Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T21:34:14.705Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III - Trade in Inorganic Materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2017

D. J. Mattingly
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
V. Leitch
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
C. N. Duckworth
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
A. Cuénod
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
M. Sterry
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
F. Cole
Affiliation:
University College London, Qatar
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Amraoui, T. 2013. L’artisanat dans les cités antiques de l’Algérie. Unpublished PhD from the Université Lumière Lyon 2, UMR 5138/CNRS, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, France.Google Scholar
Aston, B., Harrell, J. and Shaw, I. 2000. Stone. In Nicholson, P. and Shaw, I. (eds), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 577.Google Scholar
Ayoub, M.S. 1967. Excavations in Germa between 1962 to 1966. Tripoli: Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
Barth, H. 1858 [1890]. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. London: Ward, Lock and Co.Google Scholar
Ballirano, P. and Maras, A. 2006. Mineralogical characterization of the blue pigment of Michelangelo’s fresco ‘The Last Judgment’. American Mineralogist 91: 9971005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulogne, S. and Henderson, J. 2009. Indian glass in the Middle East? Medieval and Ottoman glass bangles from central Jordan. Journal of Glass Studies 51: 5375.Google Scholar
Bourhis, J.-R. 1983. Résultats des analyses d’objets en cuivre, bronze, laiton et des résidus de métallurgie antique d’Afrique. In Echard, 1983, 127–52.Google Scholar
Bruce–Lockhart, J. and Wright, J. (eds). 2000. Difficult and Dangerous Roads: Hugh Clapperton’s Travels in Sahara and Fezzan 1822–1825. London: Sickle Moon Books.Google Scholar
Bubenzer, O., Bolten, A. and Darius, F. (eds). 2007. Atlas of Cultural and Environmental Change in Arid Africa. [Africa Praehistorica 21]. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth Institute.Google Scholar
Charlton, M.F., Blakelock, E., Martinón-Torres, M. and Young, T. 2012. Investigating the production provenance of iron artefacts with multivariate methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 2280–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, F. 2013a. Small finds reports. In Mattingly, 2013a, 455–72.Google Scholar
Cole, F. 2013b. Catalogue of small finds. In Mattingly, 2013a, 793840.Google Scholar
Cole, F., Hoffmann, B., Parton, H., Sauer, E. and Mattingly, D.J. 2007. Fazzan Project survey small finds report. In Mattingly, 2007, 463–99.Google Scholar
Condamin, J. and Boucher, S. 1973. Recherches techniques sur des bronzes de Gaule romaine, IV. Gallia 31.1: 157–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craddock, P.T. 1978. The composition of the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations: 3. The origins and early use of brass. Journal of Archaeological Science 5.1: 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuénod, A., Duckworth, C. and Mattingly, D.J. (eds). Forthcoming. Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume III. Series editor Mattingly, D.J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and The Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Daniels, C.M. 1989. Excavation and fieldwork amongst the Garamantes. Libyan Studies 20: 4561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darnell, D. 2002. Gravel of the desert and broken pots in the road: ceramic evidence from the routes between the Nile and Kharga Oasis. In Friedman, 2002, 156–77.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. 2002. Theban Desert Road Survey in Egyptian Western Desert. Vol. 1. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications.Google Scholar
Dayton, J.E. and Dayton, A. 1986. Use and limitations of lead isotopes in archaeology. In Olin, J.S. and Blackman, M.J. (eds), Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium, Smithsonian, Washington, DC, May 14–18, 1984, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1342.Google Scholar
Denham, D. and Clapperton, H. 1826. Narration of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822–1824. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
De Michele, V. and Piacenza, B. 1999. L’amazzonite di Eghei Zuma (Tibesti settentrionale, Libia). Sahara 11: 109–12.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N. 1996. Part 2. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey pottery. In Barker, G., Gilbertson, D., Jones, B. and Mattingly, D. (eds.), Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey, Vol. 2: Gazetteer and Pottery, UNESCO/Society for Libyan Studies: Paris/London, 319–89.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N., Leone, A. and Hawthorne, J. 2007. Section 41. The Fazzan project: The pottery type series. In Mattingly, 2007, 305431.Google Scholar
Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds). 2011. Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Cuénod, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2015. Non-destructive µXRF analysis of glass and metal objects from sites in the Libyan pre-desert and Fazzan. Libyan Studies 46: 1434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Mattingly, D.J. and Smith, V.C. Forthcoming a. From the Mediterranean to the Libyan Sahara. Chemical analyses of Garamantian glass. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.02.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Mattingly, D.J., Chenery, S. and Smith, V.C. Forthcoming b. End of line? Glass bangles, technology, recycling and trade in Islamic North Africa. Journal of Glass Studies 58.Google Scholar
Durali-Müller, S. 2005. Roman lead and copper mining in Germany: their origin and development through time, deduced from lead and copper isotope provenance studies. Unpublished PhD thesis, Frankfurt: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L., Kusimba, C.M., Gogte, V., Kusimba, S.B., Gratuze, B., and Oka, R. 2008. The trading of ancient glass beads: New analytical data from south Asian and east African soda-alumina glass beads. Archaeometry 50: 797821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Echard, N. 1983 (ed.). Métallurgies africaines: Nouvelles contributions. Mémoires de la Société des Africanistes 9. Paris: Société des africanistes.Google Scholar
Farquhar, R.M. and Vitali, V. 2009. Lead isotope Analyses of Punic and Roman Artifacts. Geophysics Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto. Unpublished Report, 3p.Google Scholar
Fenn, T. 2006. Copper metallurgy and Trans-Saharan commerce: report on summer 2006 field research in the western Agadez region, central Niger. Nyame Akuma 66: 2534.Google Scholar
Fenn, T.R., Killick, D.J., Chesley, J., Magnavita, S. and Ruiz, J. 2009. Contacts between West Africa and Roman North Africa: archaeometallurgical results from Kissi, Northeastern Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, S. et al. (eds), Crossroads Carrrefour/Sahel. Cultural and Technological Developments in the First Millennium BC/AD West Africa, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag, 119–46.Google Scholar
Fontana, S. 1995. I manufatti romani nei corredi funerari del Fezzan. Testimonia dei commerci e della cultura dei Garamanti (I-III sec. d.C.). In Trousset, P. (ed.), Productions et exportations africaines: actualié archéologiques en Afrique du Nord antique et mediévale. VI colloque international sur l’histoire et l’archéologie de l’Afrique du nord (PAU, octobre 1993, 118e congrès), Paris: CNRS, 405–20.Google Scholar
Foster, H.E. and Jackson, C.M. 2009. The composition of ‘naturally coloured’ late Roman vessel glass from Britain and the implications for models of glass production and supply. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 189204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, P. Jr. 2002a. Asia’s Maritime Bead Trade: 300 BC to the Present. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Francis, P. Jr. 2002b. Beads. In Bacharach, J.L. (ed.), Fustat Finds: Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collection, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1231.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 1994. Appendix: chemical analyses of ‘raw’ glass fragments. In Hurst, H.R. (ed.), Excavations at Carthage. The British Mission Volume II.1, London: The British Academy and Oxford University Press, 290.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 2006. Glass production in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period: a geochemical perspective. In Maggetti, M. and Messiga, B. (eds.), Geomaterials in Cultural Heritage, London: The Geological Society, 210–16.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C., Wolf, S. and Thirlwall, M. 2005. The production of HIMT glass: elemental and isotopic evidence. Annales du 16e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre : 153–57.Google Scholar
Friedman, R. (ed.) 2002. Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Förster, F. 2007. The Abu Ballas Trail. A Pharaonic donkey-caravan route in the Libyan Desert (SW-Egypt). In Bubenzer, et al. 2007, 130–33.Google Scholar
Förster, F., Riemer, H. Mahir, M. with Darius, F. 2013. Donkeys to El-Fasher or how the present informs the past. In Förster, and Riemer, 2013, 193218.Google Scholar
Förster, F. and Riemer, H. (eds). 2013. Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond. Africa Praehistorica 27. Cologne: Heinrich-Barthe Institute.Google Scholar
Gliozzo, E., Mattingly, D. J., Cole, F. and Artioli, G. 2014. In the footsteps of Pliny: Tracing the sources of Garamantian carnelian from Fazzan, South-west Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science 52: 218–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grébénart, D. 1983. Les métallurgies du cuivre et du fer autour d’Agadez (Niger), des origines au début de la période médiévale. Vues générales. In Echard, N. (ed.), Métallurgies Africaines, nouvelles contributions, Paris: Mémoires de la Société des Africanistes 9, 109125.Google Scholar
Grébénart, D. 1995. La métallurgie préhistorique d’Agadez (Niger): Etat des recherches. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 92.3: 399409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, S. 1998. Nevasa: A type-site for the study of Indo-Roman trade in Western India. South Asian Studies 14: 87102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatton, G.D., Shortland, A.J. and Tite, M.S. 2008. The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millennium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1591–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, G. and Moorey, P.R.S. 1983. Lazuli, Lapis. In Edzard, D.O. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Vol. 6, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B., Mattingly, D.J., Tagart, C., Cole, F. and Wild, J.P. 2010. Non-ceramic finds from CMD’s excavations and the work of M.S. Ayoub. In Mattingly, 2010, 411–88.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B. 2013a. Discussion of the glass from Old Jarma. In Mattingly, 2013a, 409–19.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B. 2013b. Catalogue of glass from the FP excavations at Jarma. In Mattingly, 2013a, 707–22.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. and Johnson, M. 1986. The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holl, A.F.C. 2009. Early West African metallurgies: new data and old orthodoxy. Journal of World Prehistory 22: 415–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanungo, A.K. and Brill, R.H. 2009. Kopia, India’s first glassmaking site: dating and chemical analysis. Journal of Glass Studies 51: 1125.Google Scholar
Killick, D. 2009. Cairo to Cape: the spread of metallurgy through Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of World Prehistory 22: 399414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killick, D., van der Merwe, N.J., Gordon, R.B. and Grébénart, D. 1988. Reassessment of the evidence for early metallurgy in Niger, West Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 367–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S., Rico, C., Lahaye, Y., von Kaenel, H.-M., Domergue, C. and Brey, G.P. 2007. Copper ingots from the western Mediterranean Sea: chemical characterisation and provenance studies through lead- and copper isotope analyses. Journal of Roman Archaeology 20.1: 202–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuper, R. 2001. By donkey train to Kufra? How Mr Meri went west. Antiquity 75 (290): 801–02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuper, R. 2002. Routes and roots in Egypt’s Western Desert: the early Holocene resettlement of the eastern Sahara. In Friedman, 2002, 112.Google Scholar
Lambert, N. 1983. Nouvelle contribution à l’étude du Chalcolitique de Mauritanie. In Echard, 1983, 6388.Google Scholar
Lankton, J. and Dussubieux, L. 2006. Early glass in Asian maritime trade: a review and an interpretation of compositional analyses. Journal of Glass Studies 48: 121–44.Google Scholar
Leitch, V., Mattingly, D.J., Williams, M., Norry, M.J., Wilkinson, I., Whitbread, I., Stocker, C.P. and Farman, T. 2016. Provenance of clay used in Garamantian ceramics from Jarma, Fazzan region (South-West Libya): A combined geochemical and microfossil analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10: 1–14Google Scholar
Leone, A. 2013a. Pottery from the FP excavations at Jarma. In Mattingly, 2013a, 325408.Google Scholar
Leone, A. 2013b. Pottery catalogues. In Mattingly, 2013a, 683706.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. (ed.) 2006. Aghram Nadharif. The Barkat Oasis (Sha’abiya of Ghat, Libyan Sahara) in Garamantian Times. Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 2011. A view from the south. Sub-Saharan evidence for contacts between North Africa, Mauritania and the Niger 1000 BC – AD 700. In Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds), Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa. London: British Museum Press, 7282.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. (ed.). 1995. Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Marichal, R. 1992. Les ostraca de Bu Njem. Tripoli: Libyan Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Marliere, E. and Torres Costa, J. 2007. Transport et stockage des denrées dans l’Afrique romaine: le rôle de l’outre et du tonneau. In Mrabet, A. and Remesal Rodriguez, J. (eds), In Africa et in Hispania: études sur l’huile africaine, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 85106.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2007. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 2, Site Gazetteer, Pottery and other Survey Finds. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 3, Excavations carried out by C. M. Daniels. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2013a. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2013b. To south and north: Saharan trade in antiquity. In Eckardt, H. and Rippon, S. (eds), Living and Working in the Roman World, Portsmouth (RI): JRA Suppl, 169–90.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Lahr, M., Armitage, S., Barton, H., Dore, J., Drake, N., Foley, R., Merlo, S., Salem, M., Stock, J. and White, K. 2007. Desert Migrations: People, environment and culture in the Libyan Sahara. Libyan Studies 38: 115–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Dore, J. and Lahr, M. (with contributions by others) 2008. DMP II: 2008 fieldwork on burials and identity in the Wadi al–Ajal. Libyan Studies 39: 223–62.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Lahr, M. and Wilson, A. 2009. DMP V: investigations in 2009 of cemeteries and related sites on the west side of the Taqallit promontory. Libyan Studies 40: 95131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Abduli, H., Aburgheba, H., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, Ali Esmaia, M., Baker, S., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Gonzalez Rodriguez, M., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Leitch, V., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Parker, D., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Schörle, K. 2010a. DMP IX: Summary report on the fourth season of excavations of the Burials and Identity team. Libyan Studies 41: 89104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Al-Aghab, S., Ahmed, M., Moussa, F., Sterry, M. and Wilson, A.I. 2010b. DMP X: Survey and landscape conservation issues around the Taqallit headland. Libyan Studies 41: 105–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Abduli, H., Ahmed, M., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Fothergill, B.T., Gonzalez Rodriguez, M., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Nikolaus, J., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Wilson, A.I. 2011 DMP XII: Excavations and survey of the so-called Garamantian Royal Cemetery (GSC030–031). Libyan Studies 42: 89102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Sterry, M. and Thomas, D.C 2013. Jarma in its Saharan context: An urban biography. In Mattingly, 2013a, 503–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeks, N. 1988. A technical study of Roman bronze mirrors. In Ellis Jones, J. (ed.), Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy: Acta of a British School at Athens Centenary Conference at Bangor, 1986, Bangor: Department of Classics, University College of North Wales, 6679.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1969. Le Ma’den Ijafen: une épave cavanière ancienne dans le Majabat al-Koubra. In Actes du premier colloque international d’archéologie africain, Nanterre: Publications de la société d’ethnologie, 286320.Google Scholar
Mori, L. (ed.). 2013. Life and Death of a Rural Village in Garamantian Times. Archaeological Investigations in the Oasis of Fewet (Libyan Sahara). Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Pace, B., Sergi, S. and Caputo, G. 1951. Scavi sahariani. Monumenti Antichi 41: 150549.Google Scholar
Peña, J.T. 1998. The mobilization of state olive oil in Roman Africa: the evidence of late 4th-c. ostraca from Carthage. In J.T. Peña, J.J. Rossiter and A.I. Wilson (eds), Carthage Papers: the Early Colony’s Economy, Water Supply, a Public Bath, and the Mobilization of State Olive Oil, JRA Suppl. Ser. 29. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 117238.Google Scholar
Pollard, A.M., Bray, P., Gosden, C., Wilson, A. and Hamerow, H. 2015. Characterising copper based metals in Britain in the first millennium AD: A preliminary quantification of metal flow and recycling. Antiquity 89.345: 697713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Re, A., Giudice, A.L., Angelici, D., Calusi, S., Giuntini, L., Massi, M. and Pratesi, G. 2011. Lapis lazuli provenance study by means of micro-PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 269.20: 2373–77.Google Scholar
Rico, C., Domergue, C., Rauzier, M., Klein, S., Lahaye, Y., Brey, G. and Von Kaenel, H.M. 2005. La provenance des lingots de cuivre romains de Maguelone (Hérault, France). Étude archéologique et archéométrique. Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise 38.1: 459–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohlfs, G. 2001. Voyages et explorations au Sahara. II Tripoli – Rhadames – Fezzan – Kaouar – Bornou 1865–67. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Rosenberger, B. 1970. Les vieilles exploitations minières et les centres métallurgiques du Maroc; essai de carte historique (1ère partie). Revue de Géographie du Maroc 17: 71108.Google Scholar
Rosenow, D. and Rehren, Th. 2014. Herding cats – Roman to Late Antique glass groups from Bubastis, northern Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 170–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvestri, A. 2008. The coloured glass of Iulia Felix. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1489–501.Google Scholar
Skaggs, S., Norman, N., Garrison, E., Coleman, D. and Bouhlel, S. 2012. Local mining or lead importation in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis? Lead isotope analysis of curse tablets from Roman Carthage, Tunisia. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 970–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skeates, R. 1993. Mediterranean coral: its use and exchange in and around the Alpine region during the later neolithic and copper age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12: 281–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaer, M. 1992. The Islamic glass bracelets of Palestine: preliminary findings. Journal of Glass Studies 34: 4462.Google Scholar
Stern, E.M. 1998. Interaction between glassworkers and ceramicists. In McCray, P. (ed.), Ceramics and Civilisation Volume VIII. The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, Ohio: The American Ceramic Society, 183204.Google Scholar
Sterry, M. and Mattingly, D.J. 2011. DMP XIII: Reconnaissance survey of archaeological sites in the Murzuq area. Libyan Studies 42: 103–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterry, M. and Mattingly, D.J. 2013. Desert Migrations Project XVII: Further AMS dates for historic settlements from Fazzan, South-West Libya. Libyan Studies 44: 127–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterry, M. Mattingly, D.J. and Higham, T. 2012. Desert Migrations Project XVI: Radiocarbon dates from the Murzuq region, Southern Libya. Libyan Studies 43: 137–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stos-Gale, Z., Gale, N.H., Houghton, J. and Speakman, R. 1995. Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry data base 1, ores from the Western Mediterranean. Archaeometry 37.2: 407–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagart, C. 1982. A glass fish beaker from Fezzan. Libyan Studies 13: 81–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tekki, A. 2009. Recherches sur la métallurgie punique, notamment les objets en alliages à base de cuivre à Carthage. Unpublished PhD thesis, Université Aix-Marseille.Google Scholar
Vanacker, C. 1979. Tegdaoust II. Recherches sur Aoudaghost. Fouille d’un Quartier Artisinal. Nouakchott: Institut Mauritanien de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Vanacker, C. 1983. Cuivre et métallurgie du cuivre à Tegdaoust (Mauritanie Orientale). Découvertes et problèmes. In Echard, 1983, 89107.Google Scholar
Van der Sleen, W.G.N. 1956. Trade-wind beads. Man: 27–9.Google Scholar
Willett, F. and Sayre, E.V. 2006. Lead isotopes in West African copper alloys. Journal of African Archaeology 4.1: 5590.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.I. 2012. Saharan trade: Short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks in the Roman period. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47.4: 409–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zerboni, A. and Vignola, P. 2013. Garamantian green stone beads from Fewet. In Mori, 2013, 157–67.Google Scholar

References

Amraoui, T. 2013. L’artisanat dans les cités antiques de l’Algérie. Unpublished PhD thesis., Université Lumière-Lyon 2.Google Scholar
Amraoui, T. and Bonifay, M. (with a contribution from Capelli, C.). Forthcoming. La céramique de la Maison de la Tigresse à Lambèse: premières observations. In Malek, A. (ed.), Les fouilles de la Maison de la Tigresse à Lambèse. Bulletin d’Archéologie Algérienne.Google Scholar
Ballet, P., Bonifay, M. and Marchand, S. 2012. Africa vs Aegyptus: Routes, rythmes et adaptations de la céramique africaine en Égypte. In Guédon, S. (ed.), Entre Afrique et Égypte: relations et échanges entre les espaces au sud de la Méditerranée à l’époque romaine, Bordeaux: Ausonius (Scripta Antiqua 49), 87117.Google Scholar
Ben Moussa, M. 2007. La production de sigillées africaines. Recherches d’histoire et d’archéologie en Tunisie septentrionale et centrale, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona (Instrumenta 23).Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. 2004. Etudes sur la céramique romaine tardive d’Afrique, Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR S1301).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonifay, M. 2013. Africa: patterns of consumption in coastal regions vs. inland regions. The ceramic evidence (300–700 AD). In Lavan, L. (ed.), Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity, Leiden: Brill (Late Antique Archaeology 10), 529566.Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. and Capelli, C. (with the collaboration of Franco, C., Leitch, V., Riccardi, L. and Berni Millet, P.) 2013. Les Thermes du Levant à Leptis Magna: quatre contextes céramiques des IIIe et IVe siècles, Antiquités africaines 49: 67150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonifay, M., Capelli, C., Martin, T., Picon, M. and Vallauri, L. 2003. Le littoral de la Tunisie, étude géoarchéologique et historique (1987–1993): la céramique, Antiquités africaines 38–39: 125202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonifay, M., Capelli, C. and Brun, C. 2012. Pour une approche intégrée archéologique, pétrographique et géochimique des sigillées africaines. In Cavalieri, M., in collaboration with De Waele, E. and Meulumans, L. (eds.), Industria apium. L’archéologie: une démarche singulière, des pratiques multiples. Hommages à Raymond Brulet, Louvain: Université catholique de Louvain, 4162.Google Scholar
Brun, J.-P. 2003. Les pressoirs à vin d’Afrique et de Maurétanie à l’époque romaine. Africa n.s. 1: 730.Google Scholar
Carandini, A. 1983. Pottery and the African economy. In Garnsey, P.D.A., Hopkins, K. and Whittaker, C.R. (eds), Trade in Ancient Economy, London, 4562.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N. 1996. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey pottery. In Barker, G., Gilbertson, D., Jones, B. and Mattingly, D.J. (eds), Farming the Desert. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey, 2. Gazetteer and Pottery, London: UNESCO/Society of Libyan Studies, 318–89.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N., Leone, A. and Hawthorne, J. 2007, The Fazzan project: the pottery type series. In Mattingly, D.J. (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan, Vol. 2. Site Gazetteer, Pottery and Other Survey Finds, London, 305431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dossey, L. 2010. Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.Google Scholar
Felici, F. and Pentiricci, M. 2002. Per una definizione delle dinamiche economiche e commerciali del territorio di Leptis Magna. L’Africa Romana 14: 1875–900.Google Scholar
Fentress, E. 1991. Le materiel. In Mohamedi, A., Benmansour, A., Amamra, A.A. and Fentress, E. (eds), Fouilles de Sétif 1977–1984 Algiers (Bulletin d’Archéologie Algérienne, Suppl. 5), 181267.Google Scholar
Fentress, E. 2013. Diana Veteranorum and the dynamics of an inland economy. In Lavan, L. (ed.), Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity, Leiden: Brill (Late Antique Archaeology 10), 315–42.Google Scholar
Fentress, E., Aït Kaci, A. and Bounssair, N. 1991. Prospections dans le Belezma: rapport préliminaire. In Actes du Colloque International sur l’Histoire de Sétif (Sétif, 8–10 décembre 1990), Algiers (Bulletin d’Archéologie Algérienne, Suppl. 7), 91106.Google Scholar
Fentress, E., Fontana, S., Hitchner, B. and Perkins, P. 2004. Accounting for ARS: fineware and sites in Sicily and Africa. In Alcock, S.E. and Cherry, J.F. (eds), Side-by-Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World, Oxford: Oxbow, 147–62.Google Scholar
Février, P.-A. 1965. Fouilles de Sétif. Les basiliques chrétiennes du quartier nord-ouest. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Filah, M.,1986. Recherches sur les agglomérations antiques, réseau urbain, le paysage rural en Numidie occidentale (Algérie). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aix-en-Provence.Google Scholar
Greene, K. 2008. Consumption and consumerism in the Roman Empire. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 21: 6482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guéry, R. 1970. Stratigraphie. In Février, P.-A. and Gaspary, A., Fouilles de Sétif (1959–1966). Le quartier nord-ouest de Sétif. Rapport préliminaire sur les fouilles effectuées de 1959 à 1964, Algiers (Bulletin d’Archaologie Algérienne, Suppl. 1), 114142.Google Scholar
Guéry, R. 1985. La nécropole orientale de Sitifis (Sétif, Algérie). Fouilles de 1966–1967. Paris: CNRS (Etudes d’Antiquités africaines).Google Scholar
Guéry, R. 1986. Chronologie de quelques établissements de la frontière romaine du sud tunisien à partir de la céramique collectée sur les sites. In Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms III. 13. Internationaler Limeskongress (Aalen, 1983), Stuttgart, 600–04.Google Scholar
Hayes, J.W. 1972. Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Hayes, J.W. 1984, Roman pottery and lamps. In Brogan, O. and Smith, D.J. (eds), Ghirza. A Libyan Settlement in the Roman Period, Rome, 234241.Google Scholar
Heslin, K. 2010, Emerging markets: import replacement in Roman North Africa, In Roma 2008 – International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Meetings between Cultures in the Mediterranean, Rome: MiBAC/AIAC (Bollettino di Archeologia Online I, Volume speciale B / B10 / 6), 5466.Google Scholar
Hitchner, R.B. 1993. Olive production and the Roman economy: the case for intensive growth in the Roman Empire. In Amouretti, M.-C. and Brun, J.-P (eds), La production du vin et de l’huile en Méditerranée, Paris: Ecole Française d’Athènes (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Suppl. 26), 499508.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J. 1969. The Economy of Cities. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Jacquest, H. 2009. Les céramiques du site de la basilique VII. In Baratte, F., Bejaoui, F. and Ben Abdallah, Z., Recherches archéologiques à Haïdra III, Rome: Ecole française de Rome, 181–99.Google Scholar
Kenrick, P.M. 1985. Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice), III,1, The Fine Pottery. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities (Libya Antiqua, Suppl. V).Google Scholar
Ladhari-Labayed, M. 2007. La céramique sigillée claire de l’atelier de Henchir es-Skhrira en Tunisie centrale. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tunis.Google Scholar
Leitch, V. 2014. Fish and ships in the desert? The evidence for Trans-Saharan trade in fish products. In Botte, E. and Leitch, V. (eds), Fish and Ships, Production and Commerce of Salsamenta during Antiquity, Aix-en-Provence: Errance/Centre Camille Jullian, 115–27.Google Scholar
Leone, A. 2013. Pottery from the FP Excavations at Jarma. In Mattingly, D.J. (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan. Vol. 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) carried out by C.M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001), London: The Society for Libyan Studies, 325408.Google Scholar
Lequément, R. 1968. Fouilles à l’amphithéâtre de Tebessa (1965–1968). Algiers (Bulletin d’Archéologie Algéreienne, Suppl. 2).Google Scholar
Lequément, R. 1980. Le vin africain à l’époque impériale. Antiquités africaines 16: 185–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leveau, P. 2014. L’Afrique romaine, résistance et identité, histoire et mémoire. In Ferdi, S. (ed.), L’affirmation de l’identité dans l’Algérie antique et médiévale. Combats et résistances, Alger: CNRA, 3759.Google Scholar
Mackensen, M. 1993. Die spätantiken sigillata- und Lampentöpfereien von El Mahrine (Nordtunesien). Munich : C. H. Beck’sche (Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 50).Google Scholar
Mackensen, M. 2010. Das severische Vexillationskastell Myd(–)/Gheriat el-Garbia am limes Tripolitanus (Libyen), Bericht über die Kampagne 2009. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Rom) 116: 363458.Google Scholar
Mackensen, M. et al. 2011. Das severische Vexillationskastell Myd(–) und die spätantike Besiedlung in Gheriat el-Garbia (Libyen), Bericht über die Kampagne im Frühjahr 2010. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Rom) 117: 247375.Google Scholar
Marlière, E. and Torres Costa, J. 2007. Transport et stockage des denrées dans l’Afrique romaine: le rôle de l’outre et du tonneau. In Mrabet, A. and Remesal Rodríguez, J. (eds), In Africa et in Hispania: Études sur l’Huile Africaine, Barcelona: CEIPAC (Instrumenta 25), 85106.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan, Vol. 3: Excavations of C. M. Daniels. London: The Society for Libyan Studies (Society for Libyan Studies Monograph 8).Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2011. Imperialism, Power and Identity. Experiencing the Roman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2013. To south and north: Saharan trade in antiquity. In Eckhardt, H. and Rippon, S. (eds), Living and Working in the Roman World. Essays in Honour of Michael Fulford on his 65th Birthday, Portsmouth, Rhode Island (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Suppl. 95), 169204.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., al-Aghab, S., Ahmed, M., Moussa, F., Sterry, M. and Wilson, A. 2010. Survey and landscape conservation issues around the Taqallit headland. Libyan Studies 41: 105–32.Google Scholar
Nasr, M. 2005. La sigillée africaine dans la région de la Byzacène du Sud-Ouest : production et circuits commerciaux. Unpublished PhD thesis, Université de Provence.Google Scholar
Neuru, L. 1987. Red slipped wares of southwestern central Tunisia: new evidence. In Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 25–26, Augst: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores, 175–88.Google Scholar
Neuru, L. 1990. Appendix 2: The pottery of the Kasserine Survey. In Hitchner, B. (ed.), The Kasserine Archeological Survey, 1987, Antiquités africaines 26: 231–60.Google Scholar
Panella, C. 1989. Gli scambi nel Mediterraneo occidentale dal IV al VII secolo, dal punto di visto di alcune merci. In Hommes et richesses dans l’Empire byzantin, I, Paris: Lethielleux, 129–41.Google Scholar
Peacock, D.P.S., Bejaoui, F. and Benlazreg, N. 1990. Roman pottery production in Central Tunisia. Journal of Roman Archaeology 3: 5984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quaresma, J.C. 2010. Une hypothèse d’importation de sigillée d’Henchir es-Srira et de Sidi Aïch à Chãos Salgados (Mirobriga?), Portugal? In Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 41, Abingdon: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores, 491–96.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1970. Routes d’Egypte de la Libye intérieure. Studi Magrebini 3: 120.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1997. Les marques d’amphores de Bu Njem (Notes et Documents XII). Libya Antiqua ns 3: 163–74.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R., Deneauve, J., Gassend, J.-M. and Hallier, G. 1967. Bu Njem 1967. Libya Antiqua 3/4: 49137.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R., Gassend, J.-M., Guéry, R. and Hallier, G. 1970a. Bu Njem 1968. Libya Antiqua 6/7: 9106.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R., Gassend, J.-M., Lenne, J. and Rival, M. 1970b. Bu Njem 1970. Libya Antiqua 6/7: 107165.Google Scholar
Schimmer, F. 2012. Amphorae from the Roman fort at Gheriat el-Garbia (Libya). In Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 42, Bonn: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores, 319–25.Google Scholar
Stern, E.M. 1968. Note analytique sur des tessons de sigillée claire ramassés à Henchir es Srira et Sidi Aïch. BABesch 43: 146–54.Google Scholar
Trousset, P. 1974. Recherches sur le limes tripolitanus, du chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne. Paris: CNRS (Etudes d’Antiquités Africaines).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trousset, P. 2003. Le tarif de Zaraï: essai sur les circuits commerciaux dans la zone présaharienne. Antiquités africaines 38–39: 355–74.Google Scholar
Weber, M. and Schmid, S. 2012. Supplying a desert garrison. Pottery from the Roman fort at Gheriat el-Garbia (Libya). In Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 42, Bonn: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores, 327–35.Google Scholar
Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

References

Austen, R.A. 2010. Trans-Saharan Africa in World History. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ballet, P., Bonifay, M. and Marchand, S. 2012. Africa vs Aegyptus: routes, rythmes et adaptations de la céramique Africaine en Egypte. In Guédon, S. (ed.), Entre Afrique et Égypte : relations et échanges entre les espaces au sud de la Méditerranée à l’époque romaine, Bordeaux, Ausonius éditions, 87117.Google Scholar
Barker, G.W.W. (ed.), Farming the Desert. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey, volume 1, Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Barker, G.W.W., Gilbertson, D.D., Hunt, C.O. and Mattingly, D.J. 1996. Romano-Libyan agriculture: integrated models. In Barker, 1996, 265–90.Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. 2004. Etudes sur la céramique romaine tardive d’Afrique. Oxford: BAR International Series 1301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonifay, M. 2013. Africa: patterns of consumption in coastal regions versus inland regions. The ceramic evidence (AD 300–700). In Lavan, L. (ed.), Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland regions in Late Antiquity, Leiden: Brill, 529–66.Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. Forthcoming. Marqueurs ceramiques de l’Afrique Byzantine tardive. In Bockmann, R., Leone, A. and Rummell, P. (eds), From Africa to Ifriqiya: Age of Transition in North Africa, Rome: Palilia (DAI).Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. and Capelli, C. 2013. Les thermes du Levant à Leptis Magna: quatre contextes céramiques des IIIe et IVe siècles. Antiquités Africaines, 49: 67150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonifay, M. and Tchernia, A. 2012. Les réseaux de la céramique africaine (I-V siècle). In Keay, S., Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean, Rome: BSR, 315–33.Google Scholar
Bonifay, M., Capelli, C. and Brun, C. 2012. Pour une approche intégrée archéologique, pétrographique et géochimiques des sigillées Africaines. In Cavalieri, M. (ed.), Industria Apium. L’archéologie: une démande simgulière des pratiques multiples, Louvain: Presses Universitaire, 4161.Google Scholar
Burke, A. 2001. Patterns of animal exploitation at Leptiminus: Faunal remains from the east Baths and from Roman cemetery 10. In Stirling, et al. 2001, 442–56.Google Scholar
Carr, K.E. 2009. Strong local production in Tunisia: supplementing Bonifay from the case of Leptiminus. In Humphrey, J.H. (ed.), Studies on Roman Pottery of the Provinces of Africa Proconsularis and Byzacena (Tunisia), Hommage à Michel Bonifay, Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology supplementary series no. 76, 105–26.Google Scholar
Carr, K.E. 2011. The pottery from the rural survey. In Stone, et al. 2011, 404–34.Google Scholar
De Vos, M. 2000. Rus Africum, Terra, acqua, olio nell’Africa settentrionale. Scavo e ricognizione nei dintorni di Dugga. Catalog della mostra, Trento: Univ. di Trento.Google Scholar
De Vos, M. and Attoui, R. 2013. Rus Africum. Tome I. Le paysage rural antique autour de Dougga et Téboursouk: cartographie, relevés et chronologi des établissements. Bari: Edipuglia.Google Scholar
Dietz, I.E., Ladjimi Sebai, L. and Ben Hassen, H. (eds). 1995. Africa Proconsularis I, Regional Studies in the Segermes Valley of Northern Tunisia. Copenaghen: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Dossey, L. 2010. Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N. (with contributions by Hayes, J.W. and Schinke, R.) 2001. The major pottery deposits following the disuse of the East Baths. In Stirling, et al. 2001, 7598.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N. 2011. Finewares, cookwares and coarsewares from the urban survey, S1, S10, S200. In Stone, et al. 2011, 296336.Google Scholar
Felici, F. 2006. The Roman pottery. In Liverani, 2006, 241–48.Google Scholar
Felici, F. and Pentiricci, M. 2002. Per una definizione delle dinamiche economiche e commerciali del territori di Leptis Magna. Africa Romana 14: 1875–900.Google Scholar
Felici, F., Munzi, M. and Tantillo, , I. 2006. Austuriani e Laguatani. Africa Romana 16.1: 591688.Google Scholar
Fentress, E., Fontana, S., Hitchner, R.B. and Perkins, P. 2004. Accounting for ARS: Fine wares and sites in Sicily and Africa. In Alcock, S.E. and Cherry, J.F. (eds), Side-by-Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World, Oxford: Oxbow, 147–62.Google Scholar
Fentress, E., Drine, A. and Holod, R. (eds). 2009a. An Island through Time: Jerba Studies, Vol. 1. The Punic and Roman Periods, Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology supplementary series no. 71.Google Scholar
Fentress, E., Frachetti, M. and Brown, K. 2009b. Methodology. In Fentress, et al. 2009a, 2135.Google Scholar
Fentress, E.W.B. 2011. Slavers on chariots. In Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds), Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa, London: The British Museum Press, 6571.Google Scholar
Fontana, S. 1995. I manufatti romani nei corredi funerari del Fezzan. Testimonia dei commerci e della cultura dei Garamanti (IIII sec. d. C.). In Trousset, P. (ed.), Productions et exportations africaines: actualités archéologiques en Afrique du Nord antique et mediévale. VIe Colloque International sur l’Histoire et l’Archéologie de l’Afrique du Nord, PAU, octobre 1993, Paris: CNRS, 405–20.Google Scholar
Fontana, S. 2009. La sigillata Africana. In Fentress, et al. 2009a, 259–70.Google Scholar
Fulford, M. 1984. Chronology: a discussion on the pottery groups and their dating. In Fulford, M. and Peacock, D. (eds), The Av. Du President Habib Bourguiba. Salammbo: the Pottery and Other Ceramic Objects from the Site, Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 2974.Google Scholar
Gatto, M.C. 2010. The Garamantes of the Fazzan: imported pottery and local productions. Bollettino di Archeologia on line A/A10/3: 3038.Google Scholar
Hayes, J.W. 1972. Late Roman Pottery. London: The British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Hayes, J.W. 1981. Roman pottery and lamps. In Brogan, O. and Smith, D.J., Ghirza. A Libyan Settlement in the Roman Period, Tripoli: Department of Antiquities of Libya, 234–42.Google Scholar
Hayes, J.W. 1998. The study of Roman pottery in the Mediterranean: 23 years after Late Roman Pottery. In Sagui, 1998, 917.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, J. 1996. Commensalism and common sense: a new approach to archaeological ceramics. Assemblage 1: 36.Google Scholar
Leone, A. (with minor contributions from Dore, J.N.† and Eckardt, H.) 2013. Pottery from the FP project excavation in Jarma. In Mattingly, D.J., Daniels, C.M., Dore, J.N., Edwards, D., Leone, A. and Thomas, D.C., The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001), London: Society for Libyan Studies, 325408.Google Scholar
Liverani, M., (ed.). 2006. Aghram Nadharif. The Barkat Oasis (Sha‘abiya of Ghat, Libyan Sahara) in Garamantian Times. Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Lund, J. 1995. Hellenistic, Roman and Late Roman fine wares from the Segermes valley – forms and chronology. In Dietz, S., Ladjimi Sebaï, L. and Ben Hassen, H. (eds), Africa Proconsularis, Regional Studies in the Segermes Valley of Northern Tunesia. Volume II, Copenhagen: Aarhus University Press, 449629.Google Scholar
Mackensen, M. 1998. Centres of African red slip ware production in Tunisia from the late 5th to the 7th c. In Sagui, 1998, 2339.Google Scholar
Mackensen, M. 2010. Das Severische Vexillationskastell Myd(–)/Gheriat el-Garbia am limes Tripolitanus (Lybien), Bericht über die kampagne 2009. Römische Mitteilungen 116: 364456.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 1983. The Laguatan: a Libyan tribal confederation in the Late Roman Empire. Libyan Studies 14: 96108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 1995. Tripolitania. London: Batsford.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 1996. Explanations: people as agency. In Barker, 1996, 319–42.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.), 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan, volume 3. Excavations of C.M. Daniels and Other Fnds. London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2013. To south and north: Saharan trade in antiquity. In Eckardt, H. and Rippon, S. (eds), Living and Working in the Roman World. Essays in Honour of Michael Fulford on his 65th Birthday, Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplementary series no. 95, 169–90.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Abduli, H., Ahmed, M., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Gonzalez Rodriguez, M., Fothergill, B.T., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Nikolaus, J., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Wilson, A.I. 2011. DMP XII: Excavations and survey of the so-called Garamantian Royal Cemetery (GSC030–031). Libyan Studies 42: 89102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Sterry, M. and Leitch, V. 2013. Fortified farms and defended villages of Roman and Late Antique North Africa. Antiquité Tardive 21: 167–88.Google Scholar
Neuru, L.L. 1987. Red Slipped wares of southern central Tunisia. Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 25–26: 175–88.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1969. Deux ans de recherches dans le sud de la Tripolitaine. CRAI 113.2: 189212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1970a. Routes d’Egypte de la Libye intérieure. Studi Maghrebini 3: 120.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1970b. Bu Njem 1970. Libya Antiqua 6–7: 107–65.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1972. Nouvelles recherches dans le sud de la Tripolitaine. CRAI 116.2: 319–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1977. Bu Njem 1972. Libya Antiqua 13–14: 3377.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R. 1989. Notes sur le camp romain de Gholaia (Bu Njem). Libyan Studies 20: 155–67.Google Scholar
Reynolds, P. 1995. Trade in the Western Mediterranean, AD 400–700: the Ceramic Evidence. Oxford: BAR S604.Google Scholar
Saguì, L. (ed). 1998. La Ceramica in Italia VII – VIII sec. Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Schüfer-Kolb, I. 2001. Iron-production debris from layers following the disuse of the East Baths. In Stirling, et al. 2001, 99102.Google Scholar
Stirling, L.M., Mattingly, D.J. and Ben Lazreg, N. (eds). 2001. Leptiminus (Lamta): Report n. 2, The East Baths, Venus Mosaic, Cemeteries and Other Studies. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology supplementary series no. 40.Google Scholar
Stone, D.L., Mattingly, D.J. and Ben Lazreg, N. (eds). 2011. Leptiminus (Lamta), Report 3. The Field Survey. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology supplementary series no. 87.Google Scholar
Weber, M. and Schmid, S. 2012. Supplying a desert garrison. Pottery from the Roman fort at Gheriat el-Garbia (Libya). Rei Cretariae Romae Fautorum Acta 42: 327–35.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.I. 2012. Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47.4: 409–49.Google Scholar

References

Bovill, W. 1968. The Golden Trade of the Moors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brill, R.H. 1995. Chemical analyses of some glasses from Jenné-Jeno. In McIntosh, S.K. (ed.), Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season, Berkeley: University of California Press, 252–6.Google Scholar
Brill, R.H. 1999. Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses. Vol. 1 and 2. Corning: Corning Museum of Glass.Google Scholar
Childs, T.S. and Killick, D. 1993. Indigenous African metallurgy: nature and culture. Annual Review of Anthropology 22: 317–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cissé, M., McIntosh, S.K., Dussubieux, L., Fenn, T., Gallagher, D. and Chipps Smith, A. 2013. Excavations at Gao Saney: New evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE. Journal of African Archaeology 11.1: 937.Google Scholar
Degryse, P. and Schneider, J. 2008. Pliny the Elder and Sr–Nd isotopes: tracing the provenance of raw materials for Roman glass production. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 19932000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Michele, V. and Piacenza, B. 1999. L’amazzonite di Eghei Zuma (Tibesti settentrionale, Libia). Sahara 11: 109–12.Google Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Cuénod, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2015. Non-destructive µXRF analysis of glass and metal objects from sites in the Libyan pre-desert and Fazzan. Libyan Studies 45: 1534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenn, T.R. 2011. Applications of Heavy Isotope Research to Archaeological Problems of Provenance and Trade on Cases from Africa and the New World. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Fenn, T.R., Killick, D.J., Chesley, J., Magnavita, S. and Ruiz, J. 2009. Contacts between West Africa and Roman North Africa: Archaeometallurgical results from Kissi, northeastern Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 119–46.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 2006a. Glass production in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period: A geochemical perspective. In Maggetti, M. and Messiga, B. (eds), Geomaterials in Cultural Heritage, London: The Geological Society, 201–16.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 2006b. An indigenous technology? A commentary on Lankton et al. ‘Early Primary Glass Production in Southern Nigeria’. Journal of African Archaeology 4.1: 139–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuxi, G. 2009. Origin and evolution of ancient Chinese glass. In Fuxi, G., Brill, R.H. and Shouyun, T. (eds), Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road, New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Co, 140.Google Scholar
Gado, B. 1993. Un village des morts à Bura en République du Niger. Un site méthodiquement fouillé fournit d’irremplaçables informations. In Devisse, J. (ed.), Vallées du Niger, Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 365–74.Google Scholar
Gliozzo, E., Mattingly, D.J., Cole, F. and Artioli, G. 2014. In the footsteps of Pliny: Tracing the sources of Garamantian carnelian from Fazzan, South-west Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science 52: 218–41.Google Scholar
Grébénart, D. 1985. La région d’In Gall-Tegidda N’Tesemt (Niger). Programme archéologique d’urgence 1977–1981. Tome II, le néolithique final et les débuts de la métallurgie. Études Nigériennes 49, Niamey: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines.Google Scholar
Hamani, D.M. 1989. Au carrefour du Soudan et de la Berberie: le sultanat Touareg de l’Ayar. Études Nigériennes 55, Niamey: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines.Google Scholar
Herbert, E. 1984. Red Gold of Africa. Copper in Precolonial History and Culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Ige, O.A. 2010. Classification and preservation of ancient glass beads from Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria. In Roemich, H. (ed.), Glass and Ceramics Conservation 2010. Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Working Group October 3–6, 2010, Corning, New York, 6374.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 1996. Islam, Archaeology and History: Gao Region (Mali) ca. AD 900–1250. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 39. BAR S647. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insoll, T. 2000. Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade. Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali). The 1996 Fieldseason Results. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insoll, T. and Shaw, T. 1997. Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: beads, interregional trade and beyond. African Archaeological Review 14.1: 923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuba, R. 2009. Cultural contacts between the savannah and the forest: Trade along the eastern Niger. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 147–56.Google Scholar
Lankton, J.W., Ige, O.A. and Rehren, T. 2006. Early primary glassmaking in southern Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology 4.1: 111–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, R.C.C. 1967. The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan enterprise in Classical times. Journal of African History 8.2: 181200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J.F.P. 1981. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000a. Looking for the southern frontier of the Garamantes. Sahara 12: 3144.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000b. The Libyan caravan road in Herodotus IV. 181–185. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43.4: 496520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 2011. A view from the south: Sub-Saharan evidence for contacts between North Africa, Mauritania and the Niger, 1000 BC – AD 700. In Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds), Money, Trade and Trade Routes in pre-Islamic North Africa, British Museum Research Publication 176, London: The British Museum, 7282.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. and MacDonald, R.H. 2000. The origins and development of domesticated animals in arid West Africa. In Blench, R.M. and MacDonald, K.C. (eds), The Origins and Developments of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography, London: University College London Press, 127–62.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2003. The beads of Kissi, Burkina Faso. Journal of African Archaeology 1.1: 127–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2008. The oldest textiles from sub-Saharan West Africa: Woolen facts from Kissi, Burkina Faso. Journal of African Archaeology 6.2: 243–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2009. Sahelian crossroads: some aspects on the Iron Age sites of Kissi, Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 79104.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2013. Initial encounters: Seeking traces of ancient trade connections between West Africa and the wider world. Afriques: Débats, méthodes et terrains d’histoire 4 [http://afriques.revues.org/1145].Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2015. 1500 Jahre am Mare de Kissi. Eine Fallstudie zur Besiedlungsgeschichte des Sahel von Burkina Faso, Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. Forthcoming. The archaeology of Trans-Saharan contact: The Eastern Niger Bend. In Davies, M.I.J. and MacDonald, K. (eds), Connections, Complexity and Contributions: Africa’s Later Holocene Archaeology in Global Perspective, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S., Maga, A., Magnavita, C. and Idé, O.A. 2007. New studies on Marandet (central Niger) and its trade connections: an interim report. Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen 2: 147–65.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S., Koté, L., Breunig, P. and Idé, O.A. (eds). 2009. Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel. Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millennium BC/AD West Africa. Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 2, Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Mauny, R. 1953. Découverte d’un atelier de fonte du cuivre à Marandet (Niger). Notes Africaines 58: 5257.Google Scholar
Mauny, R. 1961. Tableau Géographique de l‘Ouest Africain au Moyen Age. Dakar: IFAN.Google Scholar
Mayor, A., Huysecom, E., Ozainne, S. and Magnavita, S. 2014. Early social complexity in the Dogon Country (Mali) as evidenced by a new chronology of funerary practices. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 34: 1741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. (ed.). 1995. Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1948. Mission scientifique du Fezzan (1944–1945). Deuxième partie: reconnaissance au Dahone. Alger.Google Scholar
Munson, P.J. 1980. Archaeology and the prehistoric origins of the Ghana Empire. Journal of African History 21: 457–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, S. 2013. Tadmekka. Archéologie d’une ville caravanière des premiers temps du commerce transsaharien. Afriques : Débats, méthodes et terrains d’histoire 4 [http://afriques.revues.org/1237].Google Scholar
Nixon, S., Rehren, Th. and Guerra, M.F. 2011. New light on the early Islamic West African gold trade: Coin moulds from Tadmekka, Mali. Antiquity 85.330: 1353–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozainne, S. 2013. Un néolithique ouest-africain. Cadre chrono-culturel, économique et environnemental de l’Holocène récent en Pays dogon (Mali). Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 8. Peuplement humain et paléoenvironnement en Afrique de l’Ouest 3. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Park, R.P. 2010. Prehistoric Timbuktu and its hinterland. Antiquity 84: 1076–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posnansky, M. 1973. Aspects of early West African trade. World Archaeology 5: 149–62.Google Scholar
Robertshaw, P., Magnavita, S., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R. and Glascock, M.D. 2009. Glass beads from Kissi (Burkina Faso): Chemical analysis and archaeological interpretation. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 105–18.Google Scholar
Shaw, T. 1970. Igbo-Ukwu. An Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Swanson, J.T. 1975. The myth of trans-Saharan trade during the Roman era. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8.4: 582600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Togola, T. 1996. Iron Age occupation in the Méma region, Mali. African Archaeological Review 13.2: 91110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verità, M. 2013. Vitreous beads: A scientific investigation by SEM microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. In Mori, L. (ed.), Life and Death of a Rural Village in Garamantian Times, Arid Zone Archaeology Monographs 6, Firenze: All’insegna del Giglio, 169176.Google Scholar
Willett, F. and Sayre, E.V. 2006. Lead isotopes in West African copper alloys. Journal of African Archaeology 4.1: 5590.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. 2012. Saharan trade in the Roman period: Short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47.4: 409–49.Google Scholar

References

Babalola, A.B., McIntosh, S.K., Dussubieux, L. and Rehren, T. 2017. Ife-Ife and Igbo Olokun in the history of glass in West Africa. Antiquity 91 (357): 732–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, G.F., Brill, R.H., Lledó, B. and Matthews, S.D. 2009. Serçe Liman, Volume II: The Glass of an Eleventh-Century Shipwreck. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Brill, R.H. 1987. Chemical analyses of some early Indian glasses. In Bhardwaj, H.C. (ed.), Archaeometry of Glass – Proceedings of the Archaeometry Session of the XIV International Congress on Glass – 1986, New Delhi, India: Indian Ceramic Society, 127.Google Scholar
Brill, R.H. 1988. Scientific investigations of the Jalame glass and related finds. In Weinberg, G.D. (ed.), Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 257–94.Google Scholar
Brill, R.H. 1994. Chemical analysis of some glasses from Jenné-jeno. In McIntosh, S.K. (ed.), Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season, Berkeley: University of California Press, 252–56.Google Scholar
Brill, R.H. 1999. Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses. New York: Corning Museum of Glass.Google Scholar
Chittick, N. 1984. Manda, Excavations at an Island Port on the Kenyan Coast, Nairobi. The British Institute in Eastern Africa, Memoir Number 9.Google Scholar
Cissé, M., McIntosh, S.K., Dussubieux, L., Fenn, T., Gallagher, D. and Chipps Smith, A. 2013. Excavations at Gao-Saney: new evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE. Journal of African Archaeology 11.1: 937.Google Scholar
Daggett, A., Wood, M. and Dussubieux, L. 2017. Glass trade beads at Thaba Di Masego, Botswana: analytical results and some implications. In Sadr, K., Esterhuysen, A., Sievers, C. (eds), African Archaeology without Frontiers: Papers from the 14th Congress of the Pan African Association for Archaeology and Related Disciplines, Johannesburg 2014, Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 127–42.Google Scholar
Davison, C.C. 1972. Glass Beads in African Archaeology: Results of Neutron Activation Analysis, Supplemented by Results of X-ray Fluorescence Analysis. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denbow, J., Klehm, C. and Dussubieux, L. 2015. The glass beads of Kaitshàa: new insights on pre-Islamic trade into the far interior of southern Africa. Antiquity 39.344: 361–77.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L. 2001. L’apport de l’ablation laser couplée à l’ICP-MS à l’étude du verre archéologique de l’Océan Indien. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Université d’Orléans.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L. and Gratuze, B. 2004. Non-destructive characterization of glass beads: application to the study of glass trade between India and Southeast Asia. In Karlström, A. and Kallén, A. (eds), Fishbones and Glittering Emblems. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Sigtuna, Sweden, 135–48.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L., Robertshaw, P. and Glascock, M.D. 2009. LA-ICP-MS analysis of African glass beads: laboratory inter-comparison with an emphasis on the impact of corrosion on data interpretation. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 284: 152–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dussubieux, L., Gratuze, B. and Blet-Lemarquand, M. 2010. Mineral soda alumina glass: occurrence and meaning. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1645–55.Google Scholar
Fenn, T.R. 2010. Applications of Heavy Isotope Research to Archaeological Problems of Provenance and Trade on Cases from Africa and the New World. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The University of Arizona.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. (2006). An indigenous technology? A commentary on lankton et al. “Early primary glass production in southern Nigeria”. Journal of African Archaeology, 4(1): 139141.Google Scholar
Freestone, I. and Gorin-Rosen, Y. 1999. The great glass slab at Bet She’arim, Israel: an early Islamic glassmaking experiment? Journal of Glass Studies 41: 105–16.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C., Ponting, M. and Hughes, M.J. 2002. The origins of Byzantine glass from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus. Archaeometry 22.2: 257–72.Google Scholar
Freestone, I., Gorin-Rosen, Y. and Hughes, M.J. 2000. Primary glass from Israel and the production of glass in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period. In Nenna, M.-D. (ed.), La route du verre – Ateliers primaires et secondaires du second millénaire av. J.-C. au Moyen Âge, [Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen 33], 6583.Google Scholar
Gratuze, B. and Barrandon, J.-N. 1990. Islamic glass weights and stamps: analysis using nuclear techniques. Archaeometry 32.2: 155–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J., McLoughlin, S.D. and McPhail, D.S. 2004. Radical changes in Islamic glass technology: evidence for conservatism and experimentation with new glass recipes from early and middle Islamic Raqqa, Syria. Archaeometry 46.3: 439–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insoll, T. and Shaw, T. 1997. Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: beads, interregional trade, and beyond. The African Archaeological Review 14.1: 923.Google Scholar
Lankton, J.W., Ige, O.A. and Rehren, T. 2006. Early primary glass production in southern Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology 4.1: 111–38.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2003. The beads of Kissi, Burkina Faso. Journal of African Archaeology 1.1: 127–38.Google Scholar
Mirti, P., Pace, M., Malandrino, M. and Negro Ponzi, M.M. 2009. Sasanian glass from Veh Ardašī. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.4: 1061–69.Google Scholar
Mirti, P., Pace, M., Negro Ponzi, M.M. and Aceto, M. 2008. ICP-MS analysis of glass fragments of Parthian and Sasanian epoch from Seleucia and Veh Ardasir (Central Iraq). Archaeometry 50.3: 429–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morisson, H. 1984. The beads. In Chittick, N., Manda, Excavations at an Island Port on the Kenyan Coast, Nairobi, The British Institute in Eastern Africa, Memoir Number 9, 181–89.Google Scholar
Nicholson, P.T., Jackson, C.M. and Trott, K.M. 1997. The Ulu Burun glass ingots, cylindrical vessels and Egyptian glass. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83: 143–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, S. 2008. The Archaeology of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trading Towns in West Africa: A comparative View and Progressive Methodology from the Entrepot of Essouk-Tadmakka, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University College London.Google Scholar
Nixon, S. 2009. Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): New archaeological investigations of early Islamic trans-Saharan trade. Azania 44.2: 217–55.Google Scholar
Nixon, S., Lankton, J., Robertshaw, P. and Dussubieux, L. 2017. Beads. In Nixon, S. (ed.), Essouk-Tadmakka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town, Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series Volume 12, Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Ogundiran, A. and Ige, A. 2015. ‘Our ancestors were material scientists’: Archaeological and geochemical evidence for indigenous Yoruba glass technologies. Journal of Black Studies 46.8: 751–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popelka, R.S., Glascock, M.D., Robertshaw, P. and Wood, M. 2005. Laser ablation ICP-MS of African glass trade beads. In Speakman, R.J. and Neff, H. (eds), Laser Ablation ICP-MS in Archaeological Research, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 8493.Google Scholar
Robertshaw, P., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S. and Glascock, M.D. 2010a. Southern African glass beads: chemistry, glass sources and patterns of trade. Journal of Archaeological Science 37.8: 1898–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertshaw, P., Wood, M., Benco, N., Dussubieux, L., Melchiorre, E. and Ettahari, A. 2010b. Chemical analysis of glass beads from Medieval Al-Basra (Morocco). Archaeometry 52.3: 355–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertshaw, P., Magnavita, S., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S. and Glascock, M.D. 2009. Glass beads from Kissi (Burkina Faso): chemical analysis and archaeological interpretation. Journal of African Archaeology 2: 105–18.Google Scholar
Saitowitz, S.J. 1996. Glass Beads as Indicators of Contact and Trade in Southern Africa ca AD 900 – AD 1250, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.Google Scholar
Saitowitz, S.J., Reid, D.L. and Van der Merwe, N.J. 1996. Glass bead trade from Islamic Egypt to South Africa c.AD 900–1250. South African Journal of Science 92: 101–04.Google Scholar
Shaw, T. 1970. Igbo-Ukwu: An Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria. Volume 1. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Shortland, A., Schachner, L., Freestone, I. and Tite, M. 2006. Natron as a flux in the early vitreous materials industry: sources, beginnings and reasons for decline. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 521–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, D. 1979. Maritime trade in the Arabian Sea: The 9th and 10th centuries AD. In Taddei, M. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1977, Volume 2, Papers from the Fourth International Conference of the Association of the South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Naples, Instituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario Di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor VI, 865–85.Google Scholar
Wood, M. 2011. Interconnections, Glass Beads and Trade in Southern and Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean – 7th to 16th Centuries AD. African and Comparative Archaeology, Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Wood, M. and Dussubieux, L. 2014. Glittering gifts: glass beads as evidence of the Zheng He Fleets’ visits to East Africa. Oral Presentation at the International Conference in Chinese and English, Zheng He’s Maritime Voyages (1405–1433) and China’s Relations with the Indian Ocean World from Antiquity Conference, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, August 2224, 2014.Google Scholar
Wood, M., Dussubieux, L. and Robertshaw, P. 2012. Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century port in Southern Mozambique. South African Archaeological Bulletin 67 (195): 5974.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×