scholar

Daviet, F., Goers, L. and Austin, K. (2009). Forests in the Balance Sheet: Lessons from Developed Country Land Use Change and Forestry Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting Practices. Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: www.wri.org/publication/forests-balance-sheet.Google Scholar

Dean, C., Wardell-Johnson, G. W. and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2012). Are there circumstances in which logging primary wet-eucalypt forest will not add to the global carbon burden? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 161, 156–169.Google Scholar

Dooley, K. (2014). Misleading Numbers: The Case for Separating Land and Fossil Fuel Based Carbon Emissions. Report. Brussels: Fern. Available at: www.fern.org/misleadingnumbers.Google Scholar

Environmental Paper Network (2018). The State of the Global Paper Industry. Available at: https://environmentalpaper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/StateOfTheGlobalPaperIndustry2018_FullReport-Final-1.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (n.d.). FAOSTAT [data resource]. FAO.org. Available at: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO.Google Scholar

FAO (2004). The State of Food and Agriculture 2003–04. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor? Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-y5160e.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-i1757e.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (2011). Transitioning Towards Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kenya. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-i4259e.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (2013a). Forestry. Fact sheet. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/docrep/014/am859e/am859e08.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (2013b). Forest Product Statistics: 2013 Global Forest Products Facts and Figures. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/newsroom/docs/FactsFigures2013_En.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (2014). Forest Product Statistics: 2014 Global Forest Products Facts and Figures. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/forestry/44134-01f63334f207ac6e086bfe48fe7c7e986.pdf.Google Scholar

FAO (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/past-assessments/fra-2015/en/.Google Scholar

FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) (2011). Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy – Green Economy Strategy. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Available at: www.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/Ethiopia%20CRGE.pdf.Google Scholar

Fearnside, P. (2015). What lies behind the recent surge of Amazon deforestation. Yale Environment 360. 9 March. Available at: http://e360.yale.edu/feature/what_lies_behind_the_recent_surge_of_amazon_deforestation/2854/.Google Scholar

Fensham, R. J., Fairfax, R. J. and Ward, D. P. (2009). Drought induced tree death in savanna. Global Change Biology, 15, 380–387.Google Scholar

FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) (n.d.). Facts & figures. FSC. Available at: https://fsc.org/en/facts-figures.Google Scholar

Gerasimchuk, I, Bridle, R., Beaton, C. and Charles, C. (2012). State of Play on Biofuel Subsidies: Are Policies Ready to Shift? Report. Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). Available at: www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/bf_stateplay_2012.pdf.Google Scholar

Grieg-Gran, M. (2006). The Cost of Avoiding Deforestation: Report Prepared for the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).Google Scholar

Guariguata, M., Cornelius, J., Locatelli, B., Forner, C. and Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. (2008). Mitigation needs adaptation: Tropical forestry and climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13, 793–808.Google Scholar

Gustavsson, L., Pingoud, K. and Sathre, R. (2006). Carbon dioxide balance of wood substitution: Comparing concrete- and wood-framed buildings. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 667–691.Google Scholar

Hamilton, C. and Macintosh, A. (2008). Human ecology: Environmental protection and ecology. In Jorgensen, S., ed., Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, pp. 1342–1350.Google Scholar

Hanewinkel, M., Cullmann, D. A., Schelhaas, M. J., Nabuurs, G. J. and Zimmermann, N. E. (2012). Climate change may cause severe loss in economic value of European forest land. Nature Climate Change, 3, 203–207.Google Scholar

Harmon, M. E., Ferrell, W. K. and Franklin, J. F. (1990). Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science, 247, 699–703.Google Scholar

Harris, N., Brown, S., Hagen, S. et al. (2012). Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions. Science, 336, 1573–1576.Google Scholar

Hellman, J. J., Byers, J. E., Bierwagen, B. G. and Dukes, J. S. (2008). Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22, 534–543.Google Scholar

Hoare, A. (2015). Tackling Illegal Logging and the Related Trade: What Progress and Where Next? Chatham House. Available at: www.chathamhouse.org/publication/tackling-illegal-logging-and-related-trade-what-progress-and-where-next.Google Scholar

Houghton, R. A. (2012). Carbon emissions and the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 597–603.Google Scholar

Houghton, R. A. (2013). The emissions of carbon from deforestation and degradation in the tropics: Past trends and future potential. Carbon Management, 4, 539–546.Google Scholar

Houghton, R. A., Byers, B. and Nassikas, A. A. (2015). A role for tropical forests in stabilizing atmospheric CO₂. Nature Climate Change, 5, 1022–1023.Google Scholar

Howlett, M. (1991). Policy instruments, policy styles, and policy implementation: National approaches to theories of instrument choice. Policy Studies Journal, 19, 1–21.Google Scholar

Howlett, M. (2004). Beyond good and evil in policy implementation: Instrument mixes, implementation styles, and second generation theories of policy instrument choice. Policy and Society, 23, 1–17.Google Scholar

Howlett, M. and Rayner, J. (2007). Design principles for policy mixes: Cohesion and coherence in ‘new governance arrangements’. Policy and Society, 26, 1–18.Google Scholar

Hudiburg, T., Law, B. E., Wirth, C. and Luyssaert, S. (2011). Regional carbon dioxide implications of forest bioenergy production. Nature Climate Change, 1, 419–423.Google Scholar

Hughes, L. (2000). Biological consequences of global warming: Is the signal already apparent? Tree, 15, 56–61.Google Scholar

Hughes, L. (2012). Can Australian biodiversity adapt to climate change? In Lunney, D. and Hutchings, P., eds., Wildlife and Climate Change: Towards Robust Strategies for Australian Fauna. Sydney: Royal Zoological Society of Australia, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar

Humphreys, D. (2008). The politics of ‘avoided deforestation’: Historical context and contemporary issues. International Forestry Review, 10, 433–442.Google Scholar

Ingerson, A. (2011). Carbon storage potential of harvested wood: Summary and policy implications. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16, 307–323.Google Scholar

IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by Pachauri, R. K. and Meyer, L. A.. Geneva: IPCC. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/.Google Scholar

ISU (International Sustainability Unit) (2015). Tropical Forests: A Review. London: The Prince’s Charities International Sustainability Unit. Available at: www.pcfisu.org/resources/.Google Scholar

Keith, H., van Gorsel, E., Jacobsen, K. L. and Cleugh, H. A. (2012). Dynamics of carbon exchange in a Eucalyptus forest in response to interacting disturbance factors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 153, 67–81.Google Scholar

Keith, H., Lindenmayer, D. B., Mackey, B. G. et al. (2014a). Accounting for biomass carbon stock change due to wildfire in temperate forest landscapes in Australia. PLoS One, e107126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keith, H., Lindenmayer, D. B., Mackey, B. G. et al. (2014b). Managing temperate forests for carbon storage: Impacts of logging versus forest protection on carbon stocks. Ecosphere, 5, 75.Google Scholar

Keith, H., Lindenmayer, D. B., Macintosh, A. and Mackey, B. G. (2015). Under what circumstances do wood products from native forests benefit climate change mitigation? PLoS One, 10, e0139640.Google Scholar

Kraft, N. J. B., Metz, M. R., Condit, R. S. and Chave, J. (2010). The relationship between wood density and mortality in a global tropical forest data set. New Phytologist, 188, 1124–1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krankina, O. N. and Harmon, M. E. (2006). Forest management strategies for carbon storage. In Salwasser, H. and Cloughsey, M., eds., Forests, Carbon and Climate Change: A Synthesis of Science Findings. Portland, OR: Oregon Forest Research Institute, pp. 79–92.Google Scholar

Kurz, W. A., Dymond, C. C., Stinson, G. et al. (2008). Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature, 452, 987–990.Google Scholar

Law, B. E., Falge, E., Gu, L., Baldocchi, D. D. and Bakwin, P. (2002). Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of terrestrial vegetation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 113, 97–120.Google Scholar

Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J. et al. (2013). Global carbon budget 2013. Earth System Science Data, 6, 689–760.Google Scholar

Lee, S. G. (2004). A simplified life cycle assessment of re-usable and single-use bulk transit packaging. Packaging Technology and Science, 17, 67–83.Google Scholar

Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E. et al. (2008). Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 1786–1793.Google Scholar

Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A. and Vignola, R. (2011). Forests and climate change in Latin America: Linking adaptation and mitigation. Forests, 2, 431–450.Google Scholar

Macintosh, A. (2011). Potential Carbon Credits from Reducing Native Forest Harvesting in Australia. CLP Working Paper 2011/1. Canberra: Australian National University (ANU) Centre for Climate Law and Policy.Google Scholar

Macintosh, A. (2012a). Tasmanian Forests Intergovernmental Agreement: An Assessment of Its Carbon Value. Canberra: Australian National University (ANU) Centre for Climate Law and Policy.Google Scholar

Macintosh, A. (2012b). The Australia clause and REDD: A cautionary tale. Climatic Change, 112, 169–188.Google Scholar

Macintosh, A. (2013). The Australian Native Forest Sector: The Causes of the Decline and Prospects for the Future. Technical brief No. 21. Canberra: The Australia Institute. Available at: www.tai.org.au/sites/default/files/TB%2021%20State%20of%20the%20native%20forest%20industry_1_3.pdf.Google Scholar

Macintosh, A. and Wilkinson, D. (2015). Complexity theory and the constraints on environmental policy-making. Journal of Environmental Law, 28, 65–93.Google Scholar

Macintosh, A., Keith, H. and Lindenmayer, D. (2015). Rethinking forest carbon assessments to account for policy institutions. Nature Climate Change, 5, 946–952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mackey, B. G., DellaSala, D. A., Kormos, C. et al. (2015). Policy options for the world’s primary forests in multilateral environmental agreements. Conservation Letters, 8, 139–147.Google Scholar

Mackey, B., Kormos, C., Keith, H. et al. (2020). Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 25, 763–787. Available at: )https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.Google Scholar

Malhi, Y., Aragao, L. E. O. C., Galbraith, D. et al. (2009). Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 20610–20615.Google Scholar

MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf.Google Scholar

Mery, G., Katila, P., Galloway, G. et al., eds. (2010). Forests and Society: Responding to Global Drivers of Change. International Union of Forest Research Organizations. Available at: www.iufro.org/science/special/wfse/forests-society-global-drivers/.Google Scholar

Michaelian, M., Hogg, E. H., Hall, R. J. and Arsenault, E. (2011). Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest. Global Change Biology, 17, 2084–2094.Google Scholar

Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B. et al. (2015). The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5, 1089–1092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nobre, C. A. and Borma, L. D. S. (2009). ‘Tipping points’ for the Amazon forest. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 28–36.Google Scholar

OECD (2014). Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2014. Report. Paris: OECD. Available at: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/agricultural-policy-monitoring-and-evaluation-2014_agr_pol-2014-en.Google Scholar

Pan, Y, Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J. et al. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333, 988–993.Google Scholar

Paquette, A. and Messier, C. (2010). The role of plantations in managing the world’s forests in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8, 27–34.Google Scholar

PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) (n.d.). Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification. Available at: www.pefc.org/.Google Scholar

Phillips, O. L., Aragão, L. E., Lewis, S. L. et al. (2009). Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest. Science, 323, 1344–1347.Google Scholar

Phillips, O. L., van der Heijden, G., Lewis, S. L. et al. (2010). Drought–mortality relationships for tropical forests. New Phytologist, 187, 631–646.Google Scholar

Ravindranath, N. H. (2007). Adaptation and mitigation synergy in the forest sector. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 843–853.Google Scholar

Republic of Rwanda (2011). Green Growth and Climate Resilience – National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development. Government of Rwanda. Available at: https://greengrowthknowledge.org/national-documents/rwanda-green-growth-and-climate-resilience-national-strategy-climate-change-and.Google Scholar

Rizvi, A. R., Baig, S., Barrow, E. and Kumar, C. (2015). Synergies between Climate Mitigation and Adaptation in Forest Landscape Restoration. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2015-013.pdf.Google Scholar

Scheffer, M., Hirota, M., Holmgren, M., van Nes, E. H. and Chapin, F. S. (2012). Thresholds for boreal biome transitions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 21384–21389.Google Scholar

Schlamadinger, B. and Marland, G. (1999). Net effect of forest harvest on CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere: A sensitivity analysis on the influence of time. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 51, 314–325.Google Scholar

Schulze, E.-D., Körner, C., Law, B. E., Haberl, H. and Luyssaert, S. (2012). Large-scale bioenergy from additional harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 4, 611–616.Google Scholar

Searchinger, T. (2010). Biofuels and the need for additional carbon. Environmental Research Letters, 5, 1–10.Google Scholar

Seifert, T. (2013). Bioenergy from Wood: Sustainable Production in the Tropics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.Google Scholar

Settele, J., Scholes, R., Betts, R. et al. (2014). Terrestrial and inland water systems. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 271–359. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap4_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar

Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N. et al. (2008). Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). Global Change Biology, 14, 2015–2039.Google Scholar

Smith, P., Bustamante, M., Ahammad, H. et al. (2014). Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 816–922. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter11.pdf.Google Scholar

Steffen, W., Burbidge, A., Hughes, L. et al. (2009). Australia’s Biodiversity and Climate Change. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing.Google Scholar

Stephenson, N. L., Das, A. J., Condit, R. et al. (2014). Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature, 507, 90–93.Google Scholar

Stern, N. (2006). The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407172811/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm.Google Scholar

Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S. and Mosseler, A. (2009). Forest Resilience, Biodiversity and Climate Change. A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems. CBD Technical Series No. 43. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention in Biological Diversity. Available at: www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-43-en.pdf.Google Scholar

TI (Transparency International) (2006). Corruption and the Environment. Transparency International. Available at: www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/education/documents/progs_of_study/TransparencyInternationalfinalreport1may06.doc.Google Scholar

United Nations Statistical Commission (2021). System of Environmental Economic Accounting : Ecosystem Accounting. New York: United Nations Statistical Commission. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/52nd-session/documents/BG-3f-SEEA-EA_Final_draft-E.pdf.Google Scholar

UNDP (UN Development Programme) (2000). World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. New York: UN Development Programme, UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs and World Energy Council. Available at: www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/environment-energy/www-ee-library/sustainable-energy/world-energy-assessment-energy-and-the-challenge-of-sustainability/World%20Energy%20Assessment-2000.pdf.Google Scholar

UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2010). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Sixteenth Session, held in Cancun. Decisions Adopted by the Conference of the Parties 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf.Google Scholar

van der Werf, G. R., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S. et al. (2009). CO₂ emissions from forest loss. Nature Geoscience, 2, 737–738.Google Scholar

van Mantgem, P. J., Stephenson, N. L., Byrne, J. C. et al. (2009). Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States. Science, 323, 521–524.Google Scholar

Westerling, A. L., Turner, M. G., Smithwick, E. A. H., Romme, W. H. and Ryan, M. G. (2011). Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 13165–13170.Google Scholar

Williams, A. A. J., Karoly, D. J. and Tapper, N. (2001). The sensitivity of Australian fires danger to climate change. Climatic Change, 49, 171–191.Google Scholar

Williams, A. P., Allen, C. D., Millar, C. I. et al. (2010). Forest responses to increasing aridity and warmth in the southwestern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 21289–21294.Google Scholar

Williams, A. P., Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K. et al. (2013). Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. Nature Climate Change, 3, 292–297.Google Scholar

WRI (World Resources Institute) (2014). Better Growth, Better Climate. The New Climate Economy Report. The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. Washington, DC: The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, World Resources Institute. Available at: www.newclimateeconomy.report/2014.Google Scholar

Alauddin, M. and Quiggin, J. (2008). Agricultural intensification, irrigation and the environment in South Asia: Issues and policy options. Ecological Economics, 65, 111–124.Google Scholar

Arbuckle, J. G., Morton, L. W. and Hobbs, J. (2015). Understanding farmer perspectives on climate change adaptation and mitigation: The roles of trust in sources of climate information, climate change beliefs, and perceived risk. Environment and Behavior, 47, 205–234.Google Scholar

Arneth, A., Denton, F., Agus, F. et al. (2019). Framing and context. In Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Buendia, E. C. et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/12/04_Chapter-1.pdf.Google Scholar

Bange, M. P., Constable, G. A., McRae, D. and Roth, G. (2010). Cotton. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 49–66.Google Scholar

Barwick, S. A., Henzell, A. L., Herd, R. M., Walmsley, B. J. and Arthur, P. F. (2019). Methods and consequences of including reduction in greenhouse gas emission in beef cattle multiple-trait selection. Genetics Selection Evolution, 51, 18.Google Scholar

Bennetzen, E. H., Smith, P. and Porter, J. R. (2016). Decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions from global agricultural production: 1970–2050. Global Change Biology, 22, 763–781.Google Scholar

Blaxter, K. L. and Clapperton, J. L. (1965). Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition, 19, 511–522.Google Scholar

Challinor, A. J., Watson, J., Lobell, D. B., Howden, S. M., Smith, D. R. and Chhetri, N. (2014). A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 4, 287–291.Google Scholar

Charmley, E., Williams, S. R. O., Moate, P. J. et al. (2016). A universal equation to predict methane production of forage-fed cattle in Australia. Animal Production Science, 56, 169.Google Scholar

Crimp, S., Jin, H., Kokic, P., Bakar, , S. and Nicholls, , N. (2019). Possible future changes in South East Australian frost frequency: An inter-comparison of statistical downscaling approaches. Climate Dynamics, 52, 1247–1262.Google Scholar

Crowther, T. W., Todd-Brown, K. E. O., Rowe, C. W. et al. (2016). Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming. Nature, 540, 104–108.Google Scholar

de Oliveira Silva, R., Barioni, L. G., Hall, J. A. J. et al. (2016). Increasing beef production could lower greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil if decoupled from deforestation. Nature Climate Change, 6, 493–497.Google Scholar

Eckard, R. J., Grainger, C. and de Klein, C. A. M. (2010). Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review. Livestock Science, 130, 47–56.Google Scholar

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (n.d.). FAOSTAT [data resource]. FAO.org. Available at: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO.Google Scholar

FAO (2018). The Future of Food and Agriculture: Alternative Pathways to 2050. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: www.fao.org/global-perspectives-studies/resources/detail/en/c/1157074/.Google Scholar

Garnett, T. (2011). Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? Food Policy, 36, S23–S32.Google Scholar

Gaydon, D., Beecher, H. G., Reinke, R., Crimp, S. and Howden, S. M. (2010). Rice. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 67–84.Google Scholar

Ghahramani, A. and Moore, A. D. (2015). Systemic adaptations to climate change in southern Australian grasslands and livestock: Production, profitability, methane emission and ecosystem function. Agricultural Systems, 133, 158–166.Google Scholar

Ghahramani, A., Howden, S. M., del Prado, A. et al. (2019). Climate change impact, adaptation, and mitigation in temperate grazing systems: A review. Sustainability, 11, 7224.Google Scholar

Gregory, P. J., Ingram, J. S. I., Andersson, R. et al. (2002). Environmental consequences of alternative practices for intensifying crop production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88, 279–290.Google Scholar

Guariguata, M. R., Cornelius, J. P., Locatelli, B., Forner, C. and Sánchez-Azofeifa, G. A. (2008). Mitigation needs adaptation: Tropical forestry and climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13, 793–808.Google Scholar

Hamilton, C. and Macintosh, A. (2008). Human ecology: Environmental protection and ecology. In Jorgensen, S., ed., Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, pp. 1342–1350.Google Scholar

Howden, S. M., Moore, J. L., McKeon, G. M. and Carter, J. O. (2001). Global change and the mulga woodlands of southwest Queensland: Greenhouse gas emissions, impacts, and adaptation. Environment International, 27, 161–166.Google Scholar

Howden, S. M., Soussana, J. F., Tubiello, F. N., Chhetri, N., Dunlop, M. and Meinke, H. (2007). Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 19691–19696.Google Scholar

Howden, S. M., Gifford, R. M. and Meinke, H. (2010). Grains. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 21–48.Google Scholar

Hughes, N., Galeano, D. and Hatfield-Dobbs, S. (2019). The effects of drought and climate variability on Australian farms. ABARES Insights, 6, 11.Google Scholar

Hughes, N., Lawson, K. and Valle, H. (2017). Farm Performance and Climate: Climate Adjusted Productivity on Broadacre Cropping Farms. Research report 17.4. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Available at: http://data.daff.gov.au/data/warehouse/9aas/2017/FarmPerformanceClimate/FarmPerformanceClimate_v1.0.0.pdf.Google Scholar

Hurlbert, M., Krishnaswamy, J., Davin, E. et al. (2019). Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/10_Chapter-7.pdf.Google Scholar

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2019). Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Edited by P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/.Google Scholar

Jayanegara, A., Sarwono, K. A., Kondo, M. et al. (2018). Use of 3-nitrooxypropanol as feed additive for mitigating enteric methane emissions from ruminants: A meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17, 650–656.Google Scholar

Johnson, J. A., Runge, C. F., Senauer, B., Foley, J. and Polasky, S. (2014). Global agriculture and carbon trade-offs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 12342–12347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lim-Camacho, L., Crimp, S., Ridoutt, B. et al. (2016). Adaptive Value Chain Approaches: Understanding Adaptation in Food Value Chains. Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Available at: https://research.csiro.au/climatesmartagriculture/wp-content/uploads/sites/248/2019/07/CSIRO_AVC_FInal-Report_v1.4_single.pdf.Google Scholar

Lin, B. B., Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. (2008). Synergies between agricultural intensification and climate change could create surprising vulnerabilities for crops. BioScience, 58, 847–854.Google Scholar

Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B. M. et al. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4, 1068–1072.Google Scholar

Mbow, C., Rosenzweig, C., Barioni, L. G. et al. (2019). Food security. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SRCCL-Chapter-5.pdf.Google Scholar

McKeon, G. M., Stone, G. S., Syktus, J. I. et al. (2009). Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: A review of issues. The Rangeland Journal, 31, 1–29.Google Scholar

Meyer, R., Cullen, B. R., Johnson, I. R. and Eckard, R. J. (2015). Process modelling to assess the sequestration and productivity benefits of soil carbon for pasture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 213, 272–280.Google Scholar

Millar, G. D. and Badgery, W. B. (2009). Pasture cropping: A new approach to integrate crop and livestock farming systems. Animal Production Science, 49, 777.Google Scholar

Miller, C. J., Howden, S. M. and Jones, R. N. (2010). Intensive livestock industries. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 171–185.Google Scholar

Moore, J. L., Howden, S. M., McKeon, G. M., Carter, J. O. and Scanlan, J. C. (2001). The dynamics of grazed woodlands in southwest Queensland, Australia, and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Environment International, 27, 147–153.Google Scholar

Naumann, G., Alfieri, L., Wyser, K. et al. (2018). Global changes in drought conditions under different levels of warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 3285–3296.Google Scholar

Olsson, L., Barbosa, H., Bhadwal, S. et al. (2019). Land degradation. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-4/.Google Scholar

Porter, J. R., Xie, L., Challinor, A. J. et al. (2014). Food security and food production systems. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 485–533. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap7_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar

Rivera-Ferre, M. G., López-i-Gelats, F., Howden, M., Smith, P., Morton, J. F. and Herrero, M. (2016). Re-framing the climate change debate in the livestock sector: Mitigation and adaptation options. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7, 869–892.Google Scholar

Scheer, C., Rowlings, D., Firrell, M. et al. (2017). Nitrification inhibitors can increase post-harvest nitrous oxide emissions in an intensive vegetable production system. Scientific Reports, 7, 43677.Google Scholar

Smith, P., Nkem, J., Calvin, K. et al. (2019). Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-6/.Google Scholar

Stokes, C. and Howden, M., eds. (2010). Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing.Google Scholar

Stokes, C., Howden, S. and Ash, A. (2010). Adapting livestock production systems to climate change. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 2009, 115–133.Google Scholar

Thomas, D. T., Lawes, R. A., Descheemaeker, K. and Moore, A. D. (2014). Selection of crop cultivars suited to the location combined with astute management can reduce crop yield penalties in pasture cropping systems. Crop and Pasture Science, 65, 1022.Google Scholar

Thornton, P. K. and Herrero, M. (2010). Potential for reduced methane and carbon dioxide emissions from livestock and pasture management in the tropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 19667–19672.Google Scholar

Verchot, L. V., Van Noordwijk, M., Kandji, S. et al. (2007). Climate change: Linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 901–918.Google Scholar

Vermeulen, S. J., Campbell, B. M. and Ingram, J. S. I. (2012). Climate change and food systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37, 195–222.Google Scholar

Waghorn, G. C. and Hegarty, R. S. (2011). Lowering ruminant methane emissions through improved feed conversion efficiency. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 291–301.Google Scholar

Webb, L. and Whetton, P. (2010). Horticulture. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 119–136.Google Scholar

Webb, L., Dunn, G. M. and Barlow, E. (2010). Winegrapes. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 101–118.Google Scholar

Ziska, L. H., Bunce, J. A., Shimono, H. et al. (2012). Food security and climate change: On the potential to adapt global crop production by active selection to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 4097–4105. Google Scholar