Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T10:13:54.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Cognitive Evolution and the Social Construction of Complexity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2021

By
Peter M. Haas
Edited by
Piki Ish-Shalom ,
Markus Kornprobst  and
Vincent Pouliot
Piki Ish-Shalom
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Markus Kornprobst
Affiliation:
University of Vienna
Vincent Pouliot
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Get access

Summary

How do actors construct complexity? This chapter looks at the ways and extent of influence by epistemic communities and communities of practice in shaping the global agenda on environmental governance, in the shadow of concerns about complexity. Employing Emanuel Adler’s new theoretical framework it argues that environmental governance has emerged through a process of cognitive evolution heavily shaped by epistemic communities.

Keywords

Epistemic communityCommunity of practiceEnvironmental governanceEcological perspectiveAgencyCognitive evolutioncomplexity
Type
Chapter
Information
Theorizing World Orders
Cognitive Evolution and Beyond
 , pp. 134 - 168
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acheson, Dean. 1969. Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel. 1991. Cognitive Evolution. In Progress in Postwar International Relations, edited by Adler, Emanuel and Crawford, Beverly, 43–88. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel and Bernstein, Steven. 2005. Knowledge in Power: The Epistemic Construction of Global Governance. In Power in Global Governance, edited by Barnett, Michael and Duvall, Raymond, 294–318. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel and Haas, Peter. 1992. Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program. International Organization 46(1): 367–90.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel and Pouliot, Vincent. 2011. International Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Agarwal, Anil and Narain, Sunita. 1991. Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism. New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment.Google Scholar
Aklin, Michaël and Urpelainen, Johannes. 2014. The Global Spread of Environmental Ministries: Domestic-International Interactions. International Studies Quarterly 58(4): 764–80.Google Scholar
Alker, Hayward. R and Haas, Peter M.. 1993. The Rise of Global Ecopolitics. In Global Accord: Enviornmental Challenges and Global Responses, edited by Choucri, Nazil, 133–71. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Allan, Bentley. 2017. From Subjects to Objects: Knowledge in International Relations Theory. European Journal of International Relations 24(4): 841–64.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen. J. and Meunier, Sophie. 2009. The Politics of International Regime Complexity. Perspectives on Politics 7(1): 13–24.Google Scholar
Ansell, Cristopher K. and Weber, Steven. 1999. Organizing International Politics: Sovereignty and Open Systems. International Political Science Review 20(1): 73–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aronova, Elena, Baker, Karen S. and Oreskes, Naomi. 2010. Big Science and Big Data in Biology: From the International Geophysical Year through the International Biological Program to the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network, 1957–Present. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 40(2): 183–224.Google Scholar
Auld, Graeme. 2014. Constructing Private Governance: The Rise and Evolution of Forest, Coffee, and Fisheries Certification. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bailes, Kendall E. 1981. Science, Philosophy and Politics in Soviet History: The Case of Vladimir Vernadskii. The Russian Review 40(3): 278–99.Google Scholar
Bartley, Tim and Smith, Shawna N.. 2010. Communities of Practice as Cause and Consequence of Transnational Governnace. In Transnational Communities: Shaping Global Economic Governance, edited by Djelic, Marie-Laure and Quack, Sigrid, 347–74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berger, P. L. and Luckmann, T. (1967). The Social Construction of Reality. New York: Doubleday Anchor.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Steven. 2001. The Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Steven. 2013. Rio+20: Sustainable Development in a Time of Multilateral Decline. Global Environmental Politics 13(4): 12–21.Google Scholar
Biermann, F. K. W., Abbott, Kenneth, Backstrand, Karin, Bernstein, Steven, Betsill, Michelle M., Bulkeley, Harriet, Cashore, Ben and Haas, Peter M.. 2012. Navigating the Anthropocene: Improving Earth System Governance. Science 335(6074): 1306–07.Google Scholar
Biermann, Frank and Bauer, Steffen, eds. 2005. A World Environment Organization: Solution or Threat for Effective International Environmental Governance? Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Biermann, Frank and Pattberg, Philipp, eds. 2012. Global Environmental Governance Reconsidered. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Biermann, Frank, Pattberg, Philipp, van Asselt, Harro and Zelli, Faribord. 2009. The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis. Global Environmental Politics 9(4): 14–40.Google Scholar
Blair, W. Frank. 1977. Big Biology. New York: Stoudsburg, Dowde, Hutchingson & Ross.Google Scholar
Bostrom, Nick and Cirkovic, Milan M., eds. 2008. Global Catastrophic Risks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Botkin, Daniel B. 1990. Discordant Harmonies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Boulding, Kenneth E. 1966. The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. In Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, edited by Jarrett, Henry and Boulding, Kenneth E., 3–14. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Boulton, Jean G., Allen, Peter M. and Bowman, Cliff. 2015. Embracing Complexity: Strategic Perspectives for an Age of Turbulence. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. S. 2011. Global Warming and Political Intimidation. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, John and Drahos, Peter. 2000. Global Business Regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1977. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1979. The Structures of Everyday Life. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1982. The Wheels of Commerce. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1984. The Perspective of the World. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Brewer, Garry D. and Stern, Paul C., eds. 2005. Decision Making for the Environment: Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta and Toope, Stephen J.. 2011. Interactional International Law and the Practice of Legality. In International Practices, edited by Adler, Emanuel and Pouliot, Vincent, 108–36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 2012. A Social History of Knowledge: From the Encyclopedia to Wikipedia. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Busch, Per-Olof, Jörgens, Helge and Tews, Kerstin. 2005. The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Instruments: The Making of a New International Environmental Regime. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598(1): 146–67.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Lynton K. 1963. Environment: A New Focus for Public Policy? Public Administration Review 23(3): 132–39.Google Scholar
Campbell, Donald T. 1993. Evolutionary Epistemology. In Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge, edited by Radnitzky, Gerard, Bartlet, W. W. and Popper, Karl. Chicago: Open Court.Google Scholar
Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin William, Auld, Graeme and Newsom, Deanna. 2004. Governing Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-State Authority. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Choucri, N. 1993. Global Accord. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Christian, David. 2004. Maps of Time. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, C. West. 1984. The Systems Approach. New York: Delacorte Press.Google Scholar
Churchman, C. West and Ackoff, Russel L.. 1950. Methods of Inquiry: An Introduction to Philosophy and Scientific Method. St Louis: Educational.Google Scholar
Cicin-Sain, Biliana and Knecht, Robert W.. 1998. Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Concepts and Practices. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Cole, Sam. 1977. Global Models and the International Economic Order. Oxford: Pergamon. Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).Google Scholar
Contini, Paolo and Sand, Peter H.. 1972. Methods to Expedite Environmental Protection: International Econstandards. American Journal of International Law 66(1): 37–59.Google Scholar
Costanza, Robert, ed. 1991. Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Costanza, Robert, Andrade, Francisco, Antunes, Paula, van den Belt, Marjan, Boersma, Dee, Boesch, Donald F., Catarino, Fernando, et al. 1998. Principles for Sustainable Governance of the Oceans. Science 281(5374): 198–99.Google Scholar
Crosby, Alfred W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crutzen, Paul. 2003. How Long Have We Been in the Anthropocene. Climatic Change 6: 251–57.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, Kenneth A. (1983). Contextual Analysis: Taking Space, Time, and Place Seriously. International Studies Quarterly 27(3): 257–66.Google Scholar
de Seynes, Philippe. 1972. Prospects for a Future Whole World. International Organization 26(1): 1–17.Google Scholar
Debre, Maria Josepha and Dijkstra, Hylke. 2020. Institutional Design for a Post-liberal Order: Why Some International Organizations Live Longer than Others. European Journal of International Relations 27(1): 311–39.Google Scholar
Deudney, Daniel and Mendenhall, Elizabeth. 2016. Green Earth: The Emergence of Planetary Civilization. In New Earth Politics: Essays from the Anthropocene, edited by Nicholson, Simon and Sikina, Jinnah, 43–72. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
di Castri, Francesco. 1976. International, Interdisciplinary Research in Ecology. Human Ecology 4(3): 235–46.Google Scholar
di Castri, Francesco, Hadley, Malcom, et al. 1981. MAB: The Man and the Biosphere Program as an Evolving System. AMBIO 10(2–3): 52–57.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Succeed or Fail. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Djelic, Marie-Laure and Quack, Sigrid. 2010. Transnational Communities: Shaping Global Economic Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dunlop, Claire A. and Radaelli, Claudio M.. 2012. Systematising Policy Learning. Political Studies 61(3): 599–619.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, Paul and Ehrlich, Anne. 1968. The Population Bomb. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, Paul and Ehrlich, Anne. 2004. One with Ninevah: Politics, Consumption and the Human Future. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette. 2020. What Kills International Organisations? When and Why International OrganisationsTerminate. European Journal of International Relations 27(1): 281–310.Google Scholar
Ezhrahi, Yaron. 1980. Utopian and Pragmatic Rationalism: The Political Context of Scientific Advance. Minerva 18(1): 111–31.Google Scholar
Falk, Richard A. 1975. A Study of Future Worlds. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Farrell, H. and Newman, A. L.. 2018. Linkage Politics and Complex Governance in Transatlantic Surveillance. World Politics, 70(4),515–54.Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas M. 1990. The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Christopher and Jahoda, Marie. 1978. World Futures. New York: Universe.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1973. “The Limits to Growth” and Class Politics. Journal of Peace Research 10(1/2): 101–14.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1980. The True Worlds: A Transnational Perspective. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Gardner, Richard N. 1980. Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy in Current Perspective: The Origins and the Prospects of our International Economic Order. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Gilpin, Alan. 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Global Challenges Foundation. 2016. Global Catastrophic Risks. Oxford: Global Challenges Foundation.Google Scholar
Golley, Frank B. 1993. A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Jessica F. and Hale, Thomas N.. 2017. Reversing the Marginalization of Global Environmental Politics in International Relations: An Opportunity for the Discipline. PS: Political Science and Politics 50(2): 473–79.Google Scholar
Haas, Ernst B. 1975. Is There a Whole in the Hole? International Organization 29(3): 827–76.Google Scholar
Haas, Ernst B. 1990. When Knowledge is Power. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 1992. Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination. International Organization 46(1): 1–37.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 1992. Banning Chlorofluorocarbons: Epistemic Community Efforts to Protect Stratospheric Ozone. International Organization 46(1): 187–224.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 2021. Epistemic Communities and International Environmental Law. In Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, 2nd ed., edited by Rajamai, Lavnya and Peel, Jacqueline. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 2015. Epistemic Communities, Constructivism and International Environmental Politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. and Haas, Ernst B.. 1995. Learning to Learn: Improving International Governance. Global Governance 1(3): 255–84.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. and Haas, Ernst B.. 2002. Pragmatic Constructivism and the Study of International Institutions. Millennium 31(3): 573–602.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. and Haas, Ernst B.. 2009. Pragmatic Constructivism and the Study of International Institutions. In Pragmatism in International Relations, edited by Bauer, Harry and Brighi, Elisabetta, 103–23. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hagen, Joel B. 1992. The Entangled Bank: Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Hardin, Garett. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162(1968): 1243–48.Google Scholar
Held, David, Hale, Thomas and Young, Kevin. 2013. Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation is Failing When We Need It Most. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Holdgate, Martin. 1999. The Green Web. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S., ed. 1978. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Holsti, K. J. 1992. Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, J. Donald. 1975. Ecology in Ancient Civilizations. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. J. 2001. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Harold K. and Price, Martin F.. 1990. A Framework for Research on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. Paris: International Social Science Council.Google Scholar
Jervis, R. 1997. System Effects. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. 1997. System Effects: Complexity in Social and Political Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jevons, William Stanley. 1865. The Coal Question. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Kasperson, Jeanne X. and Kasperon, Roger E., eds. 2001. Global Environmental Risk. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter J. and Seybert, Lucia A.. 2018. Protean Power: Exploring the Uncertain and Unexpected in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kaysen, Carl. 1972. The Computer that Printed out W*O*L*F*. Foreign Affairs 50(3): 660–68.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert. O and Nye, Joseph. S. 1977. Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. and Victor, David G.. 2011. The Regime Complex for Climate Change. Perspectives on Politics 9(1): 7–24.Google Scholar
Kern, Stephen. 2003. The Culture of Time and Space 1880–1918. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
King, Alexander and Schneider, Bertrand. 1991. The First Global Revolution: A Report by the Council of the Club of Rome. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Kothari, Rajni. 1974. Footsteps into the Future: Diagnosis of the Present World and a Design for an Alternative. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kwa, Chunglin. 2005. Local Ecologies and Global Science. Social Studies of Science 35(6): 923–50.Google Scholar
La Porte, Todd R. 1975. Organized Social Complexity: Challenge to Politics and Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ladyman, James, Lambert, James and Wiesner, Karoline. 2013. What is a Complex System? European Journal for Philosophy of Science 3(1): 33–67.Google Scholar
Lake, David A. 2020. The Organizational Ecology of Global Governance. European Journal of International Relations, online first.Google Scholar
Lang, Winfried, Neuhold, Hanspeter and Zemanek, Karl. 1991. Environmental Protection and International Law. Boston: Graham.Google Scholar
Lang, Winfried. 1992. Diplomacy and International Law Making: Some Observations. Yearbook of International Environmental Law 3(1): 108–22.Google Scholar
Lapo, Audrey. 1987. Traces of Bygone Biospheres. Moscow: Mir.Google Scholar
Le Prestre, Philippe. 2016. Global Ecopolitics Revisited. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Levin, Kelly, Cashore, Benjamin, Bernstein, Steven and Auld, Graeme. 2012. Overcoming the Tragedy of Super Wicked Problems. Policy Sciences 45(2): 123–52.Google Scholar
Macekura, Stephen J. 2015. Of Limits and Growth: The Rise of Global Sustainable Development in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacNeill, Jim, Winsemius, Pieter and Yakushiji, Taizō. 1991. Beyond Interdependence: The Meshing of the World’s Economy and the Earth’s Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manning, Patrick. 2003. Navigating World History. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Marsh, George Perkins. [1865]1965. Man and Nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. 2012. Governing the World: The Rise and Fall of an Idea, 1815 to the Present. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Robert P. 1985. The Background of Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McNeill, J. R. 2000. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
McNeill, John R. and McNeill, William H.. 2003. The Human Web: A Bird’s-Eye View. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Meadows, Donella H., Meadows, Dennis L., et al. 1971. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.Google Scholar
Meadows, Donella. H., Meadows, Dennis L., et al. 1992. Beyond the Limits. Post Mills: Chelsea Green.Google Scholar
Melillo, Jerry M., Field, Christopher B. and Moldan, Bedrich, eds. 2003. Interactions of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Change and Human Impacts. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, John W., Frank, David John, Hironaka, Ann, Schofer, Evan and Tuma, Nancy Brandon. 1997. The Structuring of a World Environmental Regime, 1870–1990. International Organization 51(4): 623–51.Google Scholar
National Research Council, et al. 1999. Our Common Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Oatley, Thomas. 2019. Toward a Political Economy of Complex Interdependence. European Journal of International Relations 25(4): 957–78.Google Scholar
Odum, Eugene P. 1977. The Emergence of Ecology as a New Integrative Discipline. Science 195(4284): 1289–993.Google Scholar
Ollman, Bertell. 1971. Alienation: Marx’s Conception of Man in Capitalist Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas G. 1983. Reports to the Club of Rome. World Politics 36(1): 121–46.Google Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas G. 1989. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Oreskes, Naomi and Conway, Erik M.. 2010. Merchants of Doubt. New York: Bloomsbury Press.Google Scholar
Orsini, A., Le Prestre, P., Haas, P. M., Brosig, M., Pattberg, P., Widerberg, O. and Chandler, D.. 2019. Forum: Complex Systems and International Governance. International Studies Review 22(4): 1008–38.Google Scholar
Osborn, Fairfield. 1949. Our Plundered Planet. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Perrow, Charles. 1984. Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Pirages, Dennis. 1983. The Ecological Perspective and the Social Sciences. International Studies Quarterly 27(3): 243–55.Google Scholar
Ploman, Edward W. 1985. Introduction. In The Science and Praxis of Complexity, edited by Aida, Shūhei, 1–24. Tokyo: United Nations University.Google Scholar
Ponting, Clive. 1992. A Green History of the World. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem and Potoski, Matthew. 2006. The Voluntary Environmentalists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Radkau, Joachim. 2008. Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Raustiala, Kal and Victor, David G.. 2004. The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources. International Organization 58(2): 311–44.Google Scholar
Regier, Henry A. and Bronson, Elizabeth A.. 1992. New Perspectives on Sustainable Development and Barriers to Relevant Information. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 20(2–3): 111–20.Google Scholar
Rittel, Horst W. J. and Webber, Melvin. M (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences 4(2): 155–69.Google Scholar
Rockstrom, John, Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, A., Chapin, F. S. I. and Lambin., E. F. 2009. A Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Nature 461: 472–75.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John G. 1998. What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge. International Organization 52(4): 855–85.Google Scholar
Sabatier, Paul A. and Jenkins-Smith, Hank C., eds. 1993. Policy Change and Learning: Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sabin, Paul. 2013. The Bet: Paul Ehrlich, Julian Simon, and Our Gamble over Earth’s Future. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Savory, Allan. 1988. Holistic Resource Management. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Schleper, Simone. 2017. Conservation Compromises: The MAB and the Legacy of the International Biological Program, 1964–1974. Journal of the History of Biology 50(1): 133–67.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, William H. 1991. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sears, Paul B. 1964. Ecology: A Subversive Subject. Bioscience 14(7): 11–13.Google Scholar
Shanks, Cheryl, Harold, K., Jacobson, H. K. and Kaplan, Jeffrey H.. 1996. Inertia and Change in the Constellation of International Governmental Organizations. International Organization 50(4): 593–627.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert A. 1981. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Smil, Vaclac. 1993. Global Ecology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smil, Vaclac. 2006. Transforming the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sorensen, Jens. 1993. The International Proliferation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Efforts. Ocean & Coastal Management 21(1–3): 45–80.Google Scholar
Sorensen, Jens. 1997. National and International Efforts at Integrated Coastal Management: Definitions, Achievements, and Lessons. Coastal Management 25(34): 3–41.Google Scholar
Speth, James Gustave. 2004. Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Speth, James Gustave. 2008. The Bridge at the Edge of the World. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sprout, Harold and Sprout, Margaret. 1971. Toward a Politics of Planet Earth. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
Sprout, Harold and Sprout, Margaret. 1972. The Ecological Viewpoint – and Others. In The Future of the International Legal Order, edited by Black, Cyril E. and Falk, Richard A., 569–606. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Paul C., Young, Oran R., et al., eds. 1992. Global Environmental Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Strong, Maurice F. 1973. One Year after Stockholm: An Ecological Approach to Management. Foreign Affairs 51(4): 690–707.Google Scholar
Szell, Patrick. 1991. The Development of Multilateral Mechanisms for Monitoring Compliance. In Environmental Protection and International Law, edited by Lang, Winfried, Neuhold, Hanspeter and Zemanek, Karl, ch. 7. London: Graham and Trotman.Google Scholar
Thomas, William L., ed. 1956. Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tolba, Mostafa K. and Rummel-Bulska, Iwona. 1998. Global Environmental Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Toulmin, Stephen. 1990. Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernization. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Trotmanjndrey, V. 1987. Traces of Bygone Biospheres. Moscow: Mir.Google Scholar
Turner II, B. L., Clark, William C., Kates, Robert W., Richards, John F., Matthews, Jessica. F and Meyer, William B., eds. 1990. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Uhrqvist, Ola and Linnér, Björn-Ola. 2015. Narratives of the Past for Future Earth: The Historiography of Global Environmental Change Research. Anthropocene Review 2(2): 159–73.Google Scholar
UNESCO. Man and the Biosphere Programme. Unesco.org. www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/man-and-biosphere-programme/. Accessed April 14, 2017.Google Scholar
Vallega, Adalberto. 1992. Sea Management: A Theoretical Approach. London: Elsevier Applied Science.Google Scholar
Van Dyne, George M., ed. 1969. The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Vernadsky, Vladimir I. 1944. Problems of Geochemistry. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 35: 487–517.Google Scholar
Vernadksy, Vladimir I. 1945. The Biosphere and the Noosphere. American Scientist 33(1): 1–12.Google Scholar
Vitousek, Peter, Mooney, Harold A., et al. 1997. Human Domination of the Earth’s Ecosystems. Science 277(5325): 494–99.Google Scholar
Waddington, Conrad H. 1975. The Evolution of an Evolutionist. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, Douglas R. 1990. Prometheus Rechained: Ecology and Conservation. In Science and the Soviet Social Order, edited by Graham, Loren R., 71–93. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1987. The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory. International Organization 41(3): 335–70.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1992. Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization 46(2): 391–425.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 2015. Quantum Mind and Social Science: Unifying Physical and Social Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Woodwell, George, M. 1985. On the Limits of Nature. In The Global Possible: Resources, Development, and the New Century, edited by Repetto, Roberto, 47–65. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Woodwell, George M. 2016. A World to Live In. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2016. The Global Risks Report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.Google Scholar
Worster, Donald. 1987. Nature’s Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yanshin, A. L. and Yanshina, F. T.. 1988. The Scientific Heritage of Vladimir Vernadsky. Impact of Science on Society 38(3): 283–96.Google Scholar
Young, Oran R. 2017. Governing Complex Systems: Social Capital for the Anthropocene. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Young, Oran R., King, Leslie A. and Schroeder, Heike, eds. 2008. Institutions and Environmental Change: Principle Findings, Applications, and Research Frontiers. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×