Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T21:09:37.168Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Energy and Exergy: Does One Need Both Concepts for a Study of Resources Use?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

By
Dušan P. Sekulić
Edited by
Bhavik R. Bakshi ,
Timothy G. Gutowski  and
Dušan P. Sekulić
Dušan P. Sekulić
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Bhavik R. Bakshi
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Timothy G. Gutowski
Affiliation:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dušan P. Sekulić
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Get access

Summary

Introduction

In Chapter 1, the concepts of thermodynamics were introduced, and a consistent exposition of thermodynamics' basic laws and associated system properties was offered. Out of an infinite set of properties and a limited number of defined interactions, only a few are relevant in any given study, and these include a limited number of independent system properties. This chapter is devoted to a further elaboration of two such fundamental concepts that belong to a class of system properties: (1) energy and (2) exergy. The main purpose of this exposition is threefold: (1) to offer a discussion of physical meanings of these concepts; (2) to present their analytical structure within the traditional thermodynamics framework; which is useful for applications; and (3) to emphasize the importance of balancing them. These topics are relevant for a variety of situations in diverse fields of interest, all identifiable in complex systems involving destruction of resources.

The notion of a concept is used to describe abstract theoretical constructs of classical thermodynamics theory. The concept of energy [1] is reintroduced in this chapter by means of a notion of a change of a system property; the concept of exergy [2] is reintroduced by means of the magnitude of an energy interaction. This magnitude would be expressed in energy units, but would be measured as an interaction extracted from the system changing the state between the given state and the state of thermodynamic equilibrium with the referent surroundings.

Type
Chapter
Information
Thermodynamics and the Destruction of Resources , pp. 45 - 86
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Gyftopoulos, E. P. and Beretta, G. P., Thermodynamics, Foundations and Applications (Dover, Mineola, NY, 2001).Google Scholar
Moran, M. J., Availability Analysis: A guide to efficient energy use (ASME Press, New York, 1989).Google Scholar
Tisza, L., Generalized Thermodynamics (MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1960).Google Scholar
Hatsopoulos, G. N. and Keenan, J. E., Principles of General Thermodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1965).Google Scholar
Müller, I. and Weiss, W., Entropy and Energy (Springer, Berlin, 2005).Google Scholar
Moran, M. J. and Shapiro, H. N., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1995).Google Scholar
Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics. An Engineering Approach, 6th ed. (McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2008).Google Scholar
Falk, G. and Jung, H., Axiomatik der Thermodynamik [Axiomatic of Thermodynamics, in German], in Handbook der Physik, edited by Flüge, S. (Springer, Berlin, 1959), Vol. 3/2.Google Scholar
Vukalovitch, M. P. and Novikov, I. I., Termodinamika [Thermodynamics, in Russian] (Mashinostroyenie, Moscow, 1972).Google Scholar
Callen, H. B., Thermodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1985).Google Scholar
Obert, E. F. and Gaggioli, R. A., Thermodynamics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963).
Kotas, T. J., The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis (Krieger, Melbourne, Fl, 1995).Google Scholar
Bejan, A., Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (Wiley, Hoboken, NJ), 2006.Google Scholar
Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis, G., and Moran, M., Thermal Design & Optimization (Wiley, New York, 1996).Google Scholar
Szargut, J., Moris, D. R., and Steward, F. R., Exergy analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Processes (Hemisphere, New York, 1988).Google Scholar
Hatsopoulos, G. N. and Keenan, J. H., Principles of General Thermodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1965).Google Scholar
Obert, E. F., Concepts of Thermodynamics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960).Google Scholar
Kestin, J., A Course in Thermodynamics (Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1979).Google Scholar
Callen, H. B., Thermodynamics and an Introduction Thermostatics (Wiley, New York, 1985).Google Scholar
Müller, I. and Müller, W. H., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Applications (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009).Google Scholar
Bosnjakovic, F., Technical Thermodynamics [in German] (Verlag Theodor Steinkopff, Dresden, 1972).Google Scholar
Lloyd, S., Bejan, A., Bennett, C., Beretta, G. P., Butler, H., Gordon, L., Grmela, M., Gyftopoulos, E. P., Hatsopoulos, G. N., Jou, D., Kjelstrup, S., Lior, N., Miller, S., Rubi, M., Scheider, E. D., Sekulić, D. P. and Zhang, Z., “Discussion on ‘Frontiers of the Second Law,’” in Meeting the Entropy Challenge, edited by G. P. Beretta, A. F. Ghoniem, and G. N. Hatsopoulos (American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2008), AIP 1033, pp. 253–261.Google Scholar
Alefeld, G., “Probleme mit der Exergie,” BWK 40, 72–80 (1988).Google Scholar
Baehr, H. D., “Probleme mit der Exergie?,” BWK 40, 450–457 (1988); G. Alefeld, “Die Exergy und der II. Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik,” BWK40, 458–464 (1988).Google Scholar
Keenan, J. H., “Availability and irreversibility in thermodynamics,” Br. J. Appl. Phys. 2, 183–192 (1951).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haywood, R. W., “A critical review of the theorems of thermodynamic availability, with concise formulations,” Part 1. Availablity, Part 2. Irreversibility, J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 16, 160–173 and 258–267 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, M. J., Availability Analysis: A Guide to Efficient Energy Use (ASME Press, New York, 1989).
Bejan, A., Entropy Generation Through Heat and Fluid Flow (Wiley, New York, 1982).Google Scholar
Sciubba, E. and S. Ulgiati, “Energy and exergy analyses: Complementary methods or irreducible ideological options,” Energy30, 1953–1988 (2005).
Hau, J. L. and Bakshi, B. R., “Promise and problems of emergy analysis,” Ecol. Model. 178, special issue in honor of H.T. Odum. 215–225 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gyftopoulos, E. P., “Fundamentals of analyses of processes,” Energy Convers. Mgmt. 38, 1525–1533 (1997).
Sekulić, D. P., “A fallacious argument in the finite time thermodynamics concept of endoreversibility,” J. Appl. Phys. 83, 4561–4565 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gyftopoulos, E. P., “Infinite time (reversible) versus finite time (irreversible) thermodynamics: A misconceived distinction,” Energy 24, 1035–1039 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L., Wu, C., and Sun, F., “Finite time thermodynamics optimization or entropy generation minimization of energy systems,” J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 24, 327–359 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillaume, G. and Guillaume, E., Sur le fundements de l'economique rationelle (Gautier-Villars, Paris, 1932).Google Scholar
McCaulei, J. L., “Thermodynamic analogies in economics and finance: Instability of markets,” Physica A329, 199–212 (2003).
Gutowski, T., Branham, M., Dhamus, J., Jones, A., Thiries, A, and Sekulić, D., “Thermodynamic analysis of resources used in manufacturing processes,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 1584–1590 (2009).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayres, R. U., Ayres, L. W., and Martinas, K., “Exergy, waste accounting, and life cycle analysis,” Energy 23, 355–363 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayres, R. U. and Warr, B., “Accounting for growth: The role of physical work,” Structural Change Econ. Dyn. 16, 181–209 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sciuba, E., “Beyond thermoeconomics? The concept of Extended Exergy Accounting and its application to the analysis and design of thermal systems,” Exergy, Intl. J. 1(2), 68–84 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hau, J. L. and Bakshi, B. R., “Expanding exergy analysis to account for ecosystem products and services,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 3768–3777 (2004).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorgensen, S. E. and Majer, H. F., “Ecological buffer capacity,” Ecol. Model. 3, 39–45 (1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susani, L., Pulselli, F. M., Jorpensen, S. E., and Bastianoni, S., “Comparison between technological and ecological exergy,” Ecol. Model. 193, 447–456 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., and Sands, M., The Feynman Lectures of Physics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989), Vol 1, 4–1.Google Scholar
Nagel, E., The Structure of Science, Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation (Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1961), p. 49.Google Scholar
Dunbar, W. R., Lior, N., and Gaggioli, R. A., “The component equations of energy and exergy,” J. Energy Resources Technol. 114, 75–83 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtiss, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids (Wiley, New York, 1954).
Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N., Transport Phenomena (Wiley, New York, 2002).
Lior, N., Sarmiento-Darkin, W., and Al-Sharqawi, H. S., “The exergy fields in transport processes: Their calculation and use,” Energy 31, 553–578 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahrendts, J., Die Exergie chemisch reactionfähiger Systeme [Exergy of Chemically Reacting Systems], VDI-Forschungsheft No. 579, (VDI Verlag, 1977, pp. 26–33.Google Scholar
Ayres, R. U., Ayres, L. W., and Martinas, K., “Exergy, , waste accounting, and life cycle analysis,” Energy 23, 355–363 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bejan, A. and Mamut, E., Thermodynamic Optimization of Complex Energy Systems (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 1998).Google Scholar
Evans, R. B., “Thermoeconomic isolation and essergy analysis,” Energy 5, 805–821 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgescu-Roegen, N., The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glandsdorff, P. and Prigogine, I., Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations (Wiley Interscience, London, 1971).Google Scholar
Linnhoff, B. et al., A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy (The Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, Warwickshire, England, 1982); B. Linnhoff, “Pinch analysis and exergy – a comparison,” in Energy Systems and Ecology, edited by Szargut, J. (ASME, New York, 1993), Vol. 1, pp. 43–52.Google Scholar
Lotka, A. J., “Contribution to the energetics of evolution,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 8, 147–151 (1922).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mimkes, J., “Binary, alloys as a model for the multicultural society, J. Thermal Anal. 43, 521 – 537 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, I. and Weiss, W., Entropy and Energy, A Universal Competition (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2005).Google Scholar
Odum, H.T., “Self-organization, transformity, and information,” Science 242, 1132–1139 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrödinger, E., What is Life? The Physical Aspects of the Living Cell (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1944).Google Scholar
Shah, R. K. and Sekulić, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design (Wiley, New York, 2003), Chap. 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsuchida, A. and Murota, T., “Fundamentals in the entropy theory of ecocycle and human economy,” in Environmental economics: The Analysis of a major interface, edited by. Pillet, G. and Murota, T. (R. Leimgruber, Geneva 1987), pp. 11–35.Google Scholar
Kalisch, J. and Müller, I., “Strategic and evolutionary equilibria in a population of hawks and doves,” Rend. Circolo Mat. in Palermo, Serie II, Supplemento, 78 163–172 (2006)Google Scholar
Müller, I., A History of Thermodynamics (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 159–164.Google Scholar
Rant, Z., “Exergie, ein neues Wort für ‘technische Arbeitsfähigkeit,’” VDI-Forschungsh. 22, 36–37 (1956)]Google Scholar
Bošnjaković, F., Technical Thermodynamics, T. Steinkopf, Dresden/Leipzig, 1935), Vol. 1.Google Scholar
Kestin, J., “Availability: The concept and associated terminology,” Energy 5, 679–692 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotas, T. J., Mayhew, Y. R., and Raichura, R.C., “Nomenclature for exergy analysis,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 209, 209–280 (1995)Google Scholar
Tsatsaronis, G., “Definitions and nomenclature in exergy analysis and exergoeconomics,” Energy 32, 249–253 (2007)].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kestin, J., A Course in Thermodynamics (Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., 1979) Ref. 18.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×