Abbreviations

A&E

Accident and emergency

ADR

Adverse drug reactions

AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AMCHAM

American Malaysian Chamber of Commerce

APEC

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

APPL

Approved products purchase list

ARAC

ASEAN Risk Assessment Centre for Food Safety

ARV

Antiretroviral

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASIS

Asset and services information system

ASMA

Alam Sekitar Malaysian Sdn Bhd

BAKAS

Bekalan Air dan Kebersihan Alam Sekeliling

BCG

Bacille Calmette-Guerin

BSE

Breast self-examination

CAT

Cultural adaptation template

CDC

Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention

CDCR

Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulations

CDs

Communicable diseases

CFS

Certificate of free sale

CGPs

Clinical practice guidelines

CHE

Catastrophic health expenditure

CLD

Causal loop diagram

CMIS

Computerised central management information system

CORFIS

Community-based cardiovascular risk factor intervention strategies

CPGs

Clinical practice guidelines

CPP

Certificate of pharmaceutical product

CRC

Clinical Research Centre

CT

Computed tomography

CWMS

Clinical Waste Management System

DAA

Direct-acting antivirals

DALY

Disability-adjusted life year

DCA

Drug Control Authority

DDT

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DEC

Diethylcarbamazine

DG

Director General

DNDi

Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative

DOC

Department of Chemistry

DOE

Department of Environment

DoS

Department of Statistics

DOSH

Department of Occupational Safety and Health

DPT

Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus

DRG

Diagnosis-related group

DRGD

Drug registration guidance document

DUNas

Dasar Ubat Nasional

EHS

Environmental health services

EIA

Environmental impact assessment

EPF

Employees’ Provident Fund

EPU

Economic Planning Unit

EQA

Environmental Quality Act 1974

ESRD

End-stage renal disease

EU

European Union

FCTC

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FFPAM

Federation of Private Medical Practitioners Associations

FHDD

Family Health Development Division

FMS

Family medicine/Family medicine specialist(s)

FOMEMA

Foreign Workers’ Medical Examination

FPAs

Family planning associations

FRHAM

Federation of Reproductive Health Associations, Malaysia

FSWs

Female sex workers

G6PD

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GDP

Gross domestic product

GLCs

Government-linked companies

GMP

Good manufacturing practice

GMS

Government Medical Store

GNP

Gross national product

GP

General practitioner(s)

GU

Government Use Licence

HCV

Hepatitis C virus

HEs

Health experts

HFMD

Hand, foot, and mouth disease

HIA

Health impact assessment(s)

HIC

Health Informatics Centre

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

HMIS

Health and management information system

HMO

Health Maintenance Organisation

HO

House officers

HPRA

Health Policy Research Associates

HPV

Human papillomavirus

HR

Human resources

HRH

Human resources for health

HRWG

Harm Reduction Working Group

HSC

Health sub-centre

HSFS

Health services financing study

HSIP

Hospital-specific implementation plan

HSR

Health systems research

HTA

Health technology assessment

IAQ

Indoor air quality

ICD

International Classification of Diseases

ICT

Information and communication technology

IDs

Influence diagrams

IDUs

Injecting drug users

IHP

Institute for Health Policy

IHSR

Institute for Health Systems Research

ILO

International Labour Organization

IMR

Institute for Medical Research

IPH

Institute for Public Health

IPR

Intellectual property rights

ISO

International Organisation of Standardisation

IT

Information technology

IWK

Indah Water Konsortium

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

JSC

Japan Sanitation Consortium

LB

Live births

LEHAPs

Local Environmental Health Action Plans

LMICs

Low- and middle-income countries

MAB

Medicine Advertisements Board

MAC

Malaysian AIDS Council

MAD

Mutual acceptance of data

MADRAC

Malaysian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee

MaLRA

Malaysian Leprosy Relief Association

MAP

Master Agreed Procedures

MAPTB

Malaysian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis

MBS

Modified budgeting system

MCDA

Multi-criteria decision analysis

MCH

Main health centre/maternal and child health/maternal and child healthcare

MCOs

Managed care organisations

MCQ

Midwife clinic quarters

MDG

Millennium Development Goals

MDT

Multiple drug therapy

MHC

Main health centre

MHLG

Ministry of Housing and Local Government

MHSR

Malaysia Health Systems Research

MHTC

Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council

MIMS

Monthly Index of Medical Specialities

MLT

Medical laboratory technologist

MMC

Malaysian Medical Council

MMR

Measles, mumps, rubella (Chapter 6)/Mass miniature radiography (Chapter 6)/Maternal mortality ratio (Chapter 8)

MMT

Methadone maintenance treatment

MNHA

Malaysia National Health Accounts

MO

Medical officer

MoE

Ministry of Education

MoF

Ministry of Finance

MOH/MoH

Ministry of Health

MOHA

Ministry of Home Affairs

MOHMF

Ministry of Health Medicines Formulary

MPF

Malayan Pharmaceutical Factory

MPP

Medicines patent pool

MPR

Median price compared to international reference price

MPS

Master agreed procedures

MQA

Malaysian Qualifications Authority

MSF

Médecins Sans Frontières

MSM

Men who have sex with men

MSQH

Malaysian Society for Quality in Health

MTAAG+

Positive Malaysia Treatment Access and Advocacy Group

MVP

Medicines, vaccines, and pharmaceuticals

MyCC

Malaysia Competition Commission

MyHDW

Malaysian health data warehouse

MyIPO

Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia

MYR

Malaysian ringgit

MYSA

Malaysian Space Agency

NCD

Non-communicable disease

NDWQSP

National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme

NEHAP

National Environmental Health Action Plan

NGO

Non-governmental organisation

NHA

National health accounts

NHMS

National Health and Morbidity Survey(s)

NHMS III

Third National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NKF

National Kidney Foundation

NMCS

National Medical Care Surveys

NMP

National Medicine Policy

NPC

National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau

NPCL

National Pharmaceutical Control Laboratory

NPRA

National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency

NSEP

Needle and syringe exchange programme

NSP

National Strategic Plan

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OOP

Out of pocket

OOPPs

Out-of-pocket payments

OPDs

Outpatient departments

OTC

Over-the-counter

PAM

Penicillin with 2 per cent aluminium monostearate

PAP

Papanicolaou

PEPAS

Promotion of Environmental Planning and Applied Studies

PET

Positron emission tomography

PHC

Primary healthcare

PhRMA

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America

PIC/S

Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme

PIN

Personal identification number

PMD

Prime Minister’s Department

PMTCT

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission

PROSTAR

Program Sihat Tanpa AIDS untuk Remaja

PSD

Public Services Division

PSOs

Private sector operators

PVHI

Private voluntary health insurance

PWD

Public Works Department

QAP

Quality assurance programme

QMP

Quality management system

QUALICOPC

Quality and Costs of Primary Care

REAP

Reviewed approach

REAP-WISE Reviewed approach:

wellness, illness, support services, emergency information

RESP

Rural environmental sanitation programme

RHS

Rural health service

RM

Malaysian ringgit

RRT

Renal replacement therapy

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

SDG

Sustainable Development Goal

SEHAPs

State environmental health action plans

SIR

Susceptible infected recovered

SITC

Standard International Trade Classification

SOCSO

Social Security Organisation

SPAN

National Water Services Commission

SPUB

Sistem Pendispensan Ubat Bersepadu

SSD

Sewerage Services Department

STC

Secondary and tertiary care

STs

Systems thinkers

SWD

Solid Waste Department

T&CM

Traditional and complementary medicine

TAPS

Treatment and adherence support programme

TB

Tuberculosis

TBA

Traditional birth attendants

TBIS

Tuberculosis information system

TCM

Traditional and complementary medicine/traditional Chinese medicine

TEH

Total expenditures on health

TG

Transgender people

TGA

Therapeutic Goods Administration

THE

Total health expenditure

TMs

traditional medicines

TPAs

Third-party administrators

TPC

Teleprimary Care

TRIPS

Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights

TRPI

Technical requirements and performance indicators

TWGs

Thematic working groups

UHC

Universal health coverage

UK

United Kingdom

UN

United Nations

UNCT

UN Country Team

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA

United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF

UN Children’s Fund

US

United States

USA

United States of America

WHO

World Health Organization

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization

WISE

Wellness, illness, support, emergency and information

WTO

World Trade Organization

YLD

Years of life lost due to disability

YLL

Years of life lost