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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2017

Tim W. Dornis
Tim W. Dornis
Affiliation:
Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany

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Chapter
Information
Trademark and Unfair Competition Conflicts
Historical-Comparative, Doctrinal, and Economic Perspectives
 , pp. 637 - 644
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Absatzmarkt 205, 218, 223, 539–548, 560–563
abus de droit 435–437
acquiescence 335
acquis, European law 535
actio doli 34, 35
act-of-state doctrine 241–243, 465, 531–533
advertising
capacity See Werbekraft
comparative 340, 532–533, 549–550
hidden See advertising, subliminal
market See Werbemarkt
shock 369
subliminal 368, 549
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights See TRIPS Agreement
Akerlof, George A. 289
ALI Principles 228–232, 234–236
Alien Tort Statute (ATS) 464–478
alternatives
rule of 365, 494–497, 511, 541–548, 549–556, 559–560, 562–563, 568–571
American Law Institute’s Intellectual Property: Principles Governing Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Judgments in Transnational Disputes of 2007 See ALI Principles
American Rice test 161–164, 522–525
antidilution See dilution
antisuit injunction 451
antitrust
antitrust/unfair competition merger 315–317
concurrence 563–565
effects test 170, 172–177, 220–225, 315–317, 445–463, 563–565
international 220–225, 249, 250, 433–464, 486, 488, 496, 537
Apollinarisbrunnen judgment (Reichsgericht) 29–31, 55, 310–311, 326
applicable law (typology)
advertising, comparative 549–550
advertising, misleading (deceptive) 549–550
advertising, subliminal 549–550
antitrust/unfair competition concurrence 563–565
breach of contract, inducing 566–571
breach of statutory duties 565–566
bribery of a competitor’s employees 566–571
call for boycotting a market participant 566–571
cold calling 555–556
defamation 566–571
enticing away a competitor’s employees 566–571
falsehood, malicious/injurious 549–550, 566–571
geographical indications 551–553
harassment 553–554
initial-interest confusion 556–560
lottery, bundling of commercial offers with 553–554
passing off (English doctrine) 549–550
postsale communication/competition 549–550
postsale confusion 556–560
privacy, invasion of 555–556
product imitation 560–563
psychological pressure 553–554
spamming, e-mail 555–556
theft of trade secrets 566–571
trade name (work title) infringment 551–553
trademark blurring 556–560
trademark dilution 556–560
trademark infringement, confusion-based theory 549–550, 551–553
trademark infringement, non-confusion-based theories 556–560
trademark infringement, preparatory activity 551–553
trademark tarnishment 556–560
asymmetry of information 288–290
ATS See Alien Tort Statute
Ausstattung See trade dress
Auswirkungsort 495
Auswirkungsprinzip See effects principle
bad faith
registration 40
use 103, 153, 168, 226, 228, 506, 520
bait-and-switch scheme 345, 357, 558, See confusion, initial-interest
Baxter, William 418–421
Beale, Joseph 388
Begehungsort See Einwirkungsort
Berne Convention 259, 260
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works See Berne Convention
best law See better-law approach
better-law approach 257, 258, 420
bilateral act 209, 214–215, 219, 359, 379, 550, 566–571
bilateral tort See bilateral act
Blackstone
Commentaries 106
concept of property 91
Blackstone, William 299
blocking statutes 440
Bluntschli, Johann Caspar 385
blurring 350–353, 556–560
boycott 564, 568
breach of contract, inducing 566
breach of statutory duties 374–375, 496, 556, 565–566
Brewster, Kingman 442
bribery of a competitor’s employees 566, 570
Brown, Ralph S. Jr. 121, 123, 337, 342, 347
bull’s-eye approach 206
Bulova test 151, 159–185, 237, 487–488, 521–533, 560, 572–575
bundle of rights 134, 195, 230, 485
Callmann, Rudolf 156–159
Cambridge Resolution on the Conflict-of-laws Rules on Unfair Competition 212, 225–226, 501, 535
cases analogous to trademarks See trademark, technical
cause of action, transitory 165–166, 242, 478, 521
Cavers, David 391
center of gravity 206
Chamberlin, Edward Hastings 121
characterization 214, 533–538
autonomous 534, 536, 555
Charming Betsy standard 452, 454
Chicago school of economics 123, 305
civilization (of international transacting and commerce) 383, 396, 431
claims against the world at large 300–301, 306, 308, 311, 312
Clark, John Maurice 278
classification See characterization
claw back judgment 440
CLIP Principles 228–232, 234–236
coercion See harassment
Cohen, Felix S. 112–114, 120, 304–305
cold calling 360, 366, 555–556
collision-of-interests principle See marketplace, principle
collision-of-rights approach 262–264, 265–268
comitas approach 268–270
comitas gentium 383–384
comity
doctrine of international comity 381–490
positive comity 462
commercial practice
aggressive 290–293, 360, 366
misleading 290–293
comparative-impairment approach 418
competition
concept of “economic competition” 275–285
dynamics of 278–285
horizontal 285–287, 309–314
integrated model 222, 224, 330, 361–365, 369–370
monopolistic 278
perfect 277
vertical 285–287, 309–314
workable 277–278
concurrence déloyale 16, 28
conflicts justice 388, 391
confusion
bystander 353
downstream 354
initial-interest 341–344, 353, 357–359, 556–560
point-of-sale 341, 353, 356, 556
postsale 127, 180, 331, 341–344, 353–356, 358–359, 370–373, 556–560
status 356, 359
constructive citizenship (Bulova test) 527, 575
consumer
as a citizen 330, 363, 367–370, 379, 555–556
as referee in competition 274, 284, 287, 292, 295, 330, 331, 339, 358, 363, 367–370, 373, 375, 379, 544, 555–556, 560
association 329, 336, 337, 365, 377, 541
decision making 71, 74, 75, 127, 217, 225, 233, 274, 275, 281–283, 284, 286, 287, 310, 312, 314, 315, 317, 329, 330, 339, 340, 341, 348, 349–350, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360–361, 364, 365, 366–367, 372, 373, 375, 493–497, 505, 522, 537, 538, 542–545, 546, 549–556, 558, 559–560, 562, 568–571
decision making, limitations of 293–294
decision making, stages of 287–293
paradigm of the “informed consumer” 283
protection 45, 101, 126, 127, 187, 224, 248, 255, 282, 286, 326–338, 361–365, 367–370, 393, 457, 541
self-determination See consumer, sovereignty
sovereignty 284, 287, 293
content selection (choice-of-law) See jurisdiction selection
contra bones mores See morals and custom
contrefaçon 16
conversion period (trademark litigation) 335
copyright law 107, 124, 142, 238–241, 247, 249, 252, 317–325
act-of-state doctrine 242
common law protection 246
conduct foundation 252
international 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 260, 267, 521
corruption 566
cosmopolitanism See global legal pluralism
costs
consumer search costs 124, 252, 288, 305, 343, 352, 514, 559
of reorientation See costs, of switching
of switching 358, 359, 559, 560
country-of-origin principle 192
Currie, Brainerd 410, 418, 422, 478
cyberlaw 192, 262–264, 265–268
Dawn Donut doctrine 147
de minimis 199, 209–214, 217, 231, 232, 497–498, 501, 507, 508–520, 548
defamation 550, 566, 568
Derenberg, Walter 158
de-Savignization of choice of law 270
designations of origin See geographical indication
deterrence, inverse 462
Deutsch, Erwin 205
dilution 52, 117, 120, 127, 331, 341–344, 350–353, 355, 358–359, 556–560
discriminatory application of regulatory norms 393, 472–474, 487, 489, 515, 524, 546
distinctiveness 350, 353, 356, 359, 558
droit idéal 397, 408, 430, 435–437
droits sacrés de la production et du travail 16
effects principle 9, 72, 73, 170, 172–177, 199, 220–225, 249–251, 315–317, 382, 432, 434, 445–463, 493, 494, 497, 522–525, 539–548, 563–565
effects testing See effects principle
Einwirkungsort 207, 216, 495, 543
Einwirkungsprinzip See Einwirkungsort
Endemann, Wilhelm 25
enticing away a competitor’s employees 215–216, 566, 569–570
Entwicklungsbegünstigung, principle of 44
equity
balancing 520
constructive trust 239
court of equity 79–84, 166
goodwill protection 461
international-individual equity 510–512, 514, 519
law and equity 78–84
market-based right 344–347
trademark register 323–325
Erie doctrine 77, 134–141, 144, 150, 467
espionage, industrial See theft of trade secrets
estoppel doctrine 105
expectations, of the parties See foreseeability of effects
extraterritoriality
“domestic” 147–149, 246–247, 251–256
antitrust 437–455
Bulova test 159–164
common law goodwill extension (Steele progeny) 171–185
common law rights 128–134, 251–256
drawbacks 481–488
enforcement efficiency 481–488
equitable rights limitlessness 238–241
presumption against 244, 470, 475, 478
fairness standard universality 60–63
falsehood
injurious See falsehood, malicious
malicious 550, 568
favor legis fori 451
favor negotii 421
Fikentscher, Wolfgang 281, 309
foreign direct investment 471
foreseeability, of effects 209–214, 501–507, 517
forum non conveniens 478, 536, 574
fraud 10, 13, 14, 25, 79–84, 330
free riding See misappropriation
freedom of trade See Gewerbefreiheit
fruit of labor 107
game theory 419
Gareis, Carl 22
geistiges Eigentum See intellectual property
gemeines Recht 16, 23, 28, 34
genuine link 435, 436
geographical indication 375–378, 551–553
German common law See gemeines Recht
German Customs Union See Zollverein
Gewerbefreiheit 11
Ginsburg, Jane C. 240, 258
Gleichrang, trademark/unfair competition law 329
global legal pluralism 418, 425–431
goodwill
“market universality” 128–134
collective goodwill (geographical indication) 376
common law protection, international/transnational 177–185
common law tradition 251–256
continuum of creation and maintenance 379
domestic goodwill 496–497
foreign-based goodwill 496–497
history of passing off 77–93
international unitary goodwill 156–159
navigation 347, 349–350, 358–359, 377, 553, 556–560
product reputation 562
propertization and repropertization 110–127
realist attack 110–127
right/markets connex 94–110
situs 563
surplus 342–343, 347, 350–359, 372, 377, 553, 556–560, 563
trade diversion 94–110
trademark-as-property paradigm 110–127, 187, 305
transnational/international misappropriation 152–156
uniform body of transnational goodwill 485
grace period, for nonuse 324
Gran Canaria
case and doctrine 208, 218, 496, 539–548, 557
conundrum 539–548
guild system See Zünfte, System der Zünfte
Guzman, Andrew 421–425
Hagens, Alfred 52, 57–62
Hand, Billings Learned 88, 114–117, 239, 390, 449–450, 453
harassment 366–367, 379
Hayek, Friedrich August von 279, 311
Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb 302–303
Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. 111, 114–117, 132–134, 143, 169, 255, 267, 303
Holmes/Hand doctrine 114–117
Hopkins, James Love 87, 101
Huber, Ulrich 191, 254, 384, 398–399, 423
hybridization, of norms 466–469
imitation claim See advertising, comparative
immaterial goods See Immaterialgüter
Immaterialgüter 318
information
economization 126, 131, 233, 287–294, 334, 335, 337, 339–348, 355, 360–361, 369, 372, 373
infrastructure See market, market-information infrastructure
processing 290–293
theory of information economics 288
transmission 288–290, 291–293
infringement
confusion-based theory 339–341, 344–348, 349–350, 358–359, 549–550
non-confusion-based theories 341–348, 350–359, 377, 511, 557
injunction See injunctive relief
injunctive relief 79, 85, 142, 147, 296, 297, 298, 335, 336, 374, 498, 516
INS See International News Service
Institut de Droit International See Cambridge Resolution on the Conflict-of-laws Rules on Unfair Competition
intellectual property 193–203
bundle of rights 484–486
categorization 251–256, 317–325, 342–344
conflicts principles (academic suggestions) 226–236
extraterritoriality 237–251
geographical indications (hybridity) 376–378
incentive structures 317–325, 342–344
international system of protection 60
natural rights conception 18
product imitation (“quasi IP rights”) 370–373
segmentation 484–486
substantivism 256–268
territoriality 237–251
uniformity 317–325
intent, of defendant 80, 81, 211–214, 217, 505–507, 517–518, 547–548
interest analysis (choice of law) 268, 411, 418–421
International News Service 110, 303, 310, 314
international-privatrechtliche Gerechtigkeit See conflicts justice
IP rights See intellectual property
ius commune 261
ius cosmopoliticum 396–398, 417, 479
Japanese Transparency Proposal 228–232, 234–236
Jessup, Philip C. 396–398, 409–410
Joerges, Christian 268–270
Joint Recommendation See WIPO Recommendation
Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Marks, and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet See WIPO Recommendation
Juenger, Friedrich K. 190, 256, 262
Jüngel, Friedrich 38
jurisdiction
diversity-of-citizenship 136
personal 55, 65, 171, 459, 472–474, 487, 524, 531, 574
subject-matter 159–170, 171–185, 251, 271, 472, 487, 493, 521, 573
universal 470, 477
jurisdiction selection (choice-of-law) 389, 391
Kahn, Franz 191, 491
Katzenbach, Nicholas de Belleville 186
Kauf im Ausland decision See Gran Canaria
Kegel, Gerhard 391, 406
Kidd/Derringer doctrine 90–93, 127
Kindersaugflaschen doctrine 68–71, 207–208, 543
Kohler, Josef 15, 21–24, 34, 36, 37, 53, 57, 318
Konsumentensouveränität See consumer, sovereignty
Kramer, Larry 418–421
Kronstein, Heinrich 393
Kummer, Max 308–309
laches 335
law merchant 396, 467
law of the protecting country See lex loci protectionis
Leflar, Robert 257
legal certainty 45, 91, 324, 421, 435, 503
legal community of nations (Savigny) See völkerrechtliche Gemeinschaft (Savigny)
lex causae 416
lex domicilii communis 71, 205, 256, 481, 531
lex fori 192, 214, 268, 404, 411, 419
lex lata 539
lex loci delicti commissi 64, 68, 222, 412, 567
lex loci protectionis 7, 9, 72, 74, 188, 195, 198, 203, 231, 494, 539, 551, 552, 557, 558, 560, 561
lex mercatoria 261, 396
licensing agreement 335
limitation 335
lingua franca 267
Lobe, Adolf 56
Locke, John 107–108, 301
locus delicti rule See lex loci delicti commissi
Lohengrin
“legal Lohengrin” 464, 476
lois d’application immédiate 389, 413
lottery, bundling of commercial offers with a 554
Lotus case 434–435
Lowenfeld, Andreas F. 443–445
Luhmann, Niklas 426
Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks 60
Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods 60
Magnus, Julius 38
Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao 385
Mann, Frederick A. 436
Mannington Mills balancing (antitrust) See Timberlane balancing (antitrust)
market
analysis, technique and factors 504–505
disruption 564
disturbance See market, disruption
language 289, 339, 340
market for lemons 289
market mechanism 310, 311, 330, 339, 348, 362, 365, 369, 370, 373
market mechanism, triangular structure 285–287, 370
market information capital 201, 325, 334, 343, 344–347, 349–350, 372, 520, 557, 560, 563
market information infrastructure 75, 124, 125, 192, 225, 273, 288, 317, 325–348, 349, 358, 359, 360, 492–494, 514, 525, 537, 542, 549–556
merger of markets 545–548
marketplace
marketplace (effects) rule See marketplace, principle
principle 68–71, 188, 190, 203–214, 215, 492, 493, 496, 497, 538–548, 553, 564, 567, 569, 570
market-related act 209, 214, 215, 315
Marktbehinderung and Marktstörung See market, disruption
Max Planck Institute’s Principles on Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property of 2011 See CLIP Principles
McBee test 161–164
merchandising 127, 556
Merryman, John Henry 428
Minor, Raleigh C. 137
misappropriation 126–127, 178, 305, 310, 351, 352, 370, 372, 556–563
transnational goodwill misappropriation 152–156
Mohl, Robert von 15
monopoly 276
“plain monopoly” 80
monopoly phobia 113, 122
state-granted 9, 20, 62
morals and custom 33
mosaic approach 498
multilateralism 191, 195, 246, 251, 256, 269, 389, 393, 409, 414, 494, 521, 564
natural law 16, 18, 21, 106, 240
neminem laedere 313–314
neo-statutist theory 268
nerve-center approach 240–241, 258
Neumayer, Karl 413
Nims, Harry D. 150
noninterference, principle of 436, 438
nonintervention, principle of See noninterference, principle of
notice, constructive (Lanham Act) 145, 146, 148
Nussbaum doctrine 64–68, 70
Nussbaum, Arthur 256, 387, 481, 531
Nussbaum/Stahlexport doctrine See Nussbaum doctrine
oligopoly See monopoly
ordre public 409, 414
international 415–417
transnational 415
par conditio concurrentium 313, 374, 545
parasitism See misappropriation
Paris Convention 5, 60, 148, 152, 192, 193, 260, 312, 535
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property See Paris Convention
passing off 78–90, 113, 169, 326, 334, 349
“classical trinity” of passing off 364
English doctrine 364–365, 550, 562
patent law 16, 56, 59, 107, 124, 142, 237, 238, 247, 249, 252, 317–325, 379
common law protection 246
conduct foundation 252
international 59, 238, 242, 243, 244, 267
personality rights 15, 21–24, 27, 115, 157, 299, 307, 379
“upgrading” of rights 57
consumer’s “economic personality right” 367–370
detachment of trademark rights 95–99
immaterial goods (Immaterialgüter) distinction 318–319
privilege/personality dichotomy 32–39
worldwide scope of rights 53–57, 61
Pickett, Charles 120
place-of-business rule 65
place-of-conduct rule 65, 66
poaching of foreign employees See enticing away a competitor’s employees
polypoly See monopoly
Pound, Roscoe 300
praesumptio similitudinis 407
predictability, of effects See foreseeability, of effects
preparatory activity 70, 208, 543, 551
prescription See limitation
principle of good faith, public international law 437
principle of trademark promotion and fostering See Entwicklungsbegünstigung, principle of
prisoner’s dilemma 420
privacy protection 360, 366–367, 379, 555–556
private attorney general 337, 448, 449, 457–463
private/public law distinction 245, 392, 411, 413
private law order 501–503
privilege See monopoly, state-granted
product imitation 306, 356, 370–373, 556, 560–563
propriété de son auteur 16
propriété industrielle 16
propriété intellectuelle See intellectual property
propriété littéraire et artistique 16
psychological pressure 360, 368, 553
qualification See characterization
Rabel, Ernst 537
Rappeport, Jack J. 206
realism, legal 76, 110–127, 304, 305, 388, 392
realist attack See realism, legal
Recht höherer Ordnung 41
recognition among the consuming public 46, 62, 253
regime of higher order and hierarchy See Recht höherer Ordnung
rent transfer 186
replication claim See advertising, comparative
Restatement (First) of Conflict of Laws 388
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws 258, 390
Restatement (Second) of Foreign Relations Law 442
Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law 390, 443, 445
Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition 298, 312, 326, 549
rights analogous to trademarks See trademark, technical
root copy doctrine 238–240
rule of reason
jurisdictional 442–445
Timberlane/Wells Fargo 161, 162, 173
sales market See Absatzmarkt
samaritan, myth of the public samaritan 337
Sandrock, Otto 198
Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 270, 384, 385, 389, 397, 399, 402–406, 413–415, 418–421, 423, 478, 490, 491, 494
Scalia, Antonin 390, 452, 453, 467
Schechter, Frank I. 102, 115, 117–121, 350
Schechter, Roger E. 147–149, 246–247
Schricker, Gerhard 221
Selbstgenügsamkeit, of the trademark register 45
self-sufficiency of the trademark register See Selbstgenügsamkeit, of the trademark register
selling below production costs 563–565
separate attachment 413–415
shockvertising See advertising, shock
single-governing-law approach See substantivism
Sitte See morals and custom
Smith, Adam 279
soft law, principles of choice-of-law 225–236
Sonderanknüpfung See separate attachment
spamming, e-mail 366, 555
statutism 389
Stauffer doctrine 148
Steindorff, Ernst 257–258
Stigler, George J. 288
Story, Joseph 384, 400–402, 490
subjective right, civil law paradigm 305–309
substantivism 256–268
tarnishment 350–353, 556–560
Tea Rose/Rectanus doctrine 77, 90, 95, 102–110, 127, 129–134, 142, 145, 148, 149–151, 167, 169, 177–185, 247–249
telle quelle, acknowledgement of foreign rights 266
territoriality
“intrinsic” 248
“political” 248
civil law doctrine 193–203
of rights 53–60, 72, 128–134, 149, 190, 193–203, 229, 230, 238, 244–246
of rights, segmentation 484–486
quasi continental (US doctrine) 244–246
unfair competition law 64
theft of trade secrets 219–220, 235, 306, 566, 570–571
Timberlane balancing (antitrust) 440–441, 450
trade diversion 88, 94–102, 126, 178, 182, 349
trade dress 32, 40, 46, 56, 230
trademark
“grounded intangibility of rights” 321–325
“nonformalism and nonterritoriality” of rights 149–151
abandonment 105, 325
cancellation 325
coexistence 335
depropertization 329–331, 531–533
market-based right 102–110, 167, 186, 201, 324, 344–347
multifunctionality 49
propertization 46–52, 78–84, 110–121, 126–127, 186–189, 190, 301–305
propertization, international 185–186, 265–268, 487–488
technical 84–90, 91–92
trademark-as-property paradigm 110–127, 187, 305, 318, 330, 342, 353, 553
universality of rights 53–60, 90–93, 128–134
upgraded right 36–39
transnational law, hybridity and universality 397, 409–410, 427, 429, 466–469
TRIPS Agreement 5, 192, 259, 260, 535
Troller, Alois 197, 198
Troller, Kamen 204
trust, constructive 239
Ulmer, Eugen 42–46, 50, 62, 201, 323, 326, 334, 344
unclean hands 335
unfair competition law
desocialization 329–331
socialization 50–52
trinity of purposes 224
universality of fairness standards 60–63
Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy 261
unilateral conflicts rule See unilateralism
unilateralism 192, 493, 521–533, 536
unjust enrichment See misappropriation
unlawful scheme 164–169, 179
Vanity Fair test 161–164, 177, 508, 522, 523
Verkehrsgeltung See recognition among the consuming public
vested rights approach (Beale) 388
völkerrechtliche Gemeinschaft (Savigny) 402–406
Vorrangthese 328
welfare maximization 421–425, 473
well-known marks doctrine 152–156
Wells Fargo/Timberlane test 161–164
Weltrecht 397, 406–407, 410, 431
Wengler, Wilhelm 221, 223, 413
Werbekraft 42–44
Werbemarkt 208, 218, 494–497, 539–548
Westphalian state 417, 426
Wettbewerbsstellung 308–309
WIPO Model Provisions on Protection against Unfair Competition 536
WIPO Recommendation 226–228, 233–234, 510–512
worldmark 156–159
Zitelmann, Ernst 386, 406–407, 410
Zollverein 14
Zünfte, System der Zünfte 10, 39
Zweigert, Konrad 413

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  • Index
  • Tim W. Dornis, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany
  • Book: Trademark and Unfair Competition Conflicts
  • Online publication: 16 February 2017
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  • Index
  • Tim W. Dornis, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany
  • Book: Trademark and Unfair Competition Conflicts
  • Online publication: 16 February 2017
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  • Index
  • Tim W. Dornis, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany
  • Book: Trademark and Unfair Competition Conflicts
  • Online publication: 16 February 2017
Available formats
×