In the modern transformation of epistemology, premodern forms of knowledge considered revelatory and Hebrew are (notwithstanding Qoheleth) exchanged for those deemed philosophical and Greek. A pivotal figure in this metamorphosis is the Cartesian rationalist Baruch Spinoza, who early in modernity uses philosophical epistemology to critique revelatory knowledge in the Tanakh. Influence of the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus is such that no later work revisits Spinoza’s arguments concerning the Tanakh, which profoundly influence modern thought. An examination of Tanakh epistemology in modernity should therefore begin with Spinoza – and it will continue in this chapter with Hume’s “On Miracles” and Kant’s Dreams of a Spirit-Seer.