Although the election of Benedict XV brought to an end the intense phase of the so-called modernism crisis, the narrowing of discussion that an anti-modernist magisterium imposed on the Church far outlasted the pontificate of Pius X. Taking the form of the anti-modernist oath, which was not officially abolished until 1967, it shaped theological discussions until the Second Vatican Council. As a result, the respected theories of development of the nineteenth century, which were all apologetic in tendency (i.e. all wanted to defend the legitimacy of Catholic doctrine against the inquiries of a critical history of dogma that suspected dogma of radical discontinuity), could barely find their feet in the first half of the twentieth century. As a prototype of the theologian who fell from apologetics to heresy, and finally to excommunication, Alfred Loisy served as a negative example to everybody.