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4 - Disaster ecology: implications for disaster psychiatry

from Part II - Foundations of disaster psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2009

By
James M. Shultz ,
Zelde Espinel ,
Sandro Galea  and
Dori B. Reissman
Edited by
Robert J. Ursano ,
Carol S. Fullerton ,
Lars Weisaeth  and
Beverley Raphael
James M. Shultz
Affiliation:
Director, Center for Disaster and Extreme Event University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Zelde Espinel
Affiliation:
Center for Disaster and Extreme Event University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Sandro Galea
Affiliation:
Associate Professor The University of Michigan
Dori B. Reissman
Affiliation:
Senior Medical Advisor National Institute for Occupational Safety
Robert J. Ursano
Affiliation:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland
Carol S. Fullerton
Affiliation:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland
Lars Weisaeth
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Oslo
Beverley Raphael
Affiliation:
University of Western Sydney
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Summary

The nature of disaster from an ecological perspective

When disaster strikes, individuals, families, and entire communities are subjected to powerful forces of harm. Yet, exposure to disaster impact is only the opening salvo. As the disaster unfolds, and far into the aftermath, affected populations grapple with loss and change, consequences that persevere long after the risk for physical harm has dissipated. This trilogy of forces – exposure to hazard, massive personal and societal loss, and profound and enduring life change – characterizes the nature of disaster. Thus we define a disaster as an encounter between a hazard (forces of harm) and a human population in harm's way, influenced by the ecological context, creating demands that exceed the coping capacity of the affected community (Landesman, 2001; Noji, 1997a; Quarantelli, 1985, 1995, 1998; Shultz et al., 2007; Somasundaram et al., 2003; World Health Organization, 1999).

Disasters are population-based phenomena. According to Raphael (2000), “Disasters can have widespread and devastating impact on individuals, families, communities and nations.” Disasters are collective, community-wide events, necessitating simultaneous consideration of issues residing within a person, or between persons, or between persons and their community and society. We propose an ecological frame of reference to concurrently consider the interplay of these factors as they pertain to disaster's forces of harm: exposure, loss, and change.

Keywords

community-level factorsdisaster ecological frameworkdisaster psychiatrydisaster riskindividual-family factorspsychosocial impacthealth servicesforces of harmsocial servicessocietal-structural factors
Type
Chapter
Information
Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry , pp. 69 - 96
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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