Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T05:23:29.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Cities

from Cities and Industry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2021

Kenneth G. H. Baldwin
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Mark Howden
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Michael H. Smith
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Karen Hussey
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Peter J. Dawson
Affiliation:
P. J. Dawson & Associates
Get access

Summary

Cities are responsible for over 70% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy use. Building and upgrading city infrastructure in developing countries could release 226 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide by 2050, if these cities obtain levels of infrastructure in developed countries today. Urban GHG emissions vary across economies, geography, wealth and urban form. The largest direct and indirect GHG emission sources are buildings, industry and transport. Urban climate change impacts of heat, sea-level rise, extreme weather, and water scarcity will exacerbate extant stressors in developing countries. Mitigation and adaptation measures interact, sometimes with unintended consequences. Systems approaches, integrated planning and strategy that recognises synergies and conflicts, are crucial to optimal outcomes. The city scale is good for innovation, aligned with national governance, for effective climate action. Many cities are committed to 100% renewable energy and net zero emissions by 2030. Key enablers are: a shared city region vision; effective stakeholder engagement; relevant, credible, accessible knowledge for decision-making; and aligned institutional arrangements.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acuto, M. (2016). Give cities a seat at the top table. Nature News, 537, 611.Google Scholar
Allen, C. and Clouth, S. (2012). A Guidebook to the Green Economy. Issue 1: Green Economy, Green Growth, and Low-Carbon Development: History, Definitions and a Guide to Recent Publications. Division for Sustainable Development, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/GEGuidebook.pdf.Google Scholar
Allwood, J., Cullen, J. and Milford, R. (2010). Options for achieving a 50% cut in industrial carbon emissions by 2050. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 18881894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angel, S., Parent, J., Civco, D., Blei, A. and Potere, D. (2010). A Planet of Cities: Urban Land Cover Estimates and Projections for All Countries, 2000–2050. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Available at: www.lincolninst.edu/publications/working-papers/planet-cities.Google Scholar
Bai, X. (2007). Integrating global environmental concerns into urban management: The scale and readiness arguments. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 1529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, X., Roberts, B. and Chen, J. (2010). Urban sustainability experiments in Asia: Patterns and pathways. Environmental Science & Policy, 13, 312325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, X., Dhakal, S., Steinberger, J. and Weisz, H. (2012). Drivers of urban energy use and main policy leverages. In Grubler, A. and Fisk, D., eds., Energizing Sustainable Cities: Assessing Urban Energy. London: Earthscan, ch. 12.Google Scholar
Bai, X., Surveyer, A., Elmqvist, T. et al. (2016a). Defining and advancing systems approach for sustainable cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 23, 6978.Google Scholar
Bai, X., van der Leeuw, S., O’Brien, K. et al. (2016b). Plausible and desirable future in the Anthropocene: A new research agenda. Global Environmental Change, 39, 351362.Google Scholar
Bai, X., Dawson, R. J., Ürge-Vorsatz, D. et al. (2018). Six research priorities for cities and climate change. Nature, 555, 2325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bai, X., Colbert, M., McPhearson, T., et al. (2019). Networking urban science, policy and practice. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 39, 114122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldasano, J., Soriano, C. and Boada, L. (1999). Emission inventory for greenhouse gases in the City of Barcelona, 1987–1996. Atmospheric Environment, 33(23), 37653775.Google Scholar
Baynes, T. and Müller, D. (2016). A socio-economic metabolism approach to sustainable development and climate change mitigation. In Clift, R. and Druckman, A., eds., Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology. Springer International Publishing, pp. 117135. Available at: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-20571-7_6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baynes, T. M. and Wiedmann, T. (2012). General approaches for assessing urban environmental sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 458464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertaud, A. and Richardson, H. W. (2004). Transit and density: Atlanta, the United States and Western Europe. In Richardson, H. W. and Bae, C.-H. C., eds., Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and the United States. Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Bettencourt, L., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kuhnert, C. and West, G. (2007). Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104, 73017306. Available at: www.pnas.org/content/104/17/7301.full.pdf.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biggs, C., Ryan, C., Bird, J., Trudgeon, M. and Roggema, R. (2014). Visions of Resilience: Design-led Transformation for Climate Extremes. Melbourne: Victorian Eco-Innovation Lab, The University of Melbourne. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/165204.Google Scholar
Biophilic Cities (n.d.). BiophilicCities. Available at: www.biophiliccities.org/.Google Scholar
Birkmann, J., Welle, T., Solecki, W., Lwasa, S. and Garschagen, M. (2016). Boost resilience of small and mid-sized cities. Nature, 537, 605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowen, K. J. and Ebi, K. L. (2015). Governing the health risks of climate change: Towards multi-sector responses. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 8085.Google Scholar
Breuer, A., Janetschek, H. and Malerba, D. (2019). Translating sustainable development goal (SDG) interdependencies into policy advice. Sustainability, 11, 2092.Google Scholar
Brink, E., Aalders, T., Ádám, D. et al. (2016). Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas. Global Environmental Change, 36, 111123.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, H. (2010). Cities and the governing of climate change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35, 229253. Available at: www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-072809-101747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulkeley, H. and Castán Broto, V. (2013). Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38, 361375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulkeley, H. A. and Newell, P. (2015). Governing Climate Change. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
C40 Cities (2018). 19 global cities commit to make new buildings ‘net-zero carbon’ by 2030. C40 Cities: Media. 23 August. Available at: www.c40.org/press_releases/global-cities-commit-to-make-new-buildings-net-zero-carbon-by-2030.Google Scholar
Cheng, J. J. and Berry, P. (2013). Health co-benefits and risks of public health adaptation strategies to climate change: A review of current literature. International Journal of Public Health, 58, 305311.Google Scholar
Cohen, M. J. and Garrett, J. L. (2010). The food price crisis and urban food (in) security. Environment and Urbanization, 22, 467482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corburn, J. (2009). Cities, climate change and urban heat island mitigation: Localising global environmental science. Urban Studies, 46, 413427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crush, J. S. and Frayne, G. B. (2011). Urban food insecurity and the new international food security agenda. Development Southern Africa, 28, 527544.Google Scholar
da Silva, J., Kernaghan, S. and Luque, A. (2012). A systems approach to meeting the challenges of urban climate change. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 4, 125145.Google Scholar
Dobbs, R., Smit, S., Remes, J., Manyika, J., Roxburgh, C. and Restrepo, A. (2011). Urban World: Mapping the Economic Power of Cities. McKinsey Global Institute. Available at: www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Urbanization/Urban%20world/MGI_urban_world_mapping_economic_power_of_cities_full_report.pdf. Google Scholar
Doherty, M., Nakanishi, H., Bai, X. and Meyers, J. (2009). Relationships between Form, Morphology, Density and Energy in Urban Environments. GEA Background Paper. Canberra: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems. Available at: www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/GEA_Energy_Density_Working_Paper_031009.pdf.Google Scholar
Eames, M., Dixon, T., Hunt, M. and Lannon, S., eds. (2017). Retrofitting Cities for Tomorrow’s World. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013). Towards the Circular Economy: Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition. Cowes: Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Available at: www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf.Google Scholar
Elmqvist, T., Setälä, H., Handel, S. N. et al. (2015). Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14, 101108.Google Scholar
Fankhauser, S. and McDermott, T. K. J. (2014). Understanding the adaptation deficit: Why are poor countries more vulnerable to climate events than rich countries? Global Environmental Change, 27, 918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2019). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019: Safeguarding Against Economic Slowdowns and Downturns. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: www.fao.org/3/ca5162en/ca5162en.pdf.Google Scholar
Foster, J., Lowe, A. and Winkelman, S. (2011). The Value of Green Infrastructure for Urban Climate Adaptation. Washington, DC: The Center for Clean Air Policy. Available at: https://ccap.org/resource/the-value-of-green-infrastructure-for-urban-climate-adaptation/.Google Scholar
Frantzeskaki, N., Buchel, S., Spork, C., Ludwig, K. and Kok, M. T. (2019). The multiple roles of ICLEI: Intermediating to innovate urban biodiversity governance. Ecological Economics, 164, 106350.Google Scholar
Fünfgeld, H. (2015). Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 6773.Google Scholar
Gaziulusoy, I. and Ryan, C. (2017). Shifting conversations for sustainability transitions using participatory design visioning. The Design Journal, 20, suppl. 1, S1916S1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GcoM (Global Covenant of Mayors) (2019). The founding partners. Global Covenant of Mayors. Available at: www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/about/.Google Scholar
Geneletti, D. and Zardo, L. (2016). Ecosystem-based adaptation in cities. An analysis of European urban climate adaptation plans. Land Use Policy, 50, 3847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaeser, E. (2011). Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier and Happier. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R. et al. (2010). Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327, 812818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godschalk, D. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4, 136143.Google Scholar
Gouldson, A., Colenbrander, S., Sudmant, A. et al. (2015). Accelerating Low-Carbon Development in the World’s Cities. Working Paper. The New Climate Economy. Washington, DC: The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. Available at: http://newclimateeconomy.report/workingpapers/.Google Scholar
Grimmond, C. S. B. (2011). Climate of cities. In Douglas, I., Goode, D., Houck, M. and Wang, R., eds., Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 103119.Google Scholar
Grübler, A. and Fisk, D. (2013). Energizing Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Grubler, A., Bai, X., Buettner, T. et al. (2012). Urban energy systems. In Johansson, T. B., Patwardhan, A., Nakicenovic, N. and Gomez-Echeverri, L., eds., Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13071400. Available at: www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/Chapte18.en.html.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güneralp, B., Güneralp, İ. and Liu, Y. (2015). Changing global patterns of urban exposure to flood and drought hazards. Global Environmental Change, 31, 217225.Google Scholar
Hallegatte, S. (2009). Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change. Global Environmental Change, 19, 240247.Google Scholar
Hallegatte, S., Hourcade, J. and Ambrosi, P. (2007). Using climate analogues for assessing climate change economic impacts in urban areas. Climatic Change, 82, 4760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallegatte, S., Henriet, F. and Corfee-Morlot, J. (2011). The economics of climate change impacts and policy benefits at city scale: A conceptual framework. Climatic Change, 104, 5187.Google Scholar
Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R. and Corfee-Morlot, J. (2013). Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3, 802806.Google Scholar
Hammer, S., Kamal-Chaoui, L., Robert, A. and Plouin, M. (2011). Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework. OECD Regional Development Working Papers 2011/08. OECD Publishing. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg0tflmzx34-en. Google Scholar
Hanson, S., Nicholls, R., Ranger, N. et al. (2011). A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Climatic Change, 104, 89111.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (2012). Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Hillman, T. and Ramaswami, A. (2010). Greenhouse gas emission footprints and energy use benchmarks for eight U.S. cities. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 19021910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, C., Barnett, A., Wang, X., Vaneckova, P., FitzGerald, G. and Tong, S. (2011). Projecting future heat-related mortality under climate change scenarios: A systematic review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 16811690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulme, M. (2009). Why We Disagree about Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, A. and Watkiss, P. (2011). Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: A review of the literature. Climatic Change, 104, 1349.Google Scholar
ICLEI Global (n.d.). ICLEI Global. Available at: www.iclei.org/.Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2008). World Energy Outlook 2008. Paris: International Energy Agency. Available at: www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2008.Google Scholar
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Pattner, G.-K. et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2014). Summary for Policymakers. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 °C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Edited by Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O. et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.Google Scholar
Isaac, M. and van Vuuren, D. (2009). Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change. Energy Policy, 37, 507521.Google Scholar
Jacobs, K. and Williams, S. (2011). What to do now? Tensions and dilemmas in responding to natural disasters: A study of three Australian state housing authorities. International Journal of Housing Policy, 11, 175193.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, J. R., Laube, F. B. and Newman, P. (1999). An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities, 1960–1990. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Kreimer, A., Arnold, M. and Carlin, A. (2003). Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
La Greca, P., La Rosa, D., Martinico, F. and Privitera, R. (2011). Agricultural and green infrastructures: The role of non-urbanised areas for eco-sustainable planning in a metropolitan region. Environmental Pollution, 159, 21932202.Google Scholar
Leach, M., Reyers, B., Bai, X. et al. (2018). Equity and sustainability in the Anthropocene: A social–ecological systems perspective on their intertwined futures. Global Sustainability, 1. DOI: 10.1017/sus.2018.12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee-Smith, D. (2010). Cities feeding people: An update on urban agriculture in equatorial Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 22, 483499.Google Scholar
Lenzen, M. and Peters, G. (2010). How city dwellers affect their resource hinterland. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14, 7390.Google Scholar
Lenzen, M., Dey, C. and Foran, B. (2004). Energy requirements of Sydney households. Ecological Economics, 49, 375399.Google Scholar
Lin, T., Yu, Y., Bai, X., Feng, L. and Wang, J. (2013). Greenhouse gas emissions accounting of urban residential consumption: A household survey based approach. PLoS ONE, 8, e55642.Google Scholar
Marcotullio, P., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., Schulz, N. and Garcia, J. (2013). The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: An exploratory analysis. Climatic Change, 121, 621634.Google Scholar
McDonald, R., Green, P., Balk, D. et al. (2011). Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 63126317.Google Scholar
McEvoy, D., Lindley, S. and Handley, J. (2006). Adaptation and mitigation in urban areas: Synergies and conflicts. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 159, 185191.Google Scholar
McGranahan, G., Bulk, D. and Anderson, B. (2007). The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanization, 19, 1737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMichael, A. J., Friel, S., Nyong, A. and Corvalan, C. (2008). Global environmental change and health: Impacts, inequalities, and the health sector. BMJ, 336, 191194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPhearson, T., Iwaniec, D. M. and Bai, X. (2017). Positive visions for guiding urban transformations toward sustainable futures. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 22 , 18.Google Scholar
Meadows, D. (1999). Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System. Hartland, VT: The Sustainability Institute. Available at: http://donellameadows.org/archives/leverage-points-places-to-intervene-in-a-system.Google Scholar
Mi, Z., Zhang, Y., Guan, D. et al. (2016). Consumption-based emission accounting for Chinese cities. Applied Energy, 184, 10731081.Google Scholar
Minx, J., Wiedmann, T., Wood, R. et al. (2009). Input–output analysis and carbon footprinting: An overview of applications. Economic Systems Research, 21, 187216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minx, J., Baiocchi, G., Wiedmann, T. et al. (2013). Carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK. Environmental Research Letters, 8, 035039.Google Scholar
Moser, C. and Satterthwaite, D. (2009). Toward pro-poor adaptation to climate change in the urban centers of low- and middle-income countries. In Mearns, R. and Norton, A., eds., The Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 231258. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2689/520970PUB0EPI11C010disclosed0Dec091.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Müller, D., Liu, G., Løvik, A. et al. (2013). Carbon emissions of infrastructure development. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 1173911746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munang, R., Thiaw, I., Alverson, K., Liu, J. and Han, Z. (2013). The role of ecosystem services in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5, 4752.Google Scholar
Nagendra, H., Bai, X., Brondizio, E. S. and Lwasa, S. (2018). The urban south and the predicament of global sustainability. Nature Sustainability, 1, 341.Google Scholar
Nansai, K., Kagawa, S., Suh, S., Fujii, M., Inaba, R. and Hashimoto, S. (2009). Material and energy dependence of services and its implications for climate change. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 42414246.Google Scholar
Newell, P. and Mulvaney, D. (2013). The political economy of the ‘just transition’. The Geographical Journal, 179, 132140.Google Scholar
Newman, P. (2017). The rise and rise of renewable cities. Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2, 15.Google Scholar
Newton, P. W. (2013). Regenerating cities: Technological and design innovation for Australian suburbs. Building Research & Information, 41, 575588.Google Scholar
Newton, P., Prasad, D., Sproul, A. and White, S., eds. (2019). Decarbonising the Built Environment: Charting the Transition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
OECD (2016). GDP long-term forecast [indicator]. OECD.org. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm#indicator-chart:10.1787/d927bc18-en.Google Scholar
Oreskes, N. and Conway, E. M. (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. London: Bloomsbury Press.Google Scholar
Pelling, M. and Garschagen, M. (2019). Put equity first in climate adaptation. Nature, 569, 327329.Google Scholar
Pelling, M., Leck, H., Pasquini, L. et al. (2018). Africa’s urban adaptation transition under a 1.5° climate. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 31, 1015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, Y. and Bai, X. (2018). Experimenting towards a low-carbon city: Policy evolution and nested structure of innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 174, 201212.Google Scholar
Peng, Y., Wei, Y. and Bai, X. (2019). Scaling urban sustainability experiments: Contextualization as an innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 302312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramaswami, A., Hillman, T., Janson, B., Reiner, M. and Thomas, G. (2008). A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 64556461.Google Scholar
Ramaswami, A., Chavez, A., Ewing-Thiel, J. and Reeve, K. (2011). Two approaches to greenhouse gas emissions foot-printing at the city scale. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 42054206.Google Scholar
Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D. E., Aragón-Durand, F. et al. (2014). Urban areas. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 535612. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. (2010) Prioritizing climate change adaptation and local level resilience in Durban, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 22, 397413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockefeller Foundation (n.d.). The City Resilience Framework. 100 Resilient Cities. The Rockerfellar Foundation. Available at: www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/100RC-City-Resilience-Framework.pdf. Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W., Romero-Langao, P., Mehrotra, S., Dhakal, S. and Ali Ibrahim, S., eds. (2018). Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, C. (2005). Sustainable production and consumption systems. In Hargroves, K. and Smith, M., eds., The Natural Advantage of Nations: Business Opportunities, Innovation and Governance in the 21st Century. London: The Natural Edge Project, Earthscan.Google Scholar
Ryan, C. (2013). Eco-acupuncture: Designing and facilitating pathways for urban transformation, for a resilient low-carbon future. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 189199.Google Scholar
Ryan, C., Twomey, P., Gaziulusoy, A. I. and McGrail, S. (2015). Visions 2040: Results from the First Year of Visions and Pathways 2040: Glimpses of the Future and Critical Uncertainties. University of Melbourne, Melbourne: CRC for Low Carbon Living/Victorian Eco-Innovation Lab (VEIL).Google Scholar
Ryan, C., Gaziulusoy, I., McCormick, K. and Trudgeon, M. (2016). Virtual city experimentation: A critical role for design visioning. In Evans, J., Karvonen, A. and Raven, R., eds., The Experimental City. London: Taylor & Francis, ch. 5.Google Scholar
Ryan, C., Twomey, P., Gaziulusoy, I. et al. (2019). Visions, scenarios and pathways for rapid decarbonisation of Australian Cities by 2040. In Newton, P., Presard, D., Sproul, A. and White, S., eds., Decarbonising the Built Environment: Charting the Transition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Rodriguez, R. (2009). Learning to adapt to climate change in urban areas: A review of recent contributions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 201206.Google Scholar
SDSN (Sustainable Development Solutions Network) and IDDRI (Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations). Pathways to Deep Decarbonization: 2014 Report. Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. Available at: www.globalccsinstitute.com/archive/hub/publications/184548/pathways-deep-decarbonization-2014-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Seto, K., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A. et al. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R. and Sokona, Y., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9231000. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter12.pdf.Google Scholar
Shan, Y., Guan, D., Hubacek, K. et al. (2018). City-level climate change mitigation in China. Science Advances, 4, eaaq0390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, S. and Kennedy, C. (2015). Estimating future energy use and CO2 emissions of the world’s cities. Environmental Pollution, 203, 271278.Google Scholar
Solecki, W., Rosenzweig, C., Dhakal, S. et al. (2018). City transformations in a 1.5 °C warmer world. Nature Climate Change, 8, 177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorkin, M. (2013). Twenty Minutes in Manhattan. New York: North Point Press.Google Scholar
Steininger, K., Lininger, C., Droege, S., Roser, D., Tomlinson, L. and Meyer, L. (2014). Justice and cost effectiveness of consumption-based versus production-based approaches in the case of unilateral climate policies. Global Environmental Change, 24, 7587.Google Scholar
Storbjörk, S. and Uggla, Y. (2014). The practice of settling and enacting strategic guidelines for climate adaptation in spatial planning: Lessons from ten Swedish municipalities. Regional Environmental Change, 15, 11331143.Google Scholar
The Lancet Commission (2015). Health and climate change: Policy responses to protect public health. The Lancet, 386, 18611914.Google Scholar
UCLG (United Cities and Local Governments) (2016). The Sustainable Development Goals: What Local Governments Need to Know. United Cities and Local Governments. Available at: www.uclg.org/sites/default/files/the_sdgs_what_localgov_need_to_know_0.pdf.Google Scholar
UN Habitat (2011). Global Report on Human Settlements 2011: Cities and Climate Change. New York: UN Habitat. Available at: http://unhabitat.org/books/cities-and-climate-change-global-report-on-human-settlements-2011/#.Google Scholar
UNISDR (UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) (2015). The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters 1995–2015. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Available at: www.undrr.org/publication/human-cost-weather-related-disasters-1995-2015.Google Scholar
Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Rosenzweig, C., Dawson, R. et al. (2018). Locking in positive climate responses in cities. Nature Climate Change, 8, 174177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, R., Bai, X., Stafford Smith, M. et al. (2018). Sustainable urban systems: Co-design and framing for transformation. Ambio, 47, 5777.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, J., Babaeff, T., Breadsell, J., Byrne, J., Eggleston, J. and Newman, P. (2018). WGV: An Australian urban precinct case study to demonstrate the 1.5 °C agenda including multiple SDGs. Urban Planning, 3, 6481.Google Scholar
Wilbanks, T., Romero Lankao, P., Bao, M. et al. (2007). Industry, settlement and society. In Parry, M., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 357390. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg2-chapter7-1.pdf. Google Scholar
Willems, P., Olsson, J. and Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. (2012). Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfall Extremes and Urban Drainage Systems. London: IWA Publishing.Google Scholar
World Bank (2010a). World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/4387.Google Scholar
World Bank, ed. (2010b). Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda. Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers 63704. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/194831468325262572/Cities-and-climate-change-an-urgent-agenda.Google Scholar
World Green Building Council (2019). Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment surpasses 50 signatories in latest status report. World Green Building Council. 28 May. Available at: www.worldgbc.org/news-media/net-zero-carbon-buildings-commitment-surpasses-50-signatories-latest-status-report.Google Scholar
Yu, P., Xu, R., Abramson, M. J., Li, S. and Guo, Y. (2020). Bushfires in Australia: A serious health emergency under climate change. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4, PE7–E8. Available at: www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(19)30267-0/fulltext.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Bai, X., Mills, F. and Pezzey, J. (2018). Rethinking the role of occupant behavior in building energy performance: A review. Building and Energy, 172, 279294.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×