Book contents
- Theories and Technologies of Hypervelocity Shock Tunnels
- Theories and Technologies of Hypervelocity Shock Tunnels
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Shock-Wave Relations and Aerothermodynamic States
- 3 Heated Light-Gas High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels
- 4 Free-Piston-Driven High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels
- 5 Detonation-Driven High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels
- 6 Theory and Methods for Long-Test-Duration Shock Tunnels
- 7 Methods for Designing High-Enthalpy Flow Nozzles
- 8 Aerothermodynamic Testing and Hypersonic Physics
- Index
- References
3 - Heated Light-Gas High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 October 2023
Book contents
- Theories and Technologies of Hypervelocity Shock Tunnels
- Theories and Technologies of Hypervelocity Shock Tunnels
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Shock-Wave Relations and Aerothermodynamic States
- 3 Heated Light-Gas High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels
- 4 Free-Piston-Driven High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels
- 5 Detonation-Driven High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels
- 6 Theory and Methods for Long-Test-Duration Shock Tunnels
- 7 Methods for Designing High-Enthalpy Flow Nozzles
- 8 Aerothermodynamic Testing and Hypersonic Physics
- Index
- References
Summary
The achievable total enthalpy and the pressure level in a shock tunnel depend on its capability to generate strong shock waves. To produce a strong shock wave, high pressure and high sound speed are two key parameters for driver gases. There are various techniques to increase the driver gas sound speed, which are essentially different approaches in the way to raise the driver gas temperature. The first technique to increase the driver gas sound speed is by the use of a light gas, and the second one is by heating the light gas to a high temperature with gas heaters. The light-gas-heated shock tunnel is introduced in this chapter, and the electrical heaters are discussed in detail, including the relatively simple electrical resistance heaters and electric-arc heaters. Strictly speaking, the electric-arc heating is not a gasdynamic technique and it is not capable of completing flight-condition duplication for hypervelocity testing. However, it is selected because it can generate extremely high total enthalpies and is useful in certain applications.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Theories and Technologies of Hypervelocity Shock Tunnels , pp. 54 - 72Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Bird, K. D. (1962). 48-Inch Hypersonic Shock Tunnel – Descriptions and Capabilities. Buffalo, NY: Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Bose, D., Wright, M., Bogdanoff, D., Raiche, G. A., and Allen, G. A. (2006). Modeling and Experimental Assessment of CN Radiation Behind a Strong Shock Wave. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 20(2), 220–230.Google Scholar
Camm, J. C. and Rose, P. H. (1963). Electric Arc-driven Shock Tube. Physics of Fluids, 6(5), 663–678.Google Scholar
Creel, T. R. Jr. (1972). Experimental Performance of an Internal Resistance Heater for Langley 6-inch Expansion Tube Driver. NASA Technical Note TN D-7070.Google Scholar
Cruden, B. A, Martinez, R., Grinstead, J. H., and Olejniczak, J. (2009). Simultaneous Vacuum Ultraviolet through Near IR Absolute Radiation Measurement with Spatiotemporal Resolution in an Electric Arc Shock Tube. AIAA Paper 2009–4240.Google Scholar
CUBRC LENS-I. (n.d.). LENS I Mach 6 to 22 High Energy Shock Tunnel. https://bit.ly/3eV9k6u (Accessed: May 3, 2023).Google Scholar
CUBRC LENS-II. (n.d.). LENS II Mach 2 to 12 High Reynolds Number Shock/Ludwig Tunnel. https://bit.ly/3s3emS2 (Accessed: May 3, 2023).Google Scholar
CUBRC LENS-XX. (n.d.). LENS XX Expansion Tunnel for Velocities from 2,000 to 35,000 ft/sec. https://bit.ly/30ZPw9X (Accessed: May 3, 2023).Google Scholar
Dannenberg, R. E. (1972). A Conical Arc Driver for High-Energy Test Facilities. AIAA Journal, 10(12), 1692–1694.Google Scholar
Dufrene, A. and Holden, M. (2011). Experimental Characterization of the LENS Expansion Tunnel Facility Including Blunt Body Surface. AIAA Paper 2011–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dufrene, A., MacLean, M., and Holden, M. (2012). High Enthalpy Studies of Capsule Heating in an Expansion Tunnel Facility. AIAA Paper 2012-2998.Google Scholar
Dufrene, A., MacLean, M., Parker, R. A., Wadhams, T., and Holden, M. (2010). Characterization of the New LENS Expansion Tunnel Facility. AIAA Paper 2010–1564.Google Scholar
Grinstead, J. H., Wilder, M. C., Olejniczak, J., et al. (2008). Shock-Heated Air Radiation Measurements at Lunar Return Conditions. AIAA Paper 2008-1244.Google Scholar
Grinstead, J. H., Wilder, M. C., Reda, D. C., et al. (2010). Shock Tube and Ballistic Range Facilities at NASA Ames Research Center. In RTO Educational Notes, Aerothermodynamic Design, Review on Ground Testing and CFD. Paper NBR-1, RTO-EN-AVT-186.Google Scholar
Grinstead, J. H., Wright, M. J., Bogdanoff, D. W., and Allen, G. A. (2009). Shock Radiation Measurements for Mars Aerocapture Radiative Heating Analysis. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 23(2), 249–255.Google Scholar
Hertzberg, A., Wittliff, C. E., and Hall, J. G. (1961). Summary of Shock Tunnel Development and Application to Hypersonic Research. Report No. AD-1052-A-12, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory. AFOSR TR-60-139.Google Scholar
Holden, M. S. (1990). Large Energy National Shock Tunnel (LENS): Description and Capabilities. In Calspan-University of Buffalo Research Center Brochure. Washington, DC: Calspan-UB Research Center.Google Scholar
Holden, M. S. (2010). The LENS Facilities and Experimental Studies to Evaluate the Modeling of Boundary Layer Transition, Shock/Boundary Layer Interaction, Real Gas, Radiation and Plasma Phenomena in Contemporary CFD Codes. In Aerothermodynamic Design, Review on Ground Testing and CFD, ed. Chazot, O. and Bensassi, K.. RTO-EN-AVT-186. RTO/NATO, Paper 2. Belgium: von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics.Google Scholar
Holden, M. S. and Parker, R. A. (2002). LENS Hypervelocity Tunnels and Application to Vehicle Testing at Duplicated Flight Conditions. In Advanced Hypersonic Test Facilities, ed. Lu, F. K. and Marren, D. E.. Vol. 198 of AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Reston, VA: AIAA, pp. 73–110.Google Scholar
Holden, M. S., Wadhams, T. P., and MacLean, M. (2018). Measurements in Regions of Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction From MACH 4 to 7 at Flight Duplicated Velocities to Evaluate and Improve the Models of Turbulence in CFD Codes. AIAA Paper 2018–3706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, M., Candler, G., and Holden, M. (2005). Numerical Evaluation of Flow Conditions in the LENS Reflected Shock-Tunnel Facilities. AIAA Paper 2005–903.Google Scholar
MacLean, M., Holden, M. S., and Dufrene, A. (2013). Measurements of Real Gas Effects on Regions of Laminar Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction in Hypervelocity Flows for “Blind” Code Validation Studies. AIAA Paper 2013–2837.Google Scholar
Martin, W. A. (1958). A Review of Shock Tubes and Shock Tunnels. Report No. ZR-658–050, Engineering Department, Convair, Division of General Dynamics Corporation, San Diego, September 10.Google Scholar
Menard, W. A. (1971). A Higher Performance Electric-Arc-Driven Shock Tube. AIAA Journal, 9(10), 2096–2098.Google Scholar
Miller, C. G. (1976). Operational Experience in the Langley Expansion Tube with Various Test Gases and Preliminary Results in the Expansion Tunnel. Paper presented at the AIAA 9th Aerodynamic Testing Conference, Arlington, Texas, June 7–9. Full paper available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22151, as N78-12I05.Google Scholar
Miller, C. G. (1978). A Critical Examination of Expansion Tunnel Performance. Presented at the AIAA 10th Aerodynamic Testing Conference, San Diego, California, April 19–21, AIAA Paper 78–768.Google Scholar
Miller, C. G. and Jones, J. J. (1983). Development and Performance of the NASA Langley Research Center Expansion Tube/Tunnel, A Hypersonic-Hypervelocity Real-Gas Facility. Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Shock Tubes and Waves, Sydney, Australia, August.Google Scholar
Miller, C. G. III, Micol, J. R., and Gnoffo, P. A. (1985). Laminar Heat-Transfer Distributions on Biconics at Incidence in Hypersonic-Hypervelocity Flows. NASA Technical Paper 2213.Google Scholar
Moore, J. A. (1975). Description and Initial Operating Performance of the Langley 6-inch Expansion Tube Using Heated Helium Driver Gas. NASA Technical Memorandum TM X-3240, September.Google Scholar
Moore, J. A. (1976). Description and Operating Performance of a Parallel-Rail Electric-Arc System with Helium Driver Gas for the Langley 6-inch Expansion Tube. NASA Technical Memorandum TM X-3448, December.Google Scholar
Nealy, J. E. (1972). Performance and Operating Characteristics of the Arc-Driven Langley 6-inch Shock Tube. NASA TN D-6922, August 1972.Google Scholar
Nompelis, I., Candler, G. V., Wadhams, T. P., and Holden, M. S. (2004). Numerical Simulation of High Enthalpy Experiments in the LENS-X Expansion Tube Facility. AIAA Paper 2004-1000, January.Google Scholar
Parker, R. and Wakeman, T. (2010). Shock Front Radiation Studies at CUBRC. AIAA Paper 2010-1370.Google Scholar
Sharma, S. P. and Park, C. (1990). Operating Characteristics of a 60- and 10-cm Electric Arc-Driven Shock Tube – Part I: The Driver. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 4(3), 259–265.Google Scholar
Sharma, S. P., Ruffin, S. M., Gillespie, W. D., and Meyer, S. A. (1993a). Vibrational Relaxation Measurements in an Expanding Flow Using Spontaneous Raman Scattering. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 7(4), 697–703.Google Scholar
Sharma, S. P., Ruffin, S. M., Meyer, S. A., Gillespie, W. D., and Yates, L. A. (1993b). Density Measurements in an Expanding Flow Using Holographic Interferometry. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 7(2), 261–268.Google Scholar
Shirai, H. and Park, C. (1979). Experimental Studies of Radiative Base Heating of a Jovian Entry Model. AIAA Paper 79-0038, January.Google Scholar
Trimpi, R. L. (1962). A Preliminary Theoretical Study of the Expansion Tube, a New Device for Producing High-Enthalpy Short-Duration Hypersonic Gas Flows. NASA Technical Report R-133.Google Scholar
Trimpi, R. L. (1966). A Theoretical Investigation of Simulation in Expansion Tubes and Tunnels. NASA Technical Report TR R-243, June.Google Scholar