3Vision (2019) UK TV Exports Report, 2018–19, London: 3Vision & Pact.Google Scholar

Access Now (2020) Targeted, Cut Off, and Left in the Dark: The #KeepItOn Report on Internet Shutdown in 2019, New York, NY: Access Now.Google Scholar

Achilles (2021) Reform of Public Procurement Law after Brexit, Abingdon: Achilles.Google Scholar

Afilipoaie, A., Iordache, C., and Raats, T. (2021) ‘The “Netflix Original” and what it means for the production of European television content’, Critical Studies in Television, 16(3): 304–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aguete, M. (2021) ‘Streaming ahead’, TBI Talks, 28 January. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/ycksbp7r.Google Scholar

Aksoy, A. and Robins, K. (2000) ‘Thinking across spaces: Transnational television from Turkey’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 3(3): 343–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, J. (2019) ‘The Office will leave Netflix in 2021’, theverge.com, 25 June. Available at: www.theverge.com/2019/6/25/18758714/the-office-netflix-2021-nbc-universal-streaming-wars.Google Scholar

Alloca, K. (2018) Videocracy: How YouTube Is Changing the World … with Double Rainbows, Singing Foxes, and Other Trends We Can’t Stop Watching, London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Alonzi, T. (1998) ‘Growing up is hard to do’, in Crowe, C. (ed.), Media and Marketing Europe Guide to Pan-European Television, London: Emap media, pp. 18–19.Google Scholar

Alphabet (2020) Annual Report 2019, Mountain View, CA: Alphabet.Google Scholar

Alphabet (2021) Year in Review 2020, Mountain View, CA: Alphabet.Google Scholar

Alvino, C. and Basilico, J. (2015) ‘Learning a personalized homepage’, netflixtechblog.com, 9 April. Available at: https://netflixtechblog.com/learning-a-personalized-homepage-aa8ec670359a.Google Scholar

Amatriain, X. and Basilico, J. (2012) ‘Netlix recommendations: Beyond the 5 stars’ (Part 1), netflixtechblog.com, 6 April. Available at: https://netflixtechblog.com/netflix-recommendations-beyond-the-5-stars-part-1-55838468f429.Google Scholar

Ang, I. (1985) Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination, London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Appadurai, A. (1990) ‘Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy’, in Featherstone, M. (ed.), Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, London: Sage, pp. 295–310.Google Scholar

Apple (2007) ‘Award-winning MGM films now on the iTunes store, apple.com, 11 April. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20070416003909/www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/11itunes.html.Google Scholar

Aris, A. and Bughin, J. (2009) Managing Media Companies: Harnessing Creative Value, 2nd ed., Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar

Arsenault, A. (2012) ‘The structure and dynamics of communications business networks in an era of convergence: Mapping the global networks of the information business’, in Winseck, D. and Jin, D. Y. (eds.), The Political Economies of Media: The Transformation of the Global Media Industries, London: Bloomsbury, pp. 101–20.Google Scholar

Ash, S. (2014) ‘The development of submarine cables’, in Burnett, D. R., Beckman, R. C., and Davenport, T. M. (eds.), Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 19–60.Google Scholar

AT&T (2021) 2020 Annual Report, Dallas, TX: AT&T.Google Scholar

Atkinson, L. (2017) ‘Making OTT services better than broadcast’, AWS Media & Entertainment Symposium, 4 December. Available at: www.slideshare.net/AmazonWebServices/making-ott-services-better-than-broadcast.Google Scholar

Bagdikian, B. H. (2004) The New Media Monopoly, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Bair, J. (2005) ‘Global capitalism and commodity chains: Looking back, going forward’, Competition and Change, 9(2): 153–80.Google Scholar

Bair, J. (2009) ‘Global commodity chains: Genealogy and review’, in Bair, J. (ed.) Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar

Bakker, G. (2008) Entertainment Industrialised: The Emergence of the International Film Industry, 1890–1940, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bakker, G. (2012) ‘How motion pictures industrialized entertainment’, The Journal of Economic History, 72(4): 1036–63.Google Scholar

Baldwin, C. Y. (2008) ‘Where do transactions come from? Modularity, transactions, and the boundaries of firms’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 17(1): 155–95.Google Scholar

Baldwin, C. Y. and Woodard, C. J. (2009) ‘The architecture of platforms: A unified view’, in Gawer, A. (ed.) Platforms, Markets and Innovation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 19–44.Google Scholar

Baldwin, R. (2013) ‘Global supply chains: Why they emerged, why they matter, and where they are going’, in Elms, D. B. and Low, P. (eds.), Global Value Chains in a Changing World, Geneva: World Trade Organization, pp. 13–59.Google Scholar

Ball, M. (2019a) ‘Nine reasons why Disney+ will succeed (and why four criticisms are overhyped’, redef.com, 17 March. Available at: https://redef.com/original/nine-reasons-why-disney-will-succeed-and-why-four-criticisms-are-overhyped.Google Scholar

Ball, M. (2019b) ‘The streaming wars: Its models, surprises, and remaining opportunities’, redef.com, 12 July. Available at: https://redef.com/original/the-streaming-wars-its-models-surprises-and-remaining-opportunities.Google Scholar

Banerjee, I. (2002) ‘The locals strike back? Media globalization and localization in the new Asian television landscape’, Gazette, 64(6): 517–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banks, M., Conor, B., and Mayer, V. (eds.) (2016) Production Studies, The Sequel! Cultural Studies of Global Media Industries, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Barker, P. (1993) ‘Nouvelles cuisine’, Cable & Satellite Europe, February: 32.Google Scholar

Bartlett, C. A. and Ghoshal, S. (1998) Managing across Borders: The Transnational Solution, 2nd ed., Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar

BBC (1946) ‘Television is here again (1946) part one’. Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8XL0IfipLI.Google Scholar

Beck, U. (2000) ‘The cosmopolitan perspective: Sociology of the second age of modernity’, British Journal of Sociology, 51(1): 79–105.Google Scholar

Beck, U. (2002) ‘The cosmopolitan society and its enemies’, Theory, Culture & Society, 19(1–2): 17–44.Google Scholar

Beck, U. and Grande, E. (2010) ‘Varieties of second modernity: The cosmopolitan turn in social and political theory and research’, The British Journal of Sociology, 61(3): 409–43.Google Scholar

Bentaleb, A., Taani, B., Begen, A. C., Timmerer, C., and Zimmermann, R. (2019) ‘A survey on bitrate adaptation schemes for streaming media over HTTP’, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21(1): 562–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernfeld, W. (2018) ‘Telco and content world crossovers’, Content convergence: Why telcos need content and content providers need telco, IBC365 webinar, 15 November. Available at: www.ibc.org/delivery/webinar-why-telcos-need-content-and-content-providers-need-telcos/3426.article.Google Scholar

Bernstein, W. (2009) A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shape the World, London: Atlantic.Google Scholar

Bickerton, J. (2019a) ‘Bankruptcy plan for post-production company Deluxe wins court approval’, screendaily.com, 25 October. Available at: www.screendaily.com/news/bankruptcy-plan-for-post-production-company-deluxe-wins-court-approval/5144141.article.Google Scholar

Bickerton, J. (2019b) ‘Challenges of the post boom’, Broadcast TECH, September 2019: 16–21.Google Scholar

Bisson, G. (2017) SVoD Content Strategies: The Drive for Originality (Thinking Local, Going Global), London: Ampere Analysis.Google Scholar

Boudreau, B. (2016) Global Submarine Cable Market Trends: What WAN Managers Need to Know, San Diego, CA: TeleGeography.Google Scholar

Boudreau, B. (2020) ‘Pricing update: The TG decade challenge’, Pacific Telecommunications Council Annual Conference, 19–22 January, Honolulu, HI.Google Scholar

Boudreau, Y. (2017) ‘Podcast with Yves Boudreau talking heterogeneity in the edge’, soundcloud.com, December. Available at: https://soundcloud.com/user-410091210/podcast-with-yves-boudreau-talking-heterogeneity-in-the-edge.Google Scholar

Bourdon, J. (2012) ‘From discrete adaptations to hard copies: The rise of formats in European television’ in Oren, T. and Shahaf, S. (eds.), Global Television Formats: Understanding Television across Borders, London: Routledge, pp. 117–27.Google Scholar

Boyd-Barrett, O. and Thussu, D. K. (1992) Contra-Flow in Global News: International and Regional News Exchange Mechanisms, London: John Libbey.Google Scholar

Braudel, F. (1958) ‘Histoire et Sciences Sociales: La longue durée’, Annales – Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 13(4): 725–53.Google Scholar

Braudel, F. (1992a) Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Volume I, The Structures of Every Day Life: The Limits of the Possible, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Braudel, F. (1992b) Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Volume I, The Wheels of Commerce, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Braudel, F. (1992c) Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Volume III, The Perspective of the World, Berkeley: University of California PressGoogle Scholar

Braudel, F. (1996) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 1, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Briel, R. (2019) ‘Netflix beats all SVOD services Europe’, Broadbandtvnews.com, 6 March. Available at: www.broadbandtvnews.com/2019/03/06/netflix-beats-all-s-vod-services-in-europe.Google Scholar

Briggs, A. (1995). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume IV: Sound and Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, C. (2021) ‘An industry transformed’, streamonomics.purely.capital, 22 June. Available at: https://streamonomics.purely.capital/an-industry-transformed.Google Scholar

Brzoznowski, K. (2019) ‘Keeping an eye on Big Brother’, worldscreen.com, 16 September. Available at: https://worldscreen.com/tvformats/keeping-an-eye-on-big-brother.Google Scholar

Burgess, J. and Green, J. (2018) YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Burke, P. (2015) The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929-2014, 2nd ed., Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Bylykbashi, K. (2019) ‘Will 2019 mark the end of niche SVOD?’, TBI, October/November: 12–14.Google Scholar

C21 Media (2019) ‘Africa Arrives’, 2019 Global Drama Trends Report: 71–5, London: C21 Media.Google Scholar

C21 Media (2019) ‘Premium Player’, 2019 Global Drama Trends Report: 43–7, London: C21 Media.Google Scholar

Cable & Satellite Europe. (1994), ‘A thorn on cable’s side’, January: 44.Google Scholar

Čandrlić, G. (2012) ‘The history of Content Delivery Networks (CDN)’, globaldots.com, 21 December. Available at: www.globaldots.com/blog/the-history-of-content-delivery-networks-cdn.Google Scholar

Carlini, S. (c.2020) ‘Hyperscale: The next generation of data center architecture’, cisco.cioreview.com. Available at: https://cisco.cioreview.com/cxoinsight/hyperscale-the-next-generation-of-data-center-architecture-nid-18356-cid-61.html.Google Scholar

Carrillo, J., Britto, J. and Gomis, R. (2015) ‘Industrial downgrading? The television industry in Mexico: Technological change and cluster “deformation”’, SASE Conference, 2–4 July, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK.Google Scholar

Carugati, A. (2020) ‘Walter presents’ Walter Iuzzolino’, worldscreen.com, 13 October. Available at: https://worldscreen.com/tvdrama/walter-presents-walter-iuzzolino-mipcom2020.Google Scholar

Castells, M. (2008) ‘The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1): 78–93.Google Scholar

Castells, M. (2009) Communication Power, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Caves, R. E. (2000) Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Cerf, V. (2019) ‘SubOptic 2019 Day 4 Keynote’, 11 April, suboptic2019.com. Available at: https://suboptic2019.com/suboptic-2019-day-4-keynote.Google Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2005a) ‘Deconstructing the transnational: A typology of cross-border television channels in Europe’, New Media & Society, 7(2): 155–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (ed.) (2005b) Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2009) Transnational Television in Europe: Reconfiguring Global Communications Networks, London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2010) ‘The rise of Britain’s super-indies: Policy-making in the age of the global market’, International Communication Gazette, 72(8): 675–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2011) ‘The making of an entertainment revolution: How the TV format trade became a global industry’, European Journal of Communication, 26(4): 293–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2016a) ‘Drama without drama: The late rise of scripted TV formats’, Television & New Media, 17(1): 3–20.Google Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2016b) The Format Age: Television’s Entertainment Revolution, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2016c) ‘Television and globalization: The TV content global value chain’, Journal of Communication, 66(1): 35–59.Google Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2017) ‘Can a GVC-oriented policy mitigate the inequalities of the world media system? Strategies for economic upgrading in the TV format global value chain’, International Journal of Digital Television, 8(1): 9–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2018) ‘Hedging against disaster: Risk and mitigation in the media and entertainment industries’, International Journal of Digital Television, 9(2): 167–84.Google Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2019) ‘Outsourcing in the U.K. television industry: A global value chain analysis’, Communication Theory, 29(2): 169–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. (2021) ‘Global streamers: Placing the transnational at the heart of TV culture’, Journal of Digital Media & Policy, FastTrack, https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00083_1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chalaby, J. K. and Esser, A. (eds.) (2017) Special issue: The TV format trade and the world media system, International Journal of Digital Television, 8(1): 1–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (1998) ‘Mergers, acquisitions, and convergence: The strategic alliances of broadcasting, cable television, and telephone services’, The Journal of Media Economics, 11(3), 33–46.Google Scholar

Chan-Olmsted, S. M. and Wirth, M. O. (eds.) (2006) Handbook of Media Management and Economics, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Chandrashekar, A., Amat, F., Basilico, J., and Jebara, T. (2017) ‘Artwork personalization at Netflix’, netflixtechblog.com, 7 December. Available at: https://netflixtechblog.com/artwork-personalization-c589f074ad76.Google Scholar

Chesnoy, J. (2016) ‘Presentation of submarine fiber communication’, in Chesnoy, J. (ed.) Undersea Fiber Communication Systems, 2nd ed., London: Academic Press, pp. 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chin, M. (2021) ‘TikTok reduces India staff after long-standing countrywide ban’, theverge.com, 3 February. Available at: www.theverge.com/2021/2/2/22262940/tiktok-leaves-india-ban-app-china-government-security-privacy.Google Scholar

China Telecom (2020) Connecting Infinity Empowering Future – Annual Report 2019, Beijing: China Telecom Corporation.Google Scholar

Chon, B. S., Choi, J. H., Barnett, G. A., Danowski, J. A., and Joo, S.-H. (2003) ‘A structural analysis of media convergence: Cross-industry mergers and acquisitions in the information industries’, Journal of Media Economics, 16(3): 141–57.Google Scholar

Chrisafis, A (2020) ‘France’s digital minister says tax on big tech is just the start’, theguardian.com, 12 January. Available at: www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/12/frances-digital-minister-tax-on-tech-giants-just-the-start-cedric-o-gafa.Google Scholar

Christopherson, S. (2012) ‘Hard jobs in Hollywood: How concentration in Distribution affects the production side of the media entertainment industry’, in Winseck, D. and Jin, D. Y. (eds.), The Political Economies of Media: The Transformation of the Global Media Industries, London: Bloomsbury, pp. 123–41.Google Scholar

Church, S. (2020) ‘This is how much YouTube paid me for my 1,000,000 viewed video’, onezero.medium.com, 3 April. Available at: https://onezero.medium.com/this-is-how-much-youtube-paid-me-for-my-1-000-000-viewed-video-1453cad73847.Google Scholar

Cisco (2018) Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends, 2017–2022, San Jose, CA: Cisco.Google Scholar

CISAC (2014) The Creative Industries and the BRICS: A Review of the State of the Creative Economy in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, Paris: CISAC.Google Scholar

Coates, J. C. Jr. (2018) ‘Mergers, acquisitions, and restructuring: Types, regulation, and patterns of practice’, in Gordon, J. N. and Ringe, W.-G. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 570–602.Google Scholar

Codding, G. A., Jr. (1990) The Future of Satellite Communications, Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Coe, N. M. and Yeung, H. W.-C. (2015) Global Production Networks: Theorizing Economic Development in an Interconnected World, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Coe, N. M. and Yeung, H. W.-C. (2019) ‘Global production networks: Mapping recent conceptual developments’, Journal of Economic Geography, 19: 775–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, R. (1992) Satellite Television in Western Europe, revised ed., London: John Libbey.Google Scholar

Collins, R. (1998) From Satellite to Single Market: New Communication Technology and European Public Service Television, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Comcast (2021) 2020 Annual Report, Philadelphia, PA: Comcast.Google Scholar

Comcast (2020) Investor meeting, 16 January. Available at: https://corporate.comcast.com/peacockinvestormeeting.Google Scholar

Considine, P. (1997) ‘Difficult Brits play co-pro game’, Broadcast Supplement – MIPCOM Special, 26 September: 16–17.Google Scholar

Contractor, F. J., Kumar, V., Kundu, S. K., and Pedersen, T. (2011a). Global Outsourcing and Offshoring: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Corporate Strategy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Contractor, F. J., Kumar, V., Kundu, S. K., and Pedersen, T. (2011b), ‘Global outsourcing and offshoring: In search of the optimal configuration for a company’ in Contractor, F. J., Kumar, V., Kundu, S. K., and Pedersen, T. (eds.), Global Outsourcing and Offshoring: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Corporate Strategy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–46.Google Scholar

Cooper, T. (2018) ‘Google owns 63,605 miles and 8.5% of submarine cables worldwide’, broadbandnow.com, 12 September. Available at: https://broadbandnow.com/report/google-content-providers-submarine-cable-ownership.Google Scholar

Cooper-Chen, A. (ed.) (2005) Global Entertainment Media: Content, Audiences, Issues, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Cox, P. (1985) ‘Sky: Still leading the pack’, Cable & Satellite Europe, April: 22.Google Scholar

Crawford, S. (2013). Captive Audience: The Telecom Industry and Monopoly Power in the New Gilded Age, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Crawford, S. (2021) ‘Where the hell are all the formats?’, tbivision.com, 26 August. Available at: https://tbivision.com/2021/08/26/where-the-hell-are-all-the-formats.Google Scholar

Cunningham, S. and Craig, D. (2019) Social Media Entertainment: The New Intersection of Hollywood and Silicon Valley, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Curran, J. and Park, M.-J. (eds.) (2000 ) De-Westernizing Media Studies, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Curry, E. (2016) ‘The big data value chain: Definitions, concepts, and theoretical approaches’, in Cavanillas, J. M., Curry, E., and Wahlster, W. (eds.), New Horizons for a Data-Driven Economy: A Roadmap for Usage and Exploitation of Big Data in Europe, Switzerland: Springer Open, pp. 29–37.Google Scholar

Curtin, M. and Sanson, K. (eds.) (2016) Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor, Oakland: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curtis, C. (2014) ‘Mahon lifts lid on Endemol deal’, Broadcast, 12 September: 1.Google Scholar

Daily Sabah (2019) ‘Popular Turkish TV series raise exports of goods, services’, 10 November. Available at: www.dailysabah.com/business/2019/11/10/popular-turkish-tv-series-raise-exports-of-goods-services.Google Scholar

Dams, T. (2019a) ‘Apple bits into the streaming market’, ibc.org, 31 October. Available at: www.ibc.org/publish/apple-bites-into-the-streaming-market/5153.article.Google Scholar

Dams, T. (2019b) ‘Quibi: Assessing the appetite for snackable streaming’, ibc.org, 9 December. Available at: www.ibc.org/industry-trends/quibi-assessing-the-appetite-for-snackable-streaming/5272.article.Google Scholar

Darlow, M. (2004) Independent Struggle: The Programme Makers Who Took on the TV Establishment, London: Quarter.Google Scholar

DCD London (2019) ‘Plenary panel: How should the data center industry now respond to the global climate emergency?’, DCD Europe Conference, 5–6 November, Old Bilingsgate, London, UK. Available at: www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/conferences/london/2019/plenary-panel-how-should-data-center-industry-now-respond-global-climate-emergency.Google Scholar

DCD Magazine (2021) ‘Hyperscale operator building reaches $150 billion in a year’, July: 6.Google Scholar

Del, Rey J. (2020) ‘6 reasons smaller companies want to break up Big Tech’, vox.com, 22 January. Available at: www.vox.com/recode/2020/1/22/21070898/big-tech-antitrust-amazon-apple-google-facebook-house-hearing-congress-break-up.Google Scholar

Deloitte Sports Business Group (2021) Testing Times: Football Money League, London: Deloitte.Google Scholar

DePamphilis, D. M. (2019) Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities: An Integrated Approach to Process, Tools, Cases, and Solutions, 10th ed., London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Devoncroft (2017) Observations and Analysis of the Media Technology Industry, Coronado, CA: Devoncroft.Google Scholar

Devoncroft (2018) The Devoncroft Media and Entertainment Cloud Adoption Index, Coronado, CA: Devoncroft.Google Scholar

Dicken, P. (2015) Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy, 7th ed., New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee (2021) The Future of Public Service Broadcasting – Sixth Report of Session 2019–21, London: House of Commons.Google Scholar

Discovery (2019) Annual Report 2018, Silver Spring (MA): Discovery.Google Scholar

Doerr, J. (2018) Measure What Matters: OKRs – The Simple Idea That Drives 10x Growth, London: Penguin Business.Google Scholar

Dong, S.-H. (2020) ‘“Viewership is not everything”: K-dramas find norm-breaking recipe for success’, The Korea Times, 25 July. Available at: www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020/07/688_293337.html.Google Scholar

Dorfman, A. and Mattelart, A. (1975) How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic, New York, NY: International General.Google Scholar

Dover, B. (2009) Rupert’s Adventures in China: How Murdoch Lost a Fortune and Found a Wife, Edinburgh: Mainstream.Google Scholar

Doyle, G. (2013) Understanding Media Economics, 2nd ed., London: Sage.Google Scholar

Doyle, G. (2016) ‘Digitization and changing windowing strategies in the television industry: Negotiating new windows on the world’, Television & New Media, 17(7): 629–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

EAO (2017) Trends in the EU SVOD Market, Strasbourg: EAO.Google Scholar

EAO (2018a) Audiovisual Media in Europe: Localised, Targeting and Language Offers. Strasbourg: EAO.Google Scholar

EAO (2018b) Online Video Sharing: Offerings, Audiences, Economic Aspects, Strasbourg: EAO.Google Scholar

EAO (2018c) The Production and Circulation of TV Fiction in the EU28, Strasbourg: EAO.Google Scholar

Economy, E. C. (2018) The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

EDRi (2012) ‘WCIR: what happened and what it means for the Internet’, edri.org, 19 December. Available at: https://edri.org/our-work/edrigramnumber10-24wcit-what-happend.Google Scholar

Eisenstein, E. L. (1980) The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Elasmar, M. G. (ed.) (2003) The Impact of International Television: A Paradigm Shift. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

El-Nawawy, M. and Iskander, A. (2002) Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East, Cambridge, MA: Westview.Google Scholar

Esser, A. (2002) ‘The transnationalization of European television’, Journal of European Area Studies, 10(1): 13–29.Google Scholar

European Commission (2020) Shaping Europe’s Digital Future, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar

Eutelsat (2020) Universal Registration Document, 2019-20, Paris: Eutelsat.Google Scholar

Evans, J. (2016) ‘Mastering chaos: A Netflix guide to microservices’, QCon San Francisco, 8 November. Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZ3wIuvmHeM.Google Scholar

Feenstra, R. C. (1998) ‘Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(4): 31–50.Google Scholar

Fejes, F. (1981) ‘Media imperialism: An assessment’, Media, Culture & Society, 3(3): 281–9.Google Scholar

Fernandez-Stark, K., Bamber, P. and Gereffi, G. (2014) ‘Global value chains in Latin America: A development perspective for upgrading’, in Hernández, R. A., Martínez-Piva, J. M., and Mulder, N. (eds.), Global Value Chains and World Trade: Prospects and Challenges for Latin America, Santiago: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, pp. 79–106.Google Scholar

Fernandez-Stark, K., Frederick, S., and Gereffi, G. (2011) The Apparel Global Value Chain: Economic Upgrading and Workforce Development, Durham, NC: Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness, Duke University.Google Scholar

Fiorino, E. (2019) ‘From SDI to IP: The evolution of distribution’, smpte.org. Available at: www.smpte.org/sdi-ip-evolution-distribution.Google Scholar

FitzGerald, D., Flint, J., and Mullin, B. (2021) ‘AT&T’s Hollywood ending erased billions in value; Telecom giant is giving up its dreams of marrying content and distribution – one of the biggest about-faces in corporate deal history’, wsj.com, 18 May. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/att-hollywood-ending-erased-billions-value-hbo-discovery-warner-11621297279.Google Scholar

Flew, T. (2013) Global Creative Industries, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Flex (2018) Annual Report: Intelligence of Things, Singapore: Flex.Google Scholar

Florida, R. (2005) ‘The world is spiky’, The Atlantic Monthly, 296(3): 48–51.Google Scholar

Flournoy, D. and Stewart, R. (1997) CNN: Making News in the Global Market, Luton: University of Luton Press.Google Scholar

Fontanella-Khan, J. and Nicolaou, A. (2021) ‘AT&T nears deal to create $150bn streaming giant with Discovery’, ft.com, 16 May. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2jp9727e.Google Scholar

Foster, N., Steher, R., and Timmer, M. (2013). International Fragmentation of Production, Trade and Growth: Impacts and Prospects for EU Member States. Economic Papers 484, Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar

Forbes (1999) Microsoft vs. RealNetworks. Forbes.com, 5 March. Available at: www.forbes.com/1999/03/05/feat.html#617638066ce0.Google Scholar

Foster-McGregor, N., Kaulich, F., and Stehrer, R. (2015) Global Value Chains in Africa, Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.Google Scholar

Fouchard, G. (2016) ‘Historical overview of submarine communication systems’, in Chesnoy, J. (ed.) Undersea Fiber Communication Systems, 2nd ed., London: Academic Press, pp. 21–52.Google Scholar

FRAPA (2009) The FRAPA Report 2009: TV Formats to the World, Cologne: FRAPA.Google Scholar

Freeman, C. (1987) ‘The challenges of new technologies’, in Interdependence and Co-operation in Tomorrow’s World, Paris: OECD, pp. 123–56.Google Scholar

Friedman, T. (2006) The World Is Flat: The Globalized World in the Twenty-First Century, London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Frot-Coutaz, C. (2019) ‘IBC 2019 conference keynote: Opening keynote’, IBC Show 2019, 12–16 September, Amsterdam. Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAsF7gSJIj8.Google Scholar

Fry, A. (1997) ‘Export strength’, Broadcast Supplement – MIP TV Special, 11 April: 9.Google Scholar

Fry, A. and Hazleton, J. (1999) ‘Hollywood under scrutiny’, Broadcast – Mipcom Supplement, 1 October: 2–3.Google Scholar

Fry, A. (2019) ‘Central perks’, c21media.net, 12 April. Available at: www.c21media.net/379583-2.Google Scholar

Fry, A. (2020) ‘Fresh opportunities on horizon’, Broadcast – Distributors Survey 2019: 14–18.Google Scholar

Gallagher, K. (2018) ‘Scripted shows made for streaming services have surpassed cable and broadcast’, businessinsider.com, 14 December. Available at: www.businessinsider.com/netflix-hulu-scripted-shows-surpass-cable-2018-12?r=US&IR=T.Google Scholar

Galloway, J. F. (1972) The Politics and Technology of Satellite Communications, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Gamerman, E. (2020) ‘What Netflix’s lists of top foreign movies and TV series say about American taste’, www.wsj.com, 9 December. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/what-netflixs-lists-of-top-foreign-movies-and-tv-series-say-about-american-taste-11607562001.Google Scholar

García Canclini, N. (1995) Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Gawer, A. (2009) ‘Platform dynamics and strategies: from products to services’, in Gawer, A. (ed.) Platforms, Markets and Innovation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 45–76.Google Scholar

Gawer, A. (2014) ‘Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative framework’, Research Policy, 43(7): 1239–49.Google Scholar

Georgiou, M. (2012) ‘Media, diaspora, and the transnational context: Cosmopolitanizing cross-national comparative research?’, in Volkmer, I. (ed.) (2012) The Handbook of Global Media Research, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 365–80.Google Scholar

Gereffi, G. (1994) ‘The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. retailers shape overseas production networks’, in Gereffi, G. and Korzeniewicz, M. (eds.), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 95–122.Google Scholar

Gereffi, G. (1999) ‘International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain’, Journal of International Economics, 48(1): 37–70.Google Scholar

Gereffi, G. (2014) ‘Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world’, Review of International Political Economy, 21(1): 9–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gereffi, G. and Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016). Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer, 2nd ed., Duke University, Durham, NC: Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness.Google Scholar

Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., Kaplinsky, R., and Sturgeon, T. J. (2001) ‘Introduction: globalisation, value chains and development, IDS Bulletin, 32(3): 1–8.Google Scholar

Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., and Sturgeon, T. J. (2005) ‘The governance of global value chains’, Review of International Political Economy, 12(1), 78–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gereffi, G. and Korzeniewicz, M. (eds.) (1994) Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

Gereffi, G., Korzeniewicz, M., and Korzeniewicz, R. P. (1994) ‘Introduction: Global commodity chains’, in Gereffi, G. and Korzeniewicz, M. (eds.), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Westport: Praeger, pp. 1–14.Google Scholar

Gereffi, G. and Sturgeon, T. J. (2013) ‘Global value chains-oriented industry policy: the role of emerging economies’, in Elms, D. K. and Low, P. (eds.), Global Value Chains in a Changing World, Geneva: WTO, pp. 329–60.Google Scholar

Gilboa, E. (2005) ‘The CNN effect: The search for a communication theory of international relations’, Political Communication, 22: 27–44.Google Scholar

Gittlen, S. (1998) ‘Internet braces for Clinton’s video testimony’, CNN.com, 17 September. Available at http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9809/17/videobc.idg/index.html.Google Scholar

Glaser, R. (c 2015) founder & CEO, RealNetworks, interview with Brian McCover, Internet History Podcast. Available at: https://hwcdn.libsyn.com/p/7/4/8/748c13c58cb59a60/Ch._5_Int._4_-_Real_Networks_CEO_Rob_Glaser.mp3?c_id=7598746&cs_id=7598746&expiration=1586687868&hwt=dc4d4da45abd0472d8789c472f25b625.Google Scholar

Grand View Research (2020) ‘Video streaming market size, share & trends analysis report’, February. Available at: www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/video-streaming-market.Google Scholar

Graz, J.-C. (2019) The Power of Standards: Hybrid Authority and the Globalisation of Services, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Grey, V. (1997) ‘Stetting standards: A phenomenal success story’, in Friendship among Equals: Recollections from ISO’s First Fifty Years, ISO: Geneva, pp. 33–42.Google Scholar

Griffiths, J. (2019) The Great Firewall of China: How to Build and Control and Alternative Version of the Internet, London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Griffiths, R. (2018) Vice President, Huawei Consultant Office, ‘Media convergence in 2018’, in Content convergence: Why telcos need content and content providers need telco, IBC365 webinar, 15 November. Available at: www.ibc.org/delivery/webinar-why-telcos-need-content-and-content-providers-need-telcos/3426.article.Google Scholar

Guider, E. (2005) ‘Talbot created int’l formats’, Variety, 18 July: 48.Google Scholar

Guider, E. and Hils, M. (1997) ‘MGM, Kirch cinch digital output deal’, variety.com, 29 April. Available at: https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/mgm-kirch-cinch-digital-output-deal-1117433620.Google Scholar

Gustafsson, V. and Schwarz, E. J. (2013). ‘Business modelling and convergence’, in Diehl, S. and Karmasin, M. (eds.), Media and Convergence Management, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 9–23.Google Scholar

Habermas, J. (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Hacklin, F., Klang, D. and Baschera, P. (2013) ‘Managing the convergence of industries: Archetypes for successful business models’, in Diehl, S. and Karmasin, M. (eds.), Media and Convergence Management, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 25–36.Google Scholar

Hahn, D. (2015) ‘A day in the life of a Netflix engineer using 37% of the Internet’, AWS re:Invent, Las Vegas, 6–9 October. Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mL3zT1iIKw.Google Scholar

Hale, J. (2019) ‘More than 500 of content are now being uploaded to YouTube every minute’, tubefilter.com, 7 May. Available at: www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute.Google Scholar

Hamburger, E. (2020) ‘Transnational mediation, telenovela and series’, in Shimpach, S. (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Global Television, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 175–89.Google Scholar

Hamelink, C. (1997) ‘MacBride with hindsight’, in Golding, P. and Harris, P. (eds.), Beyond Cultural Imperialism, London: Sage, pp. 69–93.Google Scholar

Han, J. K, Chung, S. W., and Sohn, Y. S. (2009) ‘Technology convergence: When do consumers prefer converged products to dedicated products?’ Journal of Marketing 73(July): 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hastings, R. and Meyer, E. (2020) No Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention, London: WH Allen.Google Scholar

Havens, T. (2006) Global Television Marketplace, London: British Film Institute.Google Scholar

Hecht, J. (2018) ‘Submarine cable goes for record: 144,000 gibabits from Hong Kong to L.A. in 1 second’, 5 January, news.itu.int. Available at: https://news.itu.int/submarine-cable-hk-la.Google Scholar

Herman, E. S. and McChesney, R. W. (1997) The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, London: Cassell.Google Scholar

Hess, T. and Matt, C. (2013) ‘The Internet and the value chains of the media industry’, in Diehl, S. and Karmasin, M. (eds.), Media and Convergence Management, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 37–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hills, J. (2002) The Struggle for Control of Global Communication: The Formative Century, Urbana: University of Illinois.Google Scholar

HMSO (1861) Report of the Joint Committee Appointed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade the Atlantic Telegraph Company to Inquire into the Construction of Submarine Telegraph Cables; together with the Minutes of Evidence and Appendix, London: HMSO.Google Scholar

Holleran, T. (2020) ‘SVoD subscriptions to overtake pay TV in more than 30 countries by end of 2020’, Ampere Analysis, 20 January. Available at: www.ampereanalysis.com/insight/svod-subscriptions-to-overtake-pay-tv-in-more-than-30-countries-by-end-of-2020.Google Scholar

Holt, J. and Perren, A. (eds.) (2009) Media Industries: History, Theory, and Method, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Hopkins, T. K. and Wallerstein, I. (1977) ‘Patterns of development of the modern world-system’, Review 1(2): 111–45.Google Scholar

Hopkins, T. K. and Wallerstein, I. (1986) ‘Commodity chains in the world economy prior to 1800’, Review 10(1): 157–70.Google Scholar

Horsman, M. (1997) Sky High: The Amazing Story of BskyB – and the Egos, Deals and Ambitions that Revolutionised TV Broadcasting, London: Orion Business.Google Scholar

IBC Showcase (2020) ‘Transformation of content delivery and linear playout’, panel conversation with J. Arnold, A. Dubiez, J. Stinehour, and J. Zaller, ibc.org, 9 September. Available at: www.ibc.org/exhibitor-programmes/business-transformation-in-an-uncertain-world/6393.article.Google Scholar

IBC365 Webinar (2020) ‘CDNs: Building a better video experience’, ibc.org, 5 August. Available at: www.ibc.org/webinars-and-papers/cdns-building-a-better-video-experience/6366.article.Google Scholar

IBC365 Webinar (2021) ‘CDNs: Delivering a seamless and engaging viewing experience’, ibc.org, 17 February. Available at: www.ibc.org/webinars/cdns-delivering-a-seamless-and-engaging-viewing-experience/7166.article.Google Scholar

ILO (2016) Decent Work in Global Supply Chains, Geneva: International Labour Office.Google Scholar

Ingold, M. (2020) ‘Tech expert: Inside OTT’, ibc.org, 30 January. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/442mh86e.Google Scholar

Intelsat (2020) Annual Report 2019, Luxembourg: Intelsat.Google Scholar

Intelsat (2021) Annual Report 2020, Luxembourg: Intelsat.Google Scholar

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2017) Global Value Chain Development Report 2017: Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of GVCs on Economic Development, Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Ishita, S. (2000) ‘Television genre and audience: Quiz shows in Japanese television’, Studies in the Humanities: Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, 52(5): 25–38.Google Scholar

ITU (2012) ‘WCIT2012: Signatures of the final acts: 89’, itu.int. Available at: www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html.Google Scholar

ITU (2019a) ‘Why do we need international standards in telecommunications?’, itu.int. Available at: www.itu.int/net/ITU-T/info/answers.aspx?Fp=faqs.aspx&Qn=2&ewm=False.Google Scholar

ITU (2019b) ‘ITU-T Recommendations’, itu.int. Available at: www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/publications/Pages/recs.aspx.Google Scholar

ITV (2020) Accelerating ITV’s Digital Transformation – ITV plc Annual Reports and Accounts for the year ended 31 December 2019, London: ITV.Google Scholar

Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C., and Gawer, A. (2018) ‘Towards a theory of ecosystems’, Strategic Management Journal, 39(8): 2255–76.Google Scholar

Jarnikov, D. and Özçelebi, T. (2011) ‘Client intelligence for adaptive streaming solutions’, Signal Processing: Image Communication, 26(7): 378–89.Google Scholar

Ji, S. W. and Waterman, D. (2015) ‘Vertical ownership, technology and programming content’, in Picard, R. G. and Wildman, S. S. (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Media, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 36–52.Google Scholar

Jia, L. and Liang, F. (2021) ‘The globalization of TikTok: Strategies, governance and geopolitics’, Journal of Digital Media & Policy, 12(2): 273–92.Google Scholar

Jin, D. Y. (2013) De-convergence of Global Media Industries, New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jin, D. Y. (2016) New Korean Wave: Transnational Cultural Power in the Age of Social Media, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, C. (2019) Online TV, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Jones, G. (2005) Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, M. (1995a) ‘Analysis’, Broadcast – The Indie Survey, 21 July: 5.Google Scholar

Jones, M. (1995b) ‘Denied the big time’, Broadcast – Indie Special, 5 May: 9.Google Scholar

Jones, M. (1996) ‘Who wants to rule the world?’, Broadcast – MIP TV Special, 19 April: 22–3.Google Scholar

Jowitt, T. (2019) ‘Google transatlantic cable transmits 250TB/s of data’, silicon.co.uk, 10 April. Available at: www.silicon.co.uk/cloud/datacenter/google-transatlantic-cable-250tbs-243821.Google Scholar

Junni, P. and Teerikangas, S. (2019) ‘Mergers and acquisitions’, Oxford Research Encylopedia of Business and Management. Available at: https://oxfordre.com/business/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.001.0001/acrefore-9780190224851-e-15?rskey=o7QGo9&result=1.Google Scholar

K7 Media (2019) Tracking the Giants: The Top 100 Travelling Unscripted Formats, 2018–19, Manchester: K7 Media.Google Scholar

K7 Media (2021) Tracking the Giants: The Top 100 Travelling Unscripted Formats, 2020-2021, Manchester: K7 Media. Available at https://k7.media/tracking_the_giants.Google Scholar

Kava, J. (2020) Vice President Global Data Centres, Gloogle Cloud, ‘Green zettabytes: How we power global computing in a low-carbon economy’, DCD New York Virtual Conference, 31 March–2 April. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/yxnjnzks.Google Scholar

Keane, M. and Zhang, J. D. (2017) ‘Formats, cultural security and China’s going out policy’, International Journal of Digital Television, 8(1): 65–80.Google Scholar

Kempton, M. (2020). ‘Introduction’, tvstudiohistory.co.uk. Available at: www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/introduction.htm.Google Scholar

Kenney, M., Bearson, D., and Zysman, J. (2021) ‘The platform economy matures: Measuring pervasiveness and exploring power’, Socio-Economic Review. DOI: 10.1093/ser/mwab014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kenney, M. and Zysman, J. (2016) ‘The rise of the platform economy’, Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3): 61–9.Google Scholar

Khalil, J. F. (2017) ‘From Big Brother to Al Maleka: The growing pains of TV format trade in the Arab region’, International Journal of Digital Television, 8(1): 29–46.Google Scholar

Khalsa, B. (2013) ‘C5 and cashflow worry for indies’, Broadcast, 31 May: 1.Google Scholar

Kieve, J. (1973) The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History, Newton Abbot: David & Charles.Google Scholar

Kim, Y. (ed.) (2013a) The Korean Wave: Korean Media Go Global, Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Kim, Y. (2013b) ‘Introduction’, in Y. Kim (ed.), The Korean Wave: Korean Media Go Global, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 1–28Google Scholar

Kirkpatrick, J. (2004) ‘Neoconservatism as a response to the counter-culture’, in Stelzer, I. (ed.) Neoconservatism, London: Atlantic Books, pp. 235–40.Google Scholar

Klinge, N. (2020) ‘Watch parties and K-pop. How San Mateo streamer Rakuten Viki is growing in a pandemic’, latimes.com, 22 July. Available at: www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-07-22/kpop-rakuten-viki-korean-dramas-streaming-watch-parties-parasite.Google Scholar

Krechmer, K. (2014) ‘Standardization: A primer’, Proceedings of the 2014 ITU Kaleidoscope Academic Conference (3–5 June, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Geneva: ITU.Google Scholar

Küng, L. (2017) Strategic Management in the Media: Theory to Practice, 2nd ed., London: Sage.Google Scholar

Kunz, W. M. (2007) Culture Conglomerates: Consolidation in the Motion Picture and Television Industries, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Kyncl, R. and Peyvan, M. (2017) Streampunks: How YouTube and the New Creators Are Transforming Our Lives, London: Virgin.Google Scholar

Labrador, V. S. and Galace, P. I. (2005) Heavens Fill with Commerce: A Brief History of the Communications Satellite Industry, Sonoma, CA: Satnews.Google Scholar

Langlois, R. N. (2003) ‘The vanishing hand: The changing dynamics of industrial capitalism’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(2): 351–85.Google Scholar

Lavender, A. (1993) ‘Edge of darkness (Troy Kennedy Martin)’, in Brandt, G. W. (ed.) British Television Drama in the 1980s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–18.Google Scholar

Lee, C. S. (2018) Soft Power Made in China: The Dilemmas of Online and Offline Media and Transnational Audiences, London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Lee, J. (2010) ‘Global commodity chains and global value chains’, in Denemark, R. A. (ed.) The International Studies Encyclopedia, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 2987–3006.Google Scholar

Lee, J. and Lee, M. (2019) ‘Governance and upgrading in global cultural and creative value chains’, in Ponte, S., Gereffi, G., and Raj-Reichert, G. (eds.) Handbook on Global Value Chains, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 138–52.Google Scholar

Lee, J. and Lim, H.-C. (2018) Mobile Asia: Capitalisms, Value Chains and Mobile Telecommunication in Asia, Seoul: Seoul National University Press.Google Scholar

Lerner, D. (1958) The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East, New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Levinson, M. (2006) The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Li & Fung (2019) ‘Our reach’, lifung.com. Available at: www.lifung.com/about-lf/our-reach.Google Scholar

Liebes, T. and Katz, E. (1993) The Export of Meaning: Cross-Cultural Readings of Dallas, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Lobato, R. (2019) Netflix Nations: The Geography of Digital Distribution, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Lobato, R. and Meese, J. (eds.) (2016) Geoblocking and Global Video Culture, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.Google Scholar

Lotz, A. D. (2007) The Television Will Be Revolutionized, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Macaulay, T. (2018) ‘Ten years on: How Netflix completed a historic cloud migration with AWS’, Computerworld, 10 September. Available at www.computerworld.com/article/3427839/ten-years-on-netflix-completed-a-historic-cloud-migration-with-aws.thml.Google Scholar

MacBride, S. (1980) Many Voices One World, London: Kogan Page; Paris: Unesco.Google Scholar

Madrigal, A. (2014) ‘How Netflix reverse-engineered Hollywood’, theatlantic.com, 2 January. Available at: www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/how-netflix-reverse-engineered-hollywood/282679.Google Scholar

Malim, G. (2018) ‘How telcos are pushing into content’, ibc.org, 23 July. Available at: www.ibc.org/publish/how-telcos-are-pushing-into-content/2981.article.Google Scholar

MarketsandMarkets (2020) ‘Submarine cable system market by application (communication (component, offering (installation & commissioning, upgrades)), power (type, voltage, end user (offshore wind power generation, offshore oil & gas), and region – global forecast to 2025’, marketsandmarkets.com, February. Available at: www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/submarine-cable-system-market-184625.html.Google Scholar

MarketWatch (2019) ‘Pay TV services market: Key vendors, trends, analysis, segmentation, forecast to 2019–2026’, 25 September. Available at: www.marketwatch.com/press-release/pay-tv-services-market-key-vendors-trends-analysis-segmentation-forecast-to-2019-2026-2019-09-25.Google Scholar

Maroulis, T. (2018) ‘Media-Telco convergence’, in Content convergence: Why telcos need content and content providers need telco, IBC365 webinar, 15 November. Available at: www.ibc.org/delivery/webinar-why-telcos-need-content-and-content-providers-need-telcos/3426.article.Google Scholar

Matsnev, O. (2019) ‘Kremlin moves toward control of Internet, raising censorship fears’, The New York Times, 11 April. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/world/europe/russia-internet-censorship.html.Google Scholar

Mattelart, A. (1979) Multinational Corporations and the Control of Culture. The Ideological Apparatuses of Imperialism, Lewes: Harvester Press.Google Scholar

McCann, K. (2020) ‘IBC tech expert: Inside codecs’, ibc.org, 26 February. Available at: www.ibc.org/manage/tech-expert-inside-codecs/5500.article.Google Scholar

McChesney, R. W. and Schiller, D. (2003) The Political Economy of International Communications: Foundations for the Emerging Global Debate about Media Ownership and Regulation, Geneva: The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.Google Scholar

McGrath, J. and Vachhrajani, I. (2020) ‘Opening keynote: Cloud city: A&E network’s cloud journey and lessons learned’, AWS Insights Online Conference, 28 May. Available at: https://onlinexperiences.com/scripts/Server.nxp.Google Scholar

McLuhan, M. (1962) The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of the Typographic Man, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar

McLuhan, M. (1964) Understanding Media, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

McVay, J. (2015) ‘There is no reason to change ToT’, Broadcast, 27 November: 8.Google Scholar

Medianova (2020) ‘Webinar – the state of private CDN in 2020, and how you can use it for edge computing’, medianova.com, 9 June. Available at: www.medianova.com/en-blog/2020/06/09/webinar-recap-the-state-of-private-cdn-in-2020.Google Scholar

Mercer, C. (2018) ‘A history of UK broadband roll out: BT, Openreach and other major milestones’, 23 July. Available at: www.computerworld.com/article/3412338/a-history-of-uk-broadband-roll-out--bt--openreach-and-other-major-milestones.html#slide3.Google Scholar

Microsoft (2020) ‘What is the cloud?’, azure.microsoft.com. Available at: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-gb/overview/what-is-the-cloud.Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (2015) ‘MTG offloads Russian nets’, 26 October. Available at: www.c21media.net.Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (2019a) ‘The drama of distribution’, TBI Distributor Survey, October/November: 22–5.Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (2019b) ‘Endemol Shine closes China office, William Tan to depart’, tbivision.com, 7 November. Available at: https://tbivision.com/2019/11/07/endemol-shine-closes-china-office-william-tan-to-step-down.Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (2019c) ‘Screening thoughts’, C21 Media, 20 February. Available at: www.c21media.net/screening-thoughts.Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (2019d) ‘Turkey retains flavour’, C21 Media, 24 April. Available at: www.c21media.net/turkey-retains-flavour.Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (2021) ‘Life after Netflix’, TBI UK Screenings, February/March: 6–8.Google Scholar

Middleton, R. and Easton, J. (2021) ‘HBO Max won’t launch in UK, Germany or Italy until Sky deal ends in 2025’, tbivision.com, 23 March. Available at: https://tbivision.com/2021/03/23/hbo-max-wont-launch-in-uk-germany-or-italy-until-sky-deal-ends-in-2025.Google Scholar

Mikos, L. (2020) ‘Transnational television culture’, in Shimpach, S. (ed.) The Routledge Companion to Global Television, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 74–83.Google Scholar

Milberg, W., Jiang, X., and Gereffi, G. (2014), ‘Industrial policy in the era of vertically specialized industrialization’, in Salazar-Xirinachs, J. M., Nübler, I., and Kozul-Wright, R. (eds.), Transforming Economies: Making Industrial Policy Work for Growth, Jobs and Development, Geneva: International Labour Organization, pp. 151–78.Google Scholar

Milberg, W. and Winkler, D. (2013) Outsourcing Economics: Global Value Chains in Capitalist Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Miller, R. (2019) Hyperscale Data Centers – Date Center Frontier Special Report, Data Center Frontier.Google Scholar

Miroudot, S. and Ragoussism, A. (2009) ‘Vertical trade, trade costs and FDI’, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 89, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar

Mittel, J. (2009) Television and American Culture, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and Kocca (2020) 2019 Broadcasting Industry White Paper, Seoul: Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and Kocca.Google Scholar

Mohney, D. (2020) ‘AWS ground station connects the Amazon cloud to space satellites’, datacenterfrontier.com, 2 June. Available at: https://datacenterfrontier.com/aws-ground-station-connects-the-amazon-cloud-to-space-satellites.Google Scholar

Montalbano, E. (2005) ‘Microsoft, RealNetworks Settle for $761 million’, PCWorld.com, 11 October. Available at: www.pcworld.com/article/122978/article.html.Google Scholar

Moran, A. (1998) Copycat Television: Globalisation, Program Formats and Culture Identity, Luton: University of Luton Press.Google Scholar

Moran, A. (2013) ‘Global television formats: genesis and growth’, Critical Studies in Television, 8(2): 1–19.Google Scholar

Morley, D. and Robins, K. (1995) Spaces of Identity: Global Media, Electronic Landscapes and Cultural Boundaries, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

MPEG (2020) ‘About MPEG’, Moving Picture Experts Group. Available at: https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about.Google Scholar

Mytton, G., Teer-Tomaselli, R., and Tudesq, A.-J. (2005) ‘Transnational television in sub-Saharan Africa’, in Chalaby, J. (ed.) Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order. London: I. B. Tauris, pp. 96–127.Google Scholar

Ndlela, M. N. (2017) ‘TV formats in anglophone Africa: The hegemonic role of South Africa in the TV format value chain’, International Journal of Digital Television, 8(1): 47–64.Google Scholar

Nederveen Pieterse, J. (2001) ‘Hybridity, so what? The anti-hybridity backlash and the riddles of recognition’, Theory, Culture & Society, 18(2–3): 219–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Negrine, R. (ed.) (1988) Satellite Broadcasting: The Politics and Implications of the New Media, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Netflix (2018) 2017 Annual Report, Los Gatos, CA: Netflix.Google Scholar

Netflix (2021) 2020 Annual Report, Los Gatos, CA: Netflix.Google Scholar

Netflix (2022) Global Top 10, top10.netflix.com, 18 November. Available at: https://top10.netflix.com/tv-non-english.html.Google Scholar

Nicas, J., Weise, K., and Isaac, M. (2019) ‘How each big tech company may be targeted by regulators’, nytimes.com, 8 September. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/technology/antitrust-amazon-apple-facebook-google.html.Google Scholar

Nicolaou, A. and Rennison, J. (2019) ‘Netflix changes the way TV production is paid for’, ft.com, 16 April. Available at: www.ft.com/content/cf0f0bd6-4596-11e9-a965-23d669740bfb.Google Scholar

Nordenstreng, K. (1984) The Mass Media Declaration of Unesco, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar

Nordenstreng, K. and Schiller, H. I. (eds.) (1979) National Sovereignty and International Communication, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar

Noxinfluencer.com (2021a) ‘Top 100 most subscribed Youtubers’, 8 May. Available at: www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-all-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly.Google Scholar

Noxinfluencer.com (2021b) ‘Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India, 8 May. Available at: www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly.Google Scholar

OCWG (2019a) SubOptic Open Cables Working Group Update, 8 April. Available at: https://suboptic2019.com/suboptic-2019-papers-archive.Google Scholar

OCWG (2019b) Subsea Open Cables: A Practical Perspective on the Guidelines and Gotchas, 8 April. Available at: https://suboptic2019.com/suboptic-2019-papers-archive.Google Scholar

Ofcom (2006), Review of the Television Production Sector: Consultation Document, London: Ofcom.Google Scholar

Ofcom (2019) Media Nations: UK 2019, London: Ofcom.Google Scholar

Ofcom (2021) Media Nations: UK 2021, London: Ofcom.Google Scholar

O’Halloran, J. (2019) ‘India set for ‘negligible’ pay-TV revenue growth over next five years’, 24 September, Rapidtvnews.com. Available at: www.rapidtvnews.com/2019092457396/india-set-for-negligible-pay-tv-revenue-growth-over-next-five-years.html#axzz6H8oPXSbu.Google Scholar

O’Halloran, J. (2020a) ‘A+E Networks UK moves EMEA broadcast operations to the cloud’, 14 July, Rapidtvnews.com. Available at: www.rapidtvnews.com/2020071458766/a-e-networks-uk-moves-emea-broadcast-operations-to-the-cloud.html#axzz6VYiUqRN9.Google Scholar

O’Halloran, J. (2020b) ‘Major US pay-TV providers lose 5MN subscribers in 2019, 4 March, Rapidtvnews.com. Available at: www.rapidtvnews.com/2020030458158/major-us-pay-tv-providers-lose-5mn-subscribers-in-2019.html#axzz6H8oPXSbu.Google Scholar

O’Halloran, J. (2021) ‘Discovery breaks records for Olympic digital engagement, sues Polish government’, 13 August, Rapidtvnews.com. Available at: www.rapidtvnews.com/2021081361030/discovery-breaks-records-for-olympic-digital-engagement-sues-polish-government.html#axzz741dKE1i6.Google Scholar

Oh, D. C. (2017) ‘K-Pop fans react: Hybridity and the white celebrity-fan on YouTube’, International Journal of Communication, 11: 2270–87.Google Scholar

Oliver, J. J. and Picard, R. G. (2020) ‘Shaping the corporate perimeter in a changing media industry’, International Journal on Media Management, 22(2): 67–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oliver and Ohlbaum (2021) UK Television Production Survey: Financial Census 2021, London: Pact.Google Scholar

Olwan, R. M. (2013) Intellectual Property and Development: Theory and Practice, New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar

Pact (2008) Response to OFCOM PSB Review: Phase 1, London: Pact.Google Scholar

Pact (2018) UK TV Exports: A Global View in 2016/17, London: Pact.Google Scholar

Page, D. and Crawley, W. (2005) ‘The transnational and the national: Changing patterns of cultural influence in the South Asian TV market’, in Chalaby, J. (ed.) Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order, London: I. B. Tauris, pp. 128–55.Google Scholar

Pager, S. A. (2012), ‘Accentuating the positive: Building capacity for creative Industries into the development agenda for global intellectual property law’, American University International Law Review, 28(1): 223–94.Google Scholar

Panettieri, J. (2018) ‘Cloud market share 2018 by region: Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google, IBM’, CHANNELe2e.com, 2 August. Available at: www.channele2e.com/channel-partners/csps/cloud-market-share-2018-aws-microsoft-google.Google Scholar

Parker, G. G., Van Alstyne, M. W., and Choudary, S. P. (2016) Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You, New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Park, J. and Lee, A.-G. (eds.) (2019) The Rise of K-Dramas: Essays on Korean Television and its Global Consumption, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.Google Scholar

Parks, L. and Starosielski, N. (2015) Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parrot Analytics (2019) The Global Television Demand Report: Global SVOD Platform Demand Share, Digital Original Series Popularity and Gender Demand Share Trends in 2018, Los Angeles, CA: Parrot Analytics.Google Scholar

Paterson, C. and Sreberny, A. (eds.) (2004) International News in the 21st Century, Eastleigh: John Libbey.Google Scholar

Pathan, M, Buyya, R., and Vakali, A. (2008) ‘Content delivery networks: State of the art, insights, and imperatives’, in Buyya, R., Pathan, M., and Vakali, A. (eds.), Content Delivery Networks, Berlin: Springer, pp. 3–32.Google Scholar

Paul, K. (2020) ‘Trump bid to ban TikTok and WeChat: where are we now?’, 29 September, theguardian.com. Available at: www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/sep/29/trump-tiktok-wechat-china-us-explainer.Google Scholar

Pawley, E. (1972) BBC Engineering 1922–1972, London: British Broadcasting Corporation.Google Scholar

Peil, C. and Sparviero, S. (2017) ‘Media convergence meets deconvergence’, in Sparviero, S., Peil, C., and Balbi, G. (eds) Media Convergence and Deconvergence: Global Transformations in Media and Communication Research, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3–30.Google Scholar

Pennington, A. (2011). Surviving then, thriving in 2010. Broadcast – Business Book: 14–15.Google Scholar

Pennington, A. (2014). Eventful year for OB firms. Broadcast, 12 December: 39–41.Google Scholar

Pennington, A. (2019) ‘Netflix original: Inside Netflix’s post-production operation’, ibc.org, 8 April. Available at: www.ibc.org/trends/netflix-original-inside-netflixs-post-production-operation/3720.article?utm_source=Adestra&utm_mediumGoogle Scholar

Philips, W. (1997) ‘Bored with the USA?’, Broadcast, 10 January: 30.Google Scholar

Phillips, K. (2020) Presentation in ‘Exploring UK production, commissioning & international potential’, TBI Talks, 30 July. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2p9cd7h4.Google Scholar

Picard, R. G. (2002) The Economics and Financing of Media Companies, New York, NY: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar

Picard, R. G. and Wildman, S. S. (eds.) (2015) Handbook on the Economics of the Media, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar

Pietrobelli, C., and Rabellotti, R. (2006) ‘Clusters and value chains in Latin Americas: In search of an integrated approach’, in Pietrobelli, C. and Rabellotti, R. (eds.), Upgrading to Compete: Global Value Chains, Clusters and SMEs in Latin America, New York, NY: Inter-American Development Bank, pp. 1–40.Google Scholar

Plummer, L. (2017) ‘This is how Netflix’s top-secret recommendation system works’, wired.co.uk, 22 August. Available at: www.wired.co.uk/article/how-do-netflixs-algorithms-work-machine-learning-helps-to-predict-what-viewers-will-like.Google Scholar

Ponte, S. and Sturgeon, T. J. (2014) ‘Explaining governance in global value chains: A modular theory-building effort’, Review of International Political Economy, 21(1): 195–223.Google Scholar

Porter, J. (2021) ‘Amazon buys MGM for $8.45 billion’, theverge.com, 26 May. Available at: www.theverge.com/2021/5/26/22441644/amazon-mgm-acquisition-prime-video-subscription-service-james-bond.Google Scholar

Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Potter, I. (2008) The Rise and Rise of the Independents, Isleworth: Guerilla.Google Scholar

Pratt, A. and Gornostaeva, G. (2009) ‘The governance of innovation in the film and television industry: A case study of London, UK’, in Pratt, A. and Jeffcut, P. (eds.), Creativity, Innovation and the Cultural Economy, London: Routledge, pp. 119–36.Google Scholar

Raikes, P., Jensen, M. F., and Ponte, S. (2000) ‘Global commodity chain analysis and the French filière approach: comparison and critique’, Economy and Society, 29(3): 390–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raj-Reichert, G. (2019) ‘The role of transnational first-tier suppliers in GVC governance’, in Ponte, S., Gereffi, G., and Raj-Reichert, G. (eds.) Handbook on Global Value Chains, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 354–69.Google Scholar

Randolph, M. (2019) That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Idea, London: Endeavour.Google Scholar

Rantanen, T. (2009) When News Was New, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Rapidtvnews (2021) ‘Netflix, Disney+ Hotstar account for half of SVOD subscribers in India’, rapidtvnews.com, 31 March. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/vex9k4b7.Google Scholar

Rayburn, D. (2016) ‘The early history of the streaming media industry and the battle between Microsoft & Real’, streamingmediablog.com, 9 March. Available at: hwww.streamingmediablog.com/2016/03/history-of-the-streaming-media-industry.html#disqus_thread.Google Scholar

Reith, J. C. W. (1924) Broadcast over Britain, London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar

Richardson, I. E. (2010) The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard, 2nd ed., Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar

Riffaterre, M. (1984) Semiotics of Poetry, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Roach, C. (1997) ‘The Western world and the NWICO: United they stand?’ in Golding, P. and Harris, P. (eds.), Beyond Cultural Imperialism, London: Sage, pp. 94–116.Google Scholar

Robins, K. and Aksoy, A. (2005) ‘Whoever looks always finds: Transnational viewing and knowledge-experience’, in Chalaby, J. (ed.) Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order, London: I. B. Tauris, pp. 14–42.Google Scholar

Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J. (2003) ‘Platform competition in two-sided markets’, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4): 990–1029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roddick, N. (1998) ‘Brits track the vital mix’, Broadcast – Mipcom pull-out, 2 October: 20–1.Google Scholar

Rogers, R. (ed.) (2019) Understanding Esports: An Introduction to the Global Phenomenon, London: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Russell, A. L. (2014) Open Standards and the Digital Age, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ryan, M. and Littleton, C. (2017) ‘TV series budgets hit the breaking point as costs skyrocket in peak TV era’, variety.com, 26 September. Available at: https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/tv-series-budgets-costs-rising-peak-tv-1202570158.Google Scholar

Rysman, M. (2009) ‘The economics of two-sided markets’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(3): 125–43.Google Scholar

Sakr, N. (2005) ‘Maverick or model? Al-Jazeera’s impact on Arab satellite television’, in Chalaby, J. (ed.) Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order, London: I. B. Tauris, pp. 66–95.Google Scholar

Sandvine (2022) The Global Internet Phenomena Report. San Jose, CA: Sandvine.Google Scholar

Scannell, P. (1990) ‘Public service broadcasting: The history of a concept’, in Goodwin, A. and Whannel, G. (eds.) Understanding Television, London: Routledge, pp. 11–29.Google Scholar

Schiller, H. I. ([1969] 1992) Mass Communications and American Empire, 2nd ed., Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Schmidt, E. and Rosenberg, J. (2017) How Google Works, London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Schneider, M. (2022) ‘Peak TV tally: According to FX research, a record 559 original scripted series aired in 2021’, variety.com, 14 January. Available at: https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/original-tv-series-tally-2021-1235154979.Google Scholar

Schramm, W. (1964) Mass Media and National Development: The Role of Information in the Developing Countries, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; Paris: Unesco.Google Scholar

Schudson, M. (1978) Discovering the News, New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, J. A. (1947) Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 2nd ed., New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

Scott, A. J. (2005) On Hollywood: The Place, The Industry, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Seib, P. (2012) (ed.) Al Jazeera English: Global news in a changing world, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Sendall, B. (1983) Independent Television in Britain, Volume 2: Expansion and Change, 1958–68, London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seufert, M., Eggger, S., Slanina, M., Zinner, T., Hossfeld, T., and Tran-Gia, P. (2015) ‘A survey on quality of experience of HTTP adaptive streaming, IEEE Communication Surveys & Tutorials, 17(1): 469–92.Google Scholar

Shifman, L. (2011) ‘An anotomy of a YouTube meme’, New Media & Society, 14(2): 187–203.Google Scholar

Shimpach, S. (ed.) (2020) The Routledge Companion to Global Television, New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Shultz, G. P. (1984) ‘Letter from U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz’, Journal of Communication, 34(4): 82–4.Google Scholar

Sigismondi, P. (ed.) World Entertainment Media: Global, Regional and Local Perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sky Group (2021) ‘Comcast and ViacomCBS announce “SkyShowtime”, a new streaming service to launch in select European markets’, 18 August, skygroup.sky. Available at: www.skygroup.sky/article/comcast-and-viacomcbs-announce-skyshowtime-a-new-streaming-service-to-launch-in-select-european-markets.Google Scholar

Sloman, J., Garratt, D., Guest, J., and Jones, E. (2016) Economics for Business, Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar

Smalley, E. (1993) ‘Fast forward to LAN-based video’, Network Week, 10(30): 39–42.Google Scholar

Smith, A. with Paterson, R. (eds.) (1998) Television: An International History, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

SMPTE (2019) ‘About standards’, smpte.org. Available at: www.smpte.org/standards/about.Google Scholar

Société Européenne des Satellites (2021) Annual Report 2020, Luxembourg: SES.Google Scholar

Srnicek, N. (2017) Platform Capitalism, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Starks, M. (2013) The Digital Television Revolution: Origins to Outcomes, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Starosielski, N. (2015) The Undersea Network, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Steinberg, M. (2019) The Platform Economy: How Japan Transformed the Consumer Internet, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Stocker, V., Smaragdakis, G., Lehr, W., and Bauer, S. (2017) ‘The growing complexity of content deliver y networks: Challenges and implications for the internet ecosystem’, Telecommunications Policy 41(10): 1003–16.Google Scholar

Straubhaar, J. (1991) ‘Beyond media imperialism: Asymmetrical interdependence and cultural proximity’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8(1): 29–59.Google Scholar

Stronge, T. (2020) ‘How much growth is too much growth?’, Pacific Telecommunications Council Annual Conference, 19–22 January, Honolulu, HI.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J. (2002) ‘Modular production networks: A new American model of industrial organization’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3): 451–96.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J. (1999) Turn-Key Production Networks: Industry Organization, Economic Development, and the Globalization of Electronics Contract Manufacturing, PhD Dissertation, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J. (2009) ‘From commodity chains to value chains: Interdisciplinary theory building in an age of globalization’, in Bair, J. (ed.) Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 110–35.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J. (2019) ‘Upgrading strategies for the digital economy’, Global Strategy Journal, 11(1): 34–57.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J. and Florida, R. (2004) ‘Globalization, deverticalization and employment in the motor vehicle industry’, in Kenney, M. and Florida, R. (eds.), Locating Global Advantage: Industry Dynamics in the International Economy, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 52–81.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J., Humphrey, J., and Gereffi, G. (2011) ‘Making the global supply base’, in Hamilton, G., Petrovic, M., and Senauer, B. (eds.), The Market Makers: How Retailers Are Reshaping the Global Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 231–54.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J. and Kawakami, M. (2010) ‘Global value chains in the electronics industry: Was the crisis a window of opportunity for developing countries?’, Policy Research Working Paper 5417. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, T. J. and Lee, J.-R. (2005) ‘Industry co-evolution: A comparison of Taiwan and North American electronics contract manufacturers’, in Berger, S. and Lesters, R. K. (eds.), Global Taiwan: Building Competitive Strengths in a New International Economy, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 33–75.Google Scholar

Sturen, O. (1972) ‘Towards international standardization’, Technical News Bulletin, 56(1), January: 236–7, 250.Google Scholar

Sturen, O. (1997) ‘The expansion of the ISO: Decade by decade’, in Friendship among Equals: Recollections from ISO’s First Fifty Years, ISO: Geneva, pp. 57–67.Google Scholar

Sullivan, D. and Jiang, Y. (2010) ‘Media convergence and the impact of the Internet on the M&A activity of large media companies’, Journal of Media Business Studies, 7(4), 21–40.Google Scholar

Susen, S. (2015) The ‘Postmodern Turn’ in the Social Sciences, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Swartz, J. (2020) ‘Big Tech keeps getting bigger, as antitrust inquiries continue to multiply’, marketwatch.com, 12 February. Available at: www.marketwatch.com/story/big-tech-keeps-getting-bigger-as-antitrust-inquiries-continue-to-multiply-2020-02-11.Google Scholar

Synergy (2020) Hyperscale Market Primer Report, March. London: Synergy.Google Scholar

Taubman, A., Hannu, W., and Watal, J. (eds.) (2012) A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

TBI Formats (2014) ‘Europe’s most valuable formats’, April/May: 22–5.Google Scholar

Thomas, A. O. (1998) ‘Transnational satellite television and advertising in South East Asia’, Journal of Marketing Communications, 4(4): 221–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thussu, D. K. (2002) ‘Privatizing intelsat: Implications for the global South’, in Raboy, M. (ed.) Global Media Policy in the New Millennium, Luton: University of Luton Press, pp. 39–53.Google Scholar

Thussu, D. K. (2005) ‘The transnationalization of television: The Indian experience’, in Chalaby, J. (ed.) Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order, London: I. B. Tauris, pp. 156–72.Google Scholar

Thussu, D. K. (2019) International Communication: Continuity and Change, 3rd ed., London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar

Tobagi, F. A., Pang, J., and Baker, B. A. ([1993], 1996) ‘Starworks – A video application server’, pp. 84–100 in Reisman, S. (ed.) Multimedia Computing: Preparing for the 21st Century, Harrisburg, PA: Idea Group Publishing.Google Scholar

Tomlinson, J. (1991) Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction, London: Continuum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tomlinson, J. (1997) ‘Cultural globalization and cultural imperialism’, in Mohammadi, A. (ed.) International Communication and Globalization: A Critical Introduction, London: Sage, pp. 170–90.Google Scholar

Torre, P. J. (2009) ‘Block booking migrates to television: The rise and fall of the international output deal’, Television & New Media, 10(6): 459–81.Google Scholar

Tracey, M. (1985) ‘The poisoned chalice? International television and the idea of dominance’, Daedalus, 114(4): 17–56.Google Scholar

Turton, J. and Opie, L. (2019 ) ‘Global gamechangers: Creative challenges and digital giants’, IBC Show 2019, 12–16 September, Amsterdam. Available at: www.ibc.org/global-gamechangers-creative-challenges-and-digital-giants/4711.article.Google Scholar

Tydeman, J. and Kelm, E. J. (1986) New Media in Europe: Satellites, Cable, VCRs and Videotex, London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Ulin, J. C. (2019) The Business of Media Distribution: Monetizing Film, TV, and Video Content in an Online World, 3rd ed., New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

UNCTAD (2013) World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development, Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar

UNCTAD (2017) World Investment Report 2017: Investment and the Digital Economy, Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar

Uribe-Jongbloed, E. and Pis Diez, E. (2017) ‘The TV format market in Latin America: Trends and opportunities’, International Journal of Digital Television, 8(1): 99–115.Google Scholar

Vachhrajani, I. (2020) ‘Opening keynote: Cloud city: A&E network’s cloud journey and lessons learned’, AWS Insights Online Conference, 28 May. Available at: https://onlinexperiences.com/scripts/Server.nxp.Google Scholar

Valderrama, F. (1995) A History of UNESCO, Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

van Bavel, B. J. P. (2020) ‘Open societies before market economies: Historical analysis’, Socio-Economic Review, 18(3): 795–815.Google Scholar

Van Keulen, J., Bauwens, J., and Krijnen, T. (2020) ‘“Everyone working a little more closely together”: Transnationalization of creative production in TV production conglomerates’, Television & New Media, 21(7): 749–67.Google Scholar

Verevis, C. and Perkins, C. (2015) ‘Transnational television remakes’, Continuum, 29(6): 677–83.Google Scholar

Vickers, G. (1994) ‘Secrets of the hard sell’, Broadcast MIPCOM Supplement, 7 October: 22–3.Google Scholar

Vogel, H. L. (2020) Entertainment Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis, 10th ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Volkmer, I. (2014) The Global Public Sphere: Public Communication in the Age of Reflective Interdependence, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Von der Leyen, U. (2019) A Union that Strives for More: My Agenda for Europe, 9 October, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar

Waade, A. M., Redvall, E. N., and Jensen, P. (eds.) (2020) Danish Television Drama: Global Lessons from a Small Nation. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Waisbord, S. (2004) ‘McTV: Understanding the global popularity of television formats’, Television & New Media, 5(4): 359–83.Google Scholar

Waller, E. (2010) ‘Israeli format wave arrives’, c21media.net, 20 April. Available at: www.c21media.net/israeli-format-wave-arrives.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, I. (1983) Historical Capitalism, London: Verso.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, I. (1974) The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, I. (1980) The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, I. (1983) Historical Capitalism, London: Verso.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, I. (1984) ‘World networks and the politics of the world economy’, in The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movement and the Civilizations. Cambridge and Paris: Cambridge University Press and Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar

Wallerstein, I. (1989) The Modern World-System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730–1840s, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Walt Disney (2019a) Fiscal Year 2019 Annual Financial Report, Burbank, CA: The Walt Disney Company.Google Scholar

Walt Disney (2019b) Investor Day, 11 April. Burbank, CA: The Walt Disney Company.Google Scholar

Wcitleaks.org (2012) ‘Russia, UAE, China, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Sudan, and Egypt: Proposals for the work of the conference’, 5 December. Available at: http://files.wcitleaks.org/public/Merged%20UAE%20081212.pdf.Google Scholar

Weissmann, E. (2012) Transnational Television Drama: Special Relations and Mutual Influence between the US and the UK, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Wescott, T. (2021) ‘Landing a format hit’, TBI Talks, 2 March. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/2fbac6a6.Google Scholar

White, P. (2020) ‘BBC & ITV-backed U.S. streamer Britbox hits 1M subscribers’, deadline.com, 4 March. Available at: https://deadline.com/2020/03/britbox-1m-subscribers-1202873964.Google Scholar

Widdicks, K., Hazas, M., Bates, O., and Friday, A. (2019) ‘Streaming, multi-screens and YouTube: The new (unsustainable) ways of watching in the home’, CHI 2019 Conference, 4–9 May, Glasgow.Google Scholar

Williamson, M. (1988) ‘Broadcasting by satellite: Some technical considerations’, in Negrine, R. (ed.) Satellite Broadcasting: The Politics and Implications of the New Media, London: Routledge, pp. 23–48.Google Scholar

Winseck, D. (2002) ‘The WTO, emerging policy regimes and the political economy of transnational communications’, in Raboy, M. (ed.) Global Media Policy in the New Millennium, Luton: University of Luton Press, pp. 19–37.Google Scholar

Winseck, D. (2012) ‘Financialization and the “crisis of the media”: The rise and fall of (some) media conglomerates in Canada’, in Winseck, D. and Jin, D. Y. (eds.), The Political Economies of Media: The Transformation of the Global Media Industries, London: Bloomsbury, pp. 142–66.Google Scholar

Winseck, D. and Pike, R. M. (2007) Communication and Empire: Media, Markets, and Globalization, 1860–1930, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Winseck, D. and Jin, D. Y. (2012) The Political Economies of Media: The Transformation of the Global Media Industries, London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Wirz, B. W. (2017) Media Management, Speyer: German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer.Google Scholar

Wood, D. (2010) ‘Indie chief with ambition’, Broadcast, 16 July, 18–21.Google Scholar

Woodman, C. (1999) ‘15 years of intelligence’, Cable & Satellite Europe, May: 32.Google Scholar

Woody, T. (2003) ‘The race to kill Kazaa’, Wired.com, 1 February. Available at: www.wired.com/2003/02/kazaa.Google Scholar

World Press Freedom Committee (ed.) (1981) The Media Crisis …: The Problems Faced in UNESCO; the MacBride Commission Report; the New Information Order; the Challenges of Belgrade, Miami, FL: World Press Freedom Committee.Google Scholar

WTO (2013) International Trade Statistics 2013, Geneva: WTO.Google Scholar

WTO (2016) ‘Trade in value-added and global value chains: statistical profiles’. Available at: www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/countryprofiles_e.htm.Google Scholar

WTO (2017) Annual Report 2017, Geneva: WTO.Google Scholar

Yates, J. and Murphy, C. N. (2019) Engineering Rules: Global Standard Setting since 1880, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Zambelli, A. (2013) ‘A history of media streaming and the future of connected TV’, theguardian.com, 1 March. Available at: www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2013/mar/01/history-streaming-future-connected-tv.Google Scholar

Zanni, L. (2019) ‘AI: Content chain analysis’, ibc.org, 6 February. Available at: www.ibc.org/ai-a-content-chain-analysis/3572.article.Google Scholar

Zayani, M. (ed.) (2005) The Al Jazeera Phenomoneon: Critical Perspectives on New Arab Media, London: Pluto.Google Scholar

Zodiak Television (2008) Annual Report: 2007 Was a Good Year, Stockholm.Google Scholar