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  3. The Cambridge World History
  • Cited by 1
  • Volume 7: Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 2: Shared Transformations?
  • Edited by J. R. McNeill, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Kenneth Pomeranz, University of Chicago
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2015
Print publication year:
2015
Online ISBN:
9781316182789
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316182789
Subjects:
American History: General Interest, British History: General Interest, Regional and World History: General Interest, History, Regional History after 1500, Global History
Collections:
Cambridge Histories - Global History, Cambridge Histories - British & European History, Cambridge Histories - American History, Cambridge Histories - Asian History, Cambridge Histories - Middle East & African Studies
Series:
The Cambridge World History
Information

Book description

Since 1750, the world has become ever more connected, with processes of production and destruction no longer limited by land- or water-based modes of transport and communication. Volume 7 of the Cambridge World History series, divided into two books, offers a variety of angles of vision on the increasingly interconnected history of humankind. The second book questions the extent to which the transformations of the modern world have been shared, focusing on social developments such as urbanization, migration, and changes in family and sexuality; cultural connections through religion, science, music, and sport; ligaments of globalization including rubber, drugs, and the automobile; and moments of particular importance from the Atlantic Revolutions to 1989.

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Contents

Page 2 of 2

Contents
  • 17 - Transportation and communication, 1750 to the present
    pp 401-422
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The term commodification of culture is used descriptively and often critically to denote shift of cultural products from the realms of ritual and relationships to the market place. Department stores have provided the foundations for debates in a variety of historical areas, including comparative economics, gender, and architecture. From the wealth of studies on consumer society in early modern Europe it would be easy to imagine that the flourishing material and commercial culture that gave rise to the industrial revolution was unparalleled in the world, and of course it had its distinctive aspects. The agency of department stores in the commodification of the creative arts was to some degree shaped by the same national, and occasionally nationalist, circumstances that gave rise to national products campaigns. The multi-story renaissance-style buildings built to house the department stores in Japan were not untypical of global styles, monumental expression of commercial prestige in the word of Henry-Russell Hitchcock.
  • 18 - Rubber
    pp 423-443
  • View abstract

    Summary

    In 1715 Pope Clement XI declared that Chinese Catholics were not allowed to conduct Confucian ritual or ancestral ritual. In societies where religions were pitted against each other they have to be cleansed of their divisive potential by being encapsulated in nationalism. Islam contains ideas about just rule and divinely sanctioned law that were important in the ritual legitimacy of traditional states. The idea of a spirituality that transcended the division of nations and religions gained in influence in response to imperialism and to the massacre of the First World War. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism have always been potentially global religions, depending on expansion of trade networks or political formations, but in the current phase of globalization, enhanced by new forms of communication such as the Internet, they have followed patterns of labor migration and have become truly global.
  • 19 - Drugs in the modern era
    pp 444-466
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter discusses the history of science since 1750 from a history of the perspective. Science and its history seem little taken up in the historiography of global or world history studies. Science was solidly institutionalized in European universities, in a transnational network of academies and societies of science, astronomical observatories, botanical gardens, hospitals, and in a variety of other niches, many state supported. In the eighteenth century the natural sciences anchored a broad and consequential intellectual and social movement, the Enlightenment. The chapter highlights new connections between science and industry in the nineteenth century. Industrialization and industrial civilization have expanded and spread over the last two hundred years to the point where the Earth is entangled in one interconnected, intertwined, and interdependent global ecology of humans and the natural world. Science and industrial civilization has been the subject of criticism, especially in the postcolonial period following the Second World War.
  • 20 - The automobile
    pp 467-489
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter explains a capsule history of the various modes of the objectification and later commodification of music that preceded today's schizophonia and the ideologies surrounding the production and consumption of music, particularly musics places far from western metropoles. It focuses on the term neoliberal capitalism, a form of capitalism that is being shaped by policies that have sought to enrich elite groups by aggressively utilizing the powers of the state, new technologies, and seeking global markets and labor. One of the contributing factors to conceptions of world music as something that could be appropriated with impunity was the rise of digital sampling. World music in the West continues to enjoy the position of prestige it has slowly wrested from classical music as the music associated with elites, even though, like classical music, its sales remain small. Populous countries such as India and China are home to prodigious and sophisticated music industries.
  • 21 - Globalization, Anglo-American style
    pp 490-514
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The new sport organizations were part of a much larger phenomenon: in the second half of the nineteenth century, voluntary associations moved like wildfire around the planet, jumping from continent to continent within only a few years even when travel could take weeks or even months. Physical education emerged as a professional field in the 1880s, and its practitioners used classicism to legitimize their craft, claiming that mens sana in corpore sano was an ancient Greek ideal. German gymnastics were preferred in military schools worldwide, modeled after the admired Prussian military. British sports were preferred in schools modeled after the British public schools that prepared young men for capitalism and colonial service. The commercialization of soccer and the huge global audience ultimately made Fédération Internationale de Football the only sport organization with enough wealth and power to rival the International Olympic Committee (IOC). In 1988 the IOC finally opened up the Olympics to professional athletes.

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