Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:04:14.621Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Affective disorders

from Part III - Culture and mental disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2009

By
Paul Bebbington  and
Claudia Cooper
Edited by
Dinesh Bhugra  and
Kamaldeep Bhui
Paul Bebbington
Affiliation:
UCL, Department of Mental Health Sciences 2nd Floor, Charles Bell House 67–73 Riding House Street London WIW 7EJ UK
Claudia Cooper
Affiliation:
Royal Free and University College Medical School UCL – Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus Highgate Hill London N19 5LW UK
Dinesh Bhugra
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
Kamaldeep Bhui
Affiliation:
Barts & The London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry
Get access

Summary

EDITORS' INTRODUCTION

Depression in particular, and affective disorders in general, are prime examplars of cultural influences on feelings and emotions. Many languages do not have words which can be applied to depression, even though feelings of sadness, unhappiness and associated biological factors have been reported from a large number of cultures and societies. The development of cultural psychiatry in the context of political and social settings indicates that constructs of illnesses or the development of research questions are linked with a number of factors which are changing regularly, from the concept of the happy native who did not suffer from depression in the 1950s to the recent multicentre studies which found that depression exists across cultures even though its prevalence and its recognition varies.

Bebbington and Cooper in their chapter provide a brief historical context in the development of cultural psychiatry. Cultures are internalized by individuals and the social response to distress is thus influenced accordingly. They propose that feeling bad (like other feelings and emotions) is related to a feedback loop with processes of social evaluation and self-comparison. These cognitions of lowered self regard and fear of future circumstances are culturally influenced and socially mediated. The use of language and somatic metaphors indicates not only cultural differences but also social class and education. Biomedical explanations may exist in different settings and interpretations of feelings of dysphoria are influenced by a number of factors. Using illustrations from different cultural settings, Bebbington and Cooper argue that cultural influences on the frequency of affective disorders are going to be influenced by processes of globalization as cultures are not impervious to external change.

Type
Chapter
Information
Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry , pp. 224 - 241
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abas, M. A. & Broadhead, J. C. (1997). Depression and anxiety among women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe. Psychological Medicine, 27, 59–71.Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. (2002). Newal systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12, 169–177.Google Scholar
Araya, R., Rojas, G., Fritsch, R., Acuna, J. & Lewis, G. (2001). Common mental disorders in Santiago, Chile: prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 228–233.Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (2006). Alexander Leighton and the evolutionary perspective. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 45–55.Google Scholar
Beals, J., Manson, S. M., Whitesell, N. R., et al. (2005). Prevalence of major depressive episode in two American Indian reservation populations: unexpected findings with a structured interview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1713–1722.Google Scholar
Bebbington, P. E. (1993). Transcultural aspects of affective disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 5, 145–156.Google Scholar
Bebbington, P. E., Ghubash, R. & Hamdi, E. (1993). The Dubai Community Psychiatric Survey: II Development of the Socio-cultural Change Questionnaire. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 60–65.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. (2003). Migration and depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (suppl.), 418, 67–72.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. (2005). Cultural identities and cultural congruency: a new model for evaluating mental distress in immigrants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 84–93.Google Scholar
Bhugra, D. & Mastrogianni, A. (2004). Globalisation and mental disorder: overview with relation of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 10–20.Google Scholar
Bibeau, G. (1997). Cultural psychiatry in a creolizing world: questions for a new research agenda. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34, 9–41.Google Scholar
Blakemore, S. J., Winston, J. & Frith, U. (2004). Social cognitive neuroscience: where are we heading?Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 216–222.Google Scholar
Bland, R. C., Newman, S. C. & Orn, H. (1988). Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77 (suppl) 338.Google Scholar
Bolton, P., Wilk, C. M. & Ndogoni, L. (2004). Assessment of depression prevalence in rural Uganda using symptom and function criteria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 442–447.Google Scholar
Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S., Su, M, Williams, D. & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample. Psychological Medicine, 36, 57–68.Google Scholar
Bromet, E. J., Gluzman, S. F., Paniotto, V. I.et al. (2005). Epidemiology of psychiatric and alcohol disorders in Ukraine: Findings from the Ukraine World Mental Health survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 681–690.Google Scholar
Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P. E., Jenkins, R.et al. (1999). Cross validation of a general population survey diagnostic interview: a comparison of CIS-R with SCAN ICD-10 diagnostic categories. Psychological Medicine, 5, 1029–1042.Google Scholar
Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Taub, N., Meltzer, H. & Bebbington, P. (2001). A general population comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CID-I) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Psychological Medicine, 31, 1001–1013.Google Scholar
Canino, G. J., Bird, H. R., Shrout, P. E.et al. (1987). The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 727–735.Google Scholar
Caraveo-Anduaga, J., Colmenares, E. & Saldivar, G. (1999). Clinical epidemiological study of depressive disorders. Salud Mental, 22, 7–17.Google Scholar
Chan, B. & Parker, G. (2004). Some recommendations to assess depression in Chinese people in Australasia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 141–147.Google Scholar
Chen, C. N., Wong, J., Lee, N., Chanho, M. W., Lau, J. T. F. & Fung, M. (1993). The Shatin Community Mental-Health Survey in Hong-Kong. 2. Major Findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 125–133.Google Scholar
Chen, H., Guarnaccia, P. J. & Chung, H. (2003). Self-attention as a mediator of cultural influences on depression. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 49, 192–203.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. E., Kendell, R. E., Gurland, B. J., Sharpe, L., Copeland, J. R. M. & Simon, R. (1972). Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York and London, Maudsley Monograph No. 20. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Girolano, G., Polidori, G., Morosini, P.et al. (2006). Prevalence of common mental disorders in Italy: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 853–861.Google Scholar
Diez-Roux, A. (1998). Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 216–222.Google Scholar
The ESEMed/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators (2004). Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica scandinavica, 109 (Suppl. 420), 21–27.
Faravelli, C., Guerrini-Degl, 'Innocenti, B., Aiazzi, L.Incerpi, G. & Pallanti, S. (1990). Epidemiology of mood disorders: a community survey in Florence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 20, 135–141.Google Scholar
Fones, S. C. L., Kua, E. H.Ng, T. P. & Ko, S. M. (1998). Studying the mental health of a nation. Singapore Medical Journal, 39, 251–255.Google Scholar
Ghubash, R., Hamdi, E. & Bebbington, P. E. (1994). The Dubai Community Psychiatric Survey: III: Acculturation and the prevalence of psychiatric disorder. Psychological Medicine, 24, 121–131.Google Scholar
Gureje, O., Lasebikan, V. O., Kola, L. & Makanjuola, V. A. (2006). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 465–471.Google Scholar
Haro, J. M., Palacin, C., Vilagut, G.et al. (2006). Prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors: results from the ESEMed-Spain study. Medicina Clinica, 126: 445–451.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (1989). The Condition of Post-modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Henderson, S., Andrews, G. & Hall, W. (2000). Australia's mental health: an overview of the general population survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 197–205.Google Scholar
Hicks, M. (2002). Validity of the CIDI Probe Flow Chart for Depression in Chinese American women. Transcultural Psychiatry, 39, 434–451.Google Scholar
Hollifield, M., Katon, W., Spain, D. & Pule, L. (1990). Anxiety and depression in a village in Lesotho, Africa – a comparison with the United States. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 343–350.Google Scholar
Hwang, W. C., Myers, H. F. & Takeuchi, D. T. (2000). Psychosocial predictors of first-onset depression in Chinese Americans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 133–145.Google Scholar
Hwu, H. -G., Yeh, E. -K. & Chang, L. -Y. (1989). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 136–147.Google Scholar
Karam, E. G. (1992). Dépression et guerres du Liban: Méthodologie d'une recherché. Annules de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, pp. 99–106.Google Scholar
Karam, E. G., Howard, D. B., Karam, A. N.et al. (1998). Major depression and external stressors: the Lebanon Wars. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 248, 225–230.Google Scholar
Karam, E. G., Mneimneh, Z. N., Karam, A. N.et al. (2006). 12-month prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in Lebanon: a national epidemiologic survey. The Lancet, 367, 1000–1006.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A. & Zhao, S.et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demier, O. & Walters, E. E. (2005a). Prevalence, severity and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627.Google Scholar
Kawakami, N., Takeshima, T., Ono, Y. (2005). Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and treatment of common mental disorders in communities in Japan: preliminary finding from the World Mental Health Japan Survey 2002–2003. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 441–452.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, A., Demier, O., Jin, R. & Walters, E. E., (2005b). Lifetime Prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the Naional Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62: 593–602.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J. (2001). Cultural variations in the clinical presentation of depression and anxiety: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62 (Suppl. 13), 22–28.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J. (2006). Beyond the new cross-cultural psychiatry: cultural biology, discursive psychology and the ironies of globalization. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 126–144.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J. & Young, A. (1998). Culture and somatization: clinical, epidemiological and ethnographic perspectives. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 420–430.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J., Groleau, D., Looper, K. J. & Dao, M. D. (2004). Explaining medically unexplained symptoms. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 663–672.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. M. (1977). Depression, somatization and the new cross-cultural psychiatry. Social Science and Medicine, 11, 3–10.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. M. (1986). Social Origins of Distress and Disease: Depression, Neurasthenia, and Pain in Modern China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Kleinman, A. (1991). Preface. In Psychosocial Aspects of Depression, ed. Becker, J. and Kleinman, A. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Kleinman, A. (2004). Culture and depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 951–953.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1904; trans. 1974). Comparative psychiatry. In Themes and Variations in European Psychiatry, ed. Hirsch, S. R. and Shepherd, M.. Bristol. John Wright & Sons.
Lee, C. K.Kwak, Y. S., Yamamoto, J.et al. (1990). Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea, I. Gender and age differences in Seoul. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder, 178, 247–252.Google Scholar
Leff, J. P. (1973). Culture and the differentiation of emotional states. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 299–306.Google Scholar
Leff, J. P. (1974). Transcultural influences on psychiatrists' rating of verbally expressed emotion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 336–340.Google Scholar
Leff, J. P. (1977). International variations in the diagnosis of psychiatric illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 329–338.Google Scholar
Leff, J. P. (1978). Psychiatrists' vs patients' concepts of unpleasant emotions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 306–313.Google Scholar
Leff, J. P. (1981). Psychiatry around the Globe: a Transcultural View. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Leighton, A. H. (1959). Mental illness and acculturation. In Medicine and Anthropology, ed. Galston, I.. New York: International Universities Press.
Leighton, D. C., Harding, J. S., Macklin, D. B., MacMillian, A. M. & Leighton, A. H. (1963a). The Character of Danger (Stirling County Study, Vol. 3). New York: Basic Books.
Leighton, A. H., Lambo, T. A., Hughes, C. C., Leighton, D. C., Murphy, J. M. & Macklin, D. B. (1963b). Psychiatric Disorder amongst the Yoruba. New York: Cornell University Press.
Lepine, J. P., Lellouch, J., Lovell, A.et al. (1989). Anxiety and depressive disorders in a French population: methodology and preliminary results. Psychiatric Psychobiology, 4, 267–274.Google Scholar
Lepine, J. P., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V.et al. (2005). Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in the French general population. Encephale-Revue de Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique, 31, 182–194.Google Scholar
Lewis, G., Pelosi, A. J., Araya, R. C. & Dunn, G. (1992). Measuring psychiatric disorders in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay-interviews. Psychological Medicine, 22, 465–486.Google Scholar
Lindeman, S., Hamalainen, J., Isometsa, E.et al. (2000). The 12-month prevalence and risk factors for major depressive episode in Finland: representative sample of 5993 adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 178–184.Google Scholar
Mak, W. W. & Zane, N. W. (2004). The phenomenon of somatization among community Chinese Americans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 967–974.Google Scholar
Marsella, A. J. (1977). Depressive experience and disorder across culture. In Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. Triandis, H. & Draguns, J. Vol. 5: Culture and Psychopathology.
Mavreas, V. & Bebbington, P. E. (1990). Acculturation and psychiatric disorders: A study of Greek Cypriot immigrants. Psychological Medicine, 20, 941–951.Google Scholar
Mechanic, D. (1962). The concept of illness behaviour. Journal of Chronic Disease, 15, 189–194.Google Scholar
Medina-Mora, M. E., Borges, G., Lara, C.et al. (2005). Prevalence, service use, and demographic correlates of 12-month DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in Mexico: results from the Mexican National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1773–1783.Google Scholar
Morice, R. (1978). Psychiatric diagnosis in a transcultural setting: the importance of lexical categories. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 87–95.Google Scholar
Oakley-Browne, M. A., Joyce, P. R., Wells, J. E., Bushnell, J. A. & Hornblow, A. R. (1989). Christchurch Psychiatric Epidemiology Study, Part 1: six month and other period prevalences of specific psychiatric disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 327–340.Google Scholar
Oh, Y., Koeske, G. F. & Sales, E. (2002). Acculturation, stress, and depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants in the United States. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 511–526.Google Scholar
Oquendo, M. A., Lizardi, D., Greenwald, S., Weissman, M. M. & Mann, J. J. (2004). Rates of lifetime suicide attempt and rates of lifetime major depression in different ethnic groups in the United States. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 446–451.Google Scholar
Orley, J. & Wing, J. K. (1979). Psychiatric disorders in two African villages. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 513–520.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Chan, B., Tully, L. & Eisenbruch, M. (2005). Depression in the Chinese: the impact of acculturation. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1475–1483.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Gladstone, G. & Chee, K. T. (2001). Depression in the planet's largest ethnic group: the Chinese. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 857–864.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Patel, V., Kirkwood, B. R., Pednekar, S.et al. (2006). Gender disadvantage and reproductive health risk factors for common mental disorders in women: a community survey in India. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 404–413.Google Scholar
Prince, R. (1977). The changing picture of depressive syndromes in Africa. Canadian Journal of African Studies, pp. 177–192.Google Scholar
Rihmer, Z., Szadoczky, E., Furedi, J., Kiss, K. & Papp, Z. (2001). Anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depression: results from a population-based study in Hungary. Journal of Affective Disorders, 67, 175–179.Google Scholar
Riolo, S. A., Nguyen, T. A., Greden, J. F. & King, C. A. (2005). Prevalence of depression by race/ethnicity: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 998–1000.Google Scholar
Robins, L., Heber, J., Croughan, J., Williams, J. B. W. & Spitzer, R. (1979). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) Version II. National Institute of Health.
Robins, L. N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H. V.et al. (1988). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: an epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different systems and in different cultures, Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1069–1077.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric Disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press (MacMillan Inc.).
Shen, Y. C., Zhang, M. Y., Huang, Y. Q.et al. (2006). Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in metropolitan China. Psychological Medicine, 36, 257–267.Google Scholar
Singleton, N., Bumpstead, R., O'Brien, M., Lee, A. & Meltzer, H. (2001) Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in Private Households. TSA: London.
Smit, J., Myer, L., Middelkoop, K.et al. (2006). Mental health and sexual risk behaviours in a South African township: a community-based cross-sectional study. Public Health, 120, 534–542.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. & Endicott, J. (1978). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – Life-time Version, 3rd edn. New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.
Takeuchi, D. T., Chung, R. C-Y., Lin, K-M.et al. (1998). Lifetime and twelve-month prevalence rates of major depressive episodes and dysthymia among Chinese Americans in Los Angeles. American Journal of Psychiatry. 155, 1407–1414.Google Scholar
Üstün, T. B. & Sartorius, N. (1995). Mental Illness in General Health Care: an International Study. Chichester: Wiley.
Vicente, B., Kohn, R., Rioseco, P., Saldivia, S., Baker, C. & Torres, S. (2004). Population prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Chile: 6-month and 1-month rates. British Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 299–305.Google Scholar
Vicente, B., Kohn, R., Rioseco, P., Saldivia, S., Levav, I. & Torres, S. (2006). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders in the Chile Psychiatric Prevalence Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1362–1370.Google Scholar
Vorcaro, C. M. R., Lima-Costa, M. F. F., Barreto, S. M. & Uchoa, E. (2001). Unexpected high prevalence of 1-month depression in a small Brazilian community: the Bambui Study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 257–263.Google Scholar
Weich, S., Nazroo, J., Sproston, K.et al. (2004). Common mental disorders and ethnicity in England: the EMPIRIC Study. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1543–1551.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U., Esau, C. A., Zerssen, D., Kreig, J. C. & Zaudig, M. (1992). Lifetime and six-month prevalence of mental disorders: The Munich follow-up study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 241, 247–258.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. V. & Jacobi, F. (2005). Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe: a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 357–376.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1974). Glossary of Mental Disorders and Guide to Their Classification, for Use in Conjunction with the International Classification of Diseases, 8th rev. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (1983). Depressive Disorders in Different Cultures. Geneva: WHO.
Yap, P. M. (1974). Comparative Psychiatry: A Theoretical Framework. Toronto: University of Toronto.
Zilber, N., Lerner, Y., Eidelman, R. & Kertes, J. (2001). Depression and anxiety disorders among Jews from the former Soviet Union five years after their immigration to Israel. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 993–999.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Affective disorders
    • By Paul Bebbington, UCL, Department of Mental Health Sciences 2nd Floor, Charles Bell House 67–73 Riding House Street London WIW 7EJ UK, Claudia Cooper, Royal Free and University College Medical School UCL – Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus Highgate Hill London N19 5LW UK
  • Edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Kamaldeep Bhui
  • Book: Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543609.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Affective disorders
    • By Paul Bebbington, UCL, Department of Mental Health Sciences 2nd Floor, Charles Bell House 67–73 Riding House Street London WIW 7EJ UK, Claudia Cooper, Royal Free and University College Medical School UCL – Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus Highgate Hill London N19 5LW UK
  • Edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Kamaldeep Bhui
  • Book: Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543609.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Affective disorders
    • By Paul Bebbington, UCL, Department of Mental Health Sciences 2nd Floor, Charles Bell House 67–73 Riding House Street London WIW 7EJ UK, Claudia Cooper, Royal Free and University College Medical School UCL – Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus Highgate Hill London N19 5LW UK
  • Edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Kamaldeep Bhui
  • Book: Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543609.019
Available formats
×