Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T16:57:15.458Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Optical wave interaction with two-dimensional arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

Andrea Alú
Affiliation:
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Nader Engheta
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Alexei A. Maradudin
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Nanotechnology has seen enormous progress in recent years, and various techniques are now available for the realization of ordered periodic arrays of particles with nanoscale dimensions. Electron-beam [1] and interference lithography [2], polymer-based nanofabrication [3], and self-assembly techniques [4] indeed enable producing ordered one-dimensional (1-D), two-dimensional (2-D), and even three-dimensional (3-D) arrays of metallic or dielectric nanoparticles with sizes much smaller than the wavelength of operation. As is well established in the field of optical metamaterials, such arrays may interact with light in anomalous and exotic ways, provided that their unit cells are sufficiently close to the individual or collective resonance of these arrays.

The electromagnetic response of optical metamaterials and metasurfaces is very distinct from that of gratings and photonic crystals. In photonic crystals, for which lattice periods are comparable to the wavelength of operation, it is possible to tailor the optical interaction operating near the Bragg collective resonances and Wood's anomalies associated with their period, whereas in optical metamaterials and metasurfaces, we operate near the plasmonic resonances of the individual inclusions, leading to the advantage of a much broader response in terms of the angle of incidence, and the absence of grating lobes in the visible angular spectrum. On the other hand, unlike photonic crystals, optical metamaterials and metasurfaces require a much smaller scale for their unit cells. Moreover, plasmonic materials, required to support the required resonances at the nanoscale, are usually characterized by intrinsic non-negligible loss and absorption.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

[1] McCord, M. A. and Rooks, M. J., SPIE Handbook of Microlithography, Micromachining and Microfabrication (Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press, 2000).Google Scholar
[2] Dunin-Borkowski, R. E., Kasama, A., Wei, A., Tripp, S. L., Hÿtch, M. J., Snoeck, E., Harrison, R. J., and Putnis, A., “Off-axis electron holography of magnetic nanowires and chains, rings, and planar arrays of magnetic nanoparticles,Microsc. Res. Tech. 64, 390–402 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[3] Mayy, M., Zhu, G., Barnakov, Y., and Noginov, M A., “Development of composite silver-polymer metamaterials,J. Appl. Phys. 105, 084318(1-6) (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[4] Galisteo, J. F., Garcá-Santamará, F., Golmayo, D., Juárez, B. H., López, C., and Palacios, E., “Self-assembly approach to optical metamaterials,J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, S244–S254 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[5] Johnson, P. B. and Christy, R. W., “Optical constants of the noble metals,Phys. Rev. B 6, 4370–4379 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[6] Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R., Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles (New York: Wiley, 1983).Google Scholar
[7] Quinten, M., Leitner, A., Krenn, J. R., and Aussenegg, F. R., “Electromagnetic energy transport via linear chains of silver nanoparticles,Opt. Lett. 23, 1331–1333 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[8] Tretyakov, S. A. and Vitanen, A. J., “Line of periodically arranged passive dipole scatterers,Elec. Eng. 82, 353–361 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[9] Brongersma, M. L., Hartman, J. W., and Atwater, H. A., “Electromagnetic energy transfer and switching in nanoparticle chain arrays below the diffraction limit,Phys. Rev. B 62, 16356–16369 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[10] Shore, R. A. and Yaghjian, A. D., “Travelling electromagnetic waves on linear periodic arrays of lossless spheres,Electron. Lett. 41, 578–580 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[11] Alú, A. and Engheta, N., “Theory of linear chains of metamaterial/plasmonic particles as subdiffraction optical nanotransmission lines,Phys. Rev. B 74, 205436(1-18) (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[12] Alú, A. and Engheta, N., “Three-dimensional nanotransmission lines at optical frequencies: a recipe for broadband negative-refraction optical metamaterials,Phys. Rev. B 75, 024304(1-20) (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[13] Abajo, F. J. García, Gomez-Santos, G., Blanco, L. A., Borisov, A. G., and Shabanov, S. V., “Tunneling mechanism of light transmission through metallic films,Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 067403(1-4) (2005).Google Scholar
[14] Alú, A. and Engheta, N., “Optical nanotransmission lines: synthesis of planar left-handed metamaterials in the infrared and visible regimes,J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23, 571–583 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[15] Enkrich, C., Wegener, M., Linden, S.et al. “Magnetic metamaterials at telecommunication and visible frequencies,Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 203901(1-4) (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[16] Zhou, J., Koschny, T., Kafesaki, M., Economou, E. N., Pendry, J. B., and Soukoulis, C. M., “Saturation of the magnetic response of split-ring resonators at optical frequencies,Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 223902(1-4) (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[17] Alú, A., Salandrino, A., and Engheta, N., “Negative effective permeability and left-handed materials at optical frequencies,Opt. Express. 14, 1557–1567 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[18] Shvets, G. and Urzhumov, Y. A., “Negative index meta-materials based on two-dimensional metallic structures,J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8, S122–S130 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[19] Schuck, P. J., Fromm, D. P., Sundaramurthy, A., Kino, G. S., and Moerner, W. E., “Improving the mismatch between light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas,Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017402(1-4) (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[20] Muhlschlegel, P., Eisler, H. J., Martin, O. J. F., Hecht, B., and Pohl, D. W., “Resonant optical antennas,Science 308, 1607–1609 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[21] Alú, A. and Engheta, N., “Tuning the scattering response of optical nanoantennas with nanocircuit loads,Nature Photon. 2, 307–310 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[22] Alú, A. and Engheta, N., “Input impedance, nanocircuit loading, and radiation tuning of optical nanoantennas,Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 043901(1-4) (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[23] Abajo, F. J. Garcia, “Light scattering by particle and hole arrays,Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1267–1290 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[24] Viitanen, A. J., Hanninen, I., and Tretyakov, S. A., “Analytical model for regular dense arrays of planar dipole scatterers,Prog. Electromag. Res., 38, 97–110 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[25] Englund, M. and Viitanen, A. J., “A planar dipole array formed by small resonant particles,Microwave. Opt. Technol. Lett. 49, 2419–2422 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[26] Holloway, C. L., Dienstfrey, A., Kuester, E. F., O'Hara, J. F., Azad, A. K., and Taylor, A. J., “A discussion on the interpretation and characterization of metafilms/metasurfaces: the two-dimensional equivalent of metamaterials,Metamaterials 3, 100–112 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[27] Gordon, J. A., Holloway, C. L., and Dienstfrey, A., “A physical explanation of angle-independent reflection and transmission properties of metafilms/metasurfaces,IEEE Antenn. Wireless Propag. Lett. 8 1127–1130 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[28] Belov, P. and Simovski, C., “Homogenization of electromagnetic crystals formed by uniaxial resonant scatterers,Phys. Rev. E 72, 026615(1-15) (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[29] Alú, A., Belov, P. A., and Engheta, N., “Parallel-chain optical transmission line for a low-loss ultraconfined light beam,Phys. Rev. B 80, 113101(1-4) (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[30] Lewin, L., Polylogarithms and Associated Functions (New York: Elsevier North-Holland, 1981).Google Scholar
[31] Stegun, I. A., “Miscellaneous functions,” in Handbook of Mathematical Functions, eds. Abramowitz, M., Stegun, I. A. (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1970).Google Scholar
[32] Alú, A. and Engheta, N., “Polarizabilities and effective parameters for collections of spherical nanoparticles formed by pairs of concentric double-negative, single-negative, and/or double-positive metamaterial layers,J. Appl. Phys. 97, 094310(1-12) (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[33] Sipe, J. and Kranendonk, J., “Macroscopic electromagnetic theory of resonant dielectrics,Phys. Rev. A 9, 1806–1822 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[34] Ebbesen, T. W., Lezec, H. J., Ghaemi, H. F., Thio, T., and Wolff, P. A., “Extraordinary optical transmission through subwavelength hole arrays,Nature 391, 667–669 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×