Assembly of First Nations. (2017). Indigenous Language Initiative: Report on the National Engagement Sessions. www.afn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/17-12-12_Languages_AFN-ILI-Report_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar

Ball, J. (2009). Supporting Young Indigenous Children’s Language Development in Canada: A Review of Research on Needs and Promising Practices. Canadian Modern Language Review, 66(1), 19–47. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.66.1.019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Battiste, M. (2016). Living Treaties. Sydney, NS: Cape Breton University Press.Google Scholar

BC Treaty Commission. (2014). Annual Report: Recommendation 8: First Nations Resolve Issues Related to Overlapping Traditional Territories among Themselves. www.bctreaty.ca/sites/default/files/BCTC-Annual-Report-2014.pdf.Google Scholar

Berger, T. R. (2005). Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Implementation Contract Negotiations for the Second Planning Period 2003–2013. Conciliator’s Interim Report, August 31, 2005.Google Scholar

Canada, (1984). The Western Arctic Claim: The Inuvialuit Final Agreement. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.Google Scholar

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 15, Part 1 of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c. 11.Google Scholar

Canadian Multiculturalism Act, RSC, 1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-18.7/page-1.html.Google Scholar

Cardinal, H. and Hildebrandt, W. (2000.) Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream Is That Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized as Nations. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.Google Scholar

Cardinal, L. (2015). State Tradition and Language Regime in Canada. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S. K., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cardinal, L. and Huron, M.. (2022). Canada’s Language Policies: Well-Established, but Still Room for Improvement. Forum of Federations Occasional Paper Series Number, 56, 4–23.Google Scholar

Charter of the French Language, SQ 1977, c. C-11, s. 224.Google Scholar

Chrétien, J. (1969). Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969: Presented to the First Session of the Twenty-Eighth Parliament by the Honourable Jean Chrétien, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer.Google Scholar

Constitution Act, 1982. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-12.html#h-39.Google Scholar

Delgamuukw v British Columbia, 1997, 3 SCR 1010. https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1569/index.do.Google Scholar

Department of Canadian Heritage. (2015). Evaluation of the Aboriginal Languages Initiative 2009–10 to 2013–14. www.canada.ca/content/dam/pch/documents/corporate/publications/evaluations/ali-july-2015-eng.pdf.Google Scholar

De Varennes, F. and Kuzborska, E.. (2016). Language, Rights and Opportunities: The Role of Language in the Inclusion and Exclusion of Indigenous Peoples. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 23(3), 281–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Drummond, D. and Rosenbluth, E.. (2013). The Debate on First Nations Education Funding: Mind the Gap. Kingston: Queen’s University School of Policy Studies.Google Scholar

Drummond, D. (2019, August 7). Personal communication.Google Scholar

First Peoples’ Cultural Council. (2018). Report on the status of B.C. First Nations Languages., 3rd ed. https://fpcc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/FPCC-LanguageReport-180716-WEB.pdf.Google Scholar

Fletcher, W. (2004). The Canadian Experiment with Social Engineering, a Historical Case: The Mohawk Institute. In B. L. Guenther. ed., Historical Papers 2004: Canadian Society of Church History. Paper presented at the Annual Conference, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, June 3–4, 2004.Google Scholar

Fontaine, L. S. (2018). Our Languages Are Sacred: Finding Constitutional Space for Aboriginal Language Rights. PhD Dissertation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.Google Scholar

Grafton, E. K. (2017). Reserved Responsibilities: A Comparative Analysis of Settler Colonial Narratives of Canadian Federalism and Sub-national Jurisdictional Responsibility for Status First Nations Peoples Living On-reserve in Manitoba, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/handle/1993/32594/Grafton_Emily.pdf.Google Scholar

Haque, E. and Patrick, D.. (2015). Indigenous Languages and the Racial Hierarchisation of Language Policy in Canada. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 36(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.892499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawthorne, H. B. (1967). A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada: Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies. https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/inac-ainc/survey-e/sci_e.pdf.Google Scholar

Indian Act, 1985. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-5/.Google Scholar

Indian Chiefs of Alberta. (1970). Citizens Plus. Aboriginal Policy Studies, 1(1), 188–281. https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/aps/index.php/aps/article/view/11690/8926.Google Scholar

Indigenous Languages Act, SC 2019, c. 23. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-7.85/page-1.html.Google Scholar

Liberal Party of Canada. (2015). Liberals Call for Full Implementation of Truth and Reconciliation Commission Recommendations. https://liberal.ca/liberals-call-for-full-implementation-of-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-recommendations/.Google Scholar

MacMillan, C. M. (2000). The Practice of Language Rights in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442678705.Google Scholar

Moseley, C. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd ed. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.Google Scholar

Norris, M. J. (2007). Aboriginal Languages in Canada: Emerging Trends and Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition. Canadian Social Trends, 83(20), 19–27.Google Scholar

Norris, M. J. (2011). Aboriginal Languages in Urban Canada: A Decade in Review, 1996 to 2006. Aboriginal Policy Studies, 1(2), 4–67. https://doi.org/10.5663/aps.v1i2.8965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nowegijick v The Queen, 1983, 1 SCR 29. https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2462/index.do.Google Scholar

Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, SC 1993, c. 29, https://canlii.ca/t/j0fs.Google Scholar

Nunatsiaq News. (2019). UPDATED: Inuit orgs blast federal Indigenous languages bill. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/itk-slams-federal-indigenous-languages-bill/.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, V. and Anderson, T. (2017). Census in Brief: The Aboriginal Languages of First Nations People, Métis and Inuit. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar

Official Languages Act, RSC 1970, c. 0-2, s. 11(3).Google Scholar

Official Languages Act, RSNWT, 1988, c. O-1. www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-o-1/latest/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-o-1.html.Google Scholar

Official Language Act (Quebec), SQ 1974, c. 6.Google Scholar

R v Badger, 1996, 1 SCR 771. www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1996/1996canlii236/1996canlii236.html.Google Scholar

R v Catarat, 1999, SKQB 28. https://canlii.ca/t/1lbqf.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, T., Bear-Nicholas, A. and Reyhner, J. (2016). Linguistic Human Rights and Language Revitalization in the USA and Canada. In S. M. Coronel-Molina and T. L. McCarty, eds., Indigenous Language Revitalization in the Americas. New York: Routledge, pp. 193–212.Google Scholar

Slattery, B. (1991). Aboriginal Languages Rights. In Schneiderman, D., ed., Language and the State: The Law and Politics of Identity. Montréal: Éditions Yvon Blais Inc, pp. 369–374.Google Scholar

Timpson, A. M. (2009). Reconciling Indigenous and Settler Language Interests: Language Policy Initiatives in Nunavut. Journal of Canadian Studies, 43(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.43.2.159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action. https://fncaringsociety.com/sites/default/files/truth_and_reconciliation_commission_of_canada_calls_to_action.pdf.Google Scholar

Turpel-Lafond, M. E. (2020). In Plain Sight: Addressing Indigenous-Specific Racism and Discrimination in B.C. Health Care. Government of British Columbia.Google Scholar

Webster, P. (2018). Language Barriers Restricting Access to Health Care for Indigenous Populations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 190(24), 754–755. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.109-5613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baker, C. and Jones, M. P.. (2000). Welsh Language Education: A Strategy for Revitalization. In Williams, C. H., ed., Language Revitalization: Policy and Planning in Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 116–137.Google Scholar

Carlin, P. (2009). Cynllunio ieithyddol mewn awdurdodau Isranbarthol yn ngwlad y Basg, Catalwnia a Chymru. Unpublished PhD thesis.Google Scholar

Cole, A. and Harguindéguy, J-B.. (2013). The Jacobin Republic and Language Rights. Ethnolinguistic Mobilizations in France. Regional & Federal Studies, 23(1), 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cole, A. and Williams, C. H.. (2004). Institutions, Identities and Lesser-Used Languages in Wales and Brittany. Regional & Federal Studies, 14(4), 554–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg. (2005). Deddf Iaith Newydd: Dyma’r Cyfle. Aberystwyth: Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg.Google Scholar

Davies, G. P. (2000). The Legal Status of the Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. In Jenkins, G. H. and Williams, M. A., eds., Let’s Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue: The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 207–238.Google Scholar

Edwards, A., Tanner, D.. and Carlin, P.. (2011). The Conservative Governments and the Development of Welsh Language Policy in the 1980s and 1990s. The Historical Journal, 54(2), 529–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, W. G. (2000). The British State and Welsh-Language Education 1914–1991. In Jenkins, G. H. and Williams, M. A., eds., Let’s Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue: The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 341–369.Google Scholar

Jeffery, C. (2009). Problems of a Piecemeal Approach to Constitutional Change. Publius, 39(2), 289–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, R. and Lewis, H.. (2019). New Geographies of Language: Language, Culture and Politics in Wales. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keating, M. (2009). The Independence of Scotland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keating, M. (2013). Rescaling the European State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keating, M., Loughlin, J.. and Deschouwer, K.. (2003). Culture, Institutions and Economic Development: A Study of Eight European Regions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lecours, A. (2002). Paradiplomacy. International Negotiation, 7(1), 91–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, H. and Royles, E.. (2022a). Examining the Political Origins of Language Policies. In McLeod, W., Dunbar, R., Jones, K. and Walsh, J., eds., Language, Policy and Territory: A Festschrift for Colin H. Williams. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 19–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, H. & Royles, E. (2022b). Towards a Million Speakers? Welsh Language Policy Post-Devolution. In Williams, J. and Eirug, A., eds., The Impact of Devolution in Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 205–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, H. & Royles, E. (2023). A Multi-level Institutionalist Approach to Language Policy: Governance, Complexity and Multi-level Language Planning Policy. In Gazzola, M., Grin, F., Cardinal, L. and Heugh, K., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning. London: Routledge, pp. 272–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Löffler, M. (2000). The Welsh Language Movement in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: An Exercise in Quiet Revolutions. In Jenkins, G. H. and Williams, M. A., eds., Let’s Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue: The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 173–205.Google Scholar

Loughlin, J. (1994). Nation, State and Region in Western Europe. In Beckmans, L., ed., Culture: The Building-Stone of Europe 2002. Brussels: Presses Interuniversitaires, pp. 90–111.Google Scholar

Loughlin, J. and Peters, B. G.. (1997). State Traditions, Administrative Reform and Regionalization. In Keating, M. and Loughlin, J., eds., The Political Economy of Regionalism. London: Routledge, pp. 41–62.Google Scholar

Loughlin, J. and Williams, C. H.. (2007). Governance and Language: The Intellectual Foundations. In Williams, C. H., ed., Language and Governance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 57–103.Google Scholar

ONS. (2016). Proficiency in Welsh. www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/2011censuskeystatisticsforwales/2012-12-11#proficiency-in-welsh.Google Scholar

Mac-Giolla Chríost, D. (2016). The Welsh Language Commissioner in Context. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLeod, W. (2020). Gaelic in Scotland: Policies, Movements, Ideologies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Mitchell, J. (2009). Devolution in the UK. Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rokkan, S. and Urwin, D. W.. (1983). Economy, Territory, Identity: Politics of Western European Peripheries. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Royles, E. (2016). Substate Diplomacy: Understanding the International Opportunity Structures. Regional and Federal Studies, 27(4), 393–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Royles, E. (2017). Substate Diplomacy, Culture and Wales: Investigating a Historical Institutionalist Approach. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 46(2), 224–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Royles, E. and Lewis, H.. (2019). Language Policy in Multi-level Systems. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 21(4), 709–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sonntag, S. K. and Cardinal, L.. (2015). Introduction: State Traditions and Language Regimes: Conceptualizing Language Policy Choices. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S. K., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 3–28.Google Scholar

Smith, R. (2000). Broadcasting and the Welsh Language. In Jenkins, G. H. and Williams, M. A., eds., Let’s Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue: The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 311–342.Google Scholar

Strubell, M. and Boix-Fuster, E.. eds. (2011). Democratic Policies for Language Revitalisation: The Case of Catalan. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thelen, K. (1999). Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 369–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, N. (2010). Bydoedd. Talybont: Y Lolfa.Google Scholar

Urla, J. (2015). Reclaiming Basque: Language, Nation and Cultural Activism. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar

Welsh Government. (2017). Cymraeg 2050: A Million Welsh Speakers. Cardiff: Welsh Government.Google Scholar

Welsh Government (2019). Improving the planning of Welsh-medium education. Cardiff: Welsh Government. https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-05/improving-the-planning-of-welsh-medium-education.pdf.Google Scholar

Welsh Language Board. (1995). Strategic Review. Cardiff: Welsh Language Board.Google Scholar

Welsh Language Board (1996). A Strategy for the Welsh Language. Cardiff: Welsh Language Board.Google Scholar

Welsh Language Commissioner. (2021). The Position of the Welsh Language 2016–20: Welsh Language Commissioner’s 5-year Report. Cardiff: Welsh Language Commissioner. www.welshlanguagecommissioner.wales/media/eivh4ppj/5-year-reportwlc20162020-final-20-10-21.pdf.Google Scholar

Williams, C. H. (2007). Deddfwriaeth Newydd a’r Gymraeg. Contemporary Wales, 19, 217–233.Google Scholar

Williams, C. H. (2013a). Minority Language Promotion, Protection and Regulation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, C. H. (2013b). Perfidious Hope. Regional and Federal Studies, 23(1), 101–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, C. H. (2014). The Lighting Veil: Language Revitalization in Wales. Review of Research in Education, 38, 242–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, C. H. (2015). Cultural Rights and Democratization: Legislative Devolution and the Enactment of the Official Status of Welsh in Wales. In Urrutia, I., Massia, J. P. and Irujo, X., eds., Cultural Rights and Democratisation. Clermont-Ferrand: Institut Universitaire Varenne pp. 183–203.Google Scholar

Williams, I. W. (2002). Gorau Arf. Talybont: Y Lolfa.Google Scholar

Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Roma Issues (CAHROM). (2014). Conclusions of the Thematic Report on the Protection and Promotion of Languages Spoken by Roma. Strasbourg.Google Scholar

Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. (2014). Fourth Opinion on the Slovak Republic. Strasbourg.Google Scholar

Andrassy, G. and Vogl, M.. (2012). Article 1c. Non-Territorial Languages. In Nogueira López, A., Ruiz Vieytez, E. J. and Urrutia Libarona, I., eds., Shaping Language Rights: Commentary on the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Light of the Committee for Experts’ Evaluation. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, pp. 79–120.Google Scholar

Bond, M. (2012). The Council of Europe: Structure, History and Issues in European Politics. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

“CAHROM: Main Tasks of the Committee.” n.d. Council of Europe. www.coe.int/en/web/roma–and–travellers/main–tasks–of–the–committee.Google Scholar

Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. (2000). Recommendation No R(2000)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Education of Roma/Gypsy Children in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar

Constitution of the Slovak Republic. (1992). Slovak Republic.Google Scholar

Council of Europe. (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Strasbourg: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Council of Europe. (2003). Report of the Conference on the Harmonisation of Teaching Materials in Romani Language. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar

Council of Europe. (2007). From Linguistic Diversity to Plurilingual Education: Guide for the Development of Language Education Policies in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar

Council of Europe. (2014). European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar

Csergő, Z. (2007). Talk of the Nation: Language and Conflict in Romania and Slovakia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daftary, F. and Gál, K.. (2000). The New Slovak Language Law: Internal or External Politics? European Centre for Minority Issues – Working Paper. Flensburg: European Center for Minority Issues.Google Scholar

de Beco, G. and Lantschner, E.. (2012). The Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (the ACFC). In de Beco, G., ed., Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms of the Council of Europe. New York: Routledge, pp. 100–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donert, C. (2008). “The Struggle for the Soul of the Gypsy”: Marginality and Mass Mobilization in Stalinist Czechoslovakia. Social History, 33(2), 123–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donert, C. (2017). The Rights of the Roma: The Struggle for Citizenship in Postwar Czechoslovakia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunbar, R. (2012). The Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In de Beco, G., ed., Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms of the Council of Europe. New York: Routledge, pp. 150–170.Google Scholar

European Commission. (2000). 2000 Regular Report from the Commission on Slovakia’s Progress towards Accession. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar

European Commission. (2001). 2001 Regular Report on Slovakia’s Progress towards Accession. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar

European Commission. (2002). 2002 Regular Report on Slovakia’s Progress towards Accession. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar

European Commission against Racism and Intolerance Secretariat. (2009). ECRI Report on Slovakia (Fourth Monitoring Cycle). Strasbourg.Google Scholar

Facuna, J. (2016). Through Intercultural Education in Primary Schools towards Social Inclusion of Pupils from Roma Communities. In Facuna, J. and Lužica, R., eds., Together with Roma, We Will Achieve More [Spolu S Romami Dosiahneme Viac: Zborník Príspevkov z Medzinárodnej Vedeckej Konferencie]. Bratislava: Government of Slovakia, pp. 174–192.Google Scholar

Friedman, E. (2005). The Slovak Government Plenipotentiary for Romani Communities: From Form to Substance? Eumap.Org, August 2005.Google Scholar

Government of the Slovak Republic. (2011). Strategy of the Slovak Republic for the Integration of Roma up to 2020. Bratislava.Google Scholar

Gramstad, S. (2010). The Charter’s Monitoring Mechanism: A Practical Perspective. In Minority Language Protection in Europe: Into a New Decade. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, pp. 29–34.Google Scholar

Grin, F. (2003). Language Policy Evaluation and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gupta, D. (2008). Nationalism Across Borders: Transnational Nationalist Advocacy in the European Union. Comparative European Politics, 6, 61–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guy, W. (1998). Ways of Looking at Roma: The Case of Czechoslovakia. In Tong, D., ed., Gypsies: A Book of Interdisciplinary Readings. New York: Garland Publishing, pp. 13–68.Google Scholar

Halwachs, D. (2013). Remarks on the Romani Movement and Inclusion Policies. European Yearbook of Minority Issues, 10, 203–208.Google Scholar

Hogan–Brun, G. and Wolff, S., eds. (2003). Minority Languages in Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensdottir, R. (2004). The Council of Europe Language Charter – Perspectives, Impact and Effectiveness. In II Mercator International Symposium: Europe 2004: A New Framework for All Languages? Tarragona, Catalunya.Google Scholar

Jordan, P. A. (2003). Does Membership Have Its Privileges?: Entrance into the Council of Europe and Compliance with Human Rights Norms. Human Rights Quarterly, 25(3), 660–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kelley, J. (2004). Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Knill, C. and Lehmkuhl, D.. (1999). How Europe Matters: Different Mechanisms of Europeanization. European Integration Online Papers, 3(7).Google Scholar

Lajcakova, J. (2007). The Uneasy Road towards Remedying the Economic and Cultural Disadvantage of the Roma in Slovakia. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 14(1), 59–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Little, D. (2007). Curriculum Framework for Romani: Seminar for Practitioners and Decision Makers. Strasbourg.Google Scholar

Little, D. (2008). Teaching Romani: The Curriculum Framework for Romani and the European Language Portfolio. Strasbourg.Google Scholar

Little, D. and Lazenby Simpson, B.. (2008). A Curriculum Framework for Romani. Strasbourg.Google Scholar

Pandy, M. (2022). A “Truly European Language”: Europeanization and Supranational Language Regimes in the Case of Romani Language, 1998–2018. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.Google Scholar

Rácová, A. (2018). The Impact of Language Ideologies on the Language Practices of Roma in Slovakia. Asian and African Studies, 27(2), 192–215.Google Scholar

Rácová, A. and Samko, M.. (2017). On the Vitality and Endangerment of the Romani Language in Slovakia. Asian and African Studies, 26(2), 185–208.Google Scholar

Radaelli, C. M. (2003). The Europeanization of Public Policy. In Featherstone, K. and Radaelli, C. M., eds., The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ram, M. H. (2012). Legacies of EU Conditionality: Explaining Post-Accession Adherence to Pre-Accession Rules on Roma. Europe – Asia Studies, 64(7), 1191–1218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

“Romani.” (n.d.). Language Policy, Council of Europe. www.coe.int/en/web/language–policy/romani.Google Scholar

Sasse, G. (2008). The Politics of EU Conditionality: The Norm of Minority Protection during and beyond EU Accession. Journal of European Public Policy, 15, 842–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schimmelfennig, F., Engert, S. and Knobel, H.. (2005). The Impact of EU Political Conditionality. In Schimmelfennig, F. and Sedelmeier, U., eds., The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 29–50.Google Scholar

Schneider, A. and Ingram, H.. (1993). Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy. The American Political Science Review, 87(2), 334–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shoraka, K. (2010). Human Rights and Minority Rights in the European Union. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Woehrling, J.-M. (2012). Introduction. In Nogueira López, A., Ruiz Vieytez, E. J. and Urrutia Libarona, I., eds., Shaping Language Rights: Commentary on the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Light of the Committee for Experts’ Evaluation. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, pp. 11–31.Google Scholar

Albaugh, E. (2014). State-Building and Multilingual Education in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities, 2nd ed. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Ansah, M. A., and Agyeman, N. A.. (2015). Ghana Language-in-Education Policy: The Survival of Two South Guan Minority Dialects. Per Linguam, 31(1), 89–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, C. (2015). The Language Politics of Peace-Building. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 237–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balibar, É. (1991). The Nation Form: History and Ideology. In É. Balibar, and Wallerstein, I., eds., Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. London: Verso, pp. 86–106.Google Scholar

Busekist, A. von. (2018). Idealism or Pragmatism? Ad hoc Multilingualism and Open English. In Kraus, P. and Grin, F., eds., The Politics of Multiculturalism: Europeanisation, Globalisation and Linguistic Governance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 305–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds. (2015). State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cardinal, L. and Léger, R. (2018). The Politics of Multilingualism in Canada. In Kraus, P. and Grin, F., eds., The Politics of Multiculturalism: Europeanisation, Globalisation and Linguistic Governance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 19–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Costa, J. (2019). Introduction: Regimes of Language and the Social, Hierarchized Organization of Ideologies. Special Issue, Language and Communication, 66, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Demont-Heinrich, C. (2009). Language, Globalization, and the Triumph of Popular Demand. The Communication Review, 12(June), 20–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Mauro, T. (1986). Storia Linguistica Dell’Italia Unita. Rome: Laterza.Google Scholar

De Schutter, H. (2018). Linguistic Justice and English as a Lingua Franca. In Kraus, P. and Grin, F., eds., The Politics of Multiculturalism: Europeanisation, Globalisation and Linguistic Governance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 167–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Schutter, H. and Robichaud, D.. (2015). Linguistic Justice. Van Parijs and His Critics. Special Issue. Critical Review of Social and Political Philosophy, 18, 2.Google Scholar

De Swaan, A. (2001). Words of the World. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Dovalil, V. (2018). Qual der Wahl, or Spoiled for Choice? English and German as the Subject of Decision Making Processes in the Czech Republic. In Sherman, T. and Nekvapil, J., eds., English in Business and Commerce. Interactions and Policies. Berlin/Boston: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 276–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garcia, N. (2015). State Tradition, Language, and Education Policies in France. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 219–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghani, F. (2018). South Korea Bans English Education for First and Second Graders. Aljazeera, March 2. www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/features/south–korea–bans–english–education–graders–180302100352881.html?Google Scholar

Graddol, D. (2006). English Next. London: The British Council. www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/english–next.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, E. (1990). Nations and Nationalism Since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Holborrow, M. (1999). The Politics of English: A Marxist View of Language. London: SAGE Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ives, P. (2019). Gramsci and Global English. Rethinking Marxism, 31(1), 58–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ives, P. (2018). Language and the State in Western Political Theory. In Tollefson, J. and Pérez–Milans, M., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning. Oxford: University of Oxford Press, pp. 183–201.Google Scholar

Ives, P. (2016). Language and Collective Identity. In Späti, C., ed., Language and Identity Politics. New York: Berghahn, pp. 17–37.Google Scholar

Ives, P. (2015a). Language Politics, Globalization and Global English: Bringing the State Back. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 97–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ives, P. (2015b). Global English and Inequality: The Contested Ground of Linguistic Power. In Tupas, R., ed., Unequal Englishes: The Politics of Englishes Today. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 74–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ives, P. (2015c). Language, State and Global Capitalism: “Global English” and Historical Materialism. In Chen, T. M. and Churchill, D., eds., The Material of World History. New York: Routledge, pp. 35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ives, P. (2015d). Global English and the Limits of Liberalism. In Ricento, T., ed., Language Policy and Political Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 48–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ives, P. (2010). Cosmopolitanism and Global English: Language Politics in Globalisation Debates. Political Studies, 58, 516–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ives, P. (2006). Global English: Linguistic Imperialism or Lingua Franca? Studies in Language and Capitalism, 1(1), 121–141, Reprinted in John E. Joseph, ed., Language and Politics. Vol. 4. London: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. (2005). Asian English: Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Kirkpatrick, R., ed. (2017). English Language Education Policy in the Middle East and North Africa. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kroskrity, P., ed. (2000). Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities and Identities. Sante Fe: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar

Lam, A. and Wang, W.. (2008). Negotiating Language Value in Multilingual China. In Tan, P. and Rubdy, R., eds., Language as a Commodity. London: Continuum, pp. 146–170.Google Scholar

Liu, A. (2015). The Politics of Language Regime: A Comparative Analysis of Southeast Asia. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 137–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marácz, L. (2018). Language, Norms and Power in a Globalised Context. In Kraus, P. and Grin, François, eds., The Politics of Multiculturalism: Europeanisation, Globalisation and Linguistic Governance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 223–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Menken, K. and García, O.. (2010). Introduction. In Menken, K. and Garcia, O., eds., Negotiating Language Policies in Schools: Educators as Policy Makers. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mikanowski, J. (2018). Behemoth, Bully, Thief: How the English Language Is Taking Over the Planet. The Guardian, July 27. www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/27/english–language–global–dominance.Google Scholar

Moss, H. (2000). Language and Italian National Identity. In Haddock, B. and Bedani, G., eds., Politics of Italian National Identity. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 98 –123.Google Scholar

Northrup, D. (2013). How English Became the Global Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ortega, Y. (2018). Mapping Latin American English Language Policies: Onward to Bilingual Education for Whom? Conference paper presented at Multidisciplinary Approaches to Language Policy and Planning, August 24, OISE/University of Toronto, Toronto.Google Scholar

Phillipson, R. (2018). English, the Lingua Nullius of Global Hegemony. In Kraus, P. and Grin, F., eds., The Politics of Multilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 275–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Phillipson, R. (2009). Linguistic Imperialism Continued. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sarangi, A. (2015). India’s Language Regime: The Eighth Schedule. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 205–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schieffelin, B., Woolard, K.. and Kroskrity, P.., eds. (1998). Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sonntag, S. (2010). La diversité linguistique et la mondialisation: Les limites des théories liberales. Politique et Sociétés, 29(1), 15–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sonntag, S. (2003). The Local Politics of Global English. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Sonntag, S. and Cardinal, L. (2015). Introduction: State Traditions and Language Regimes. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 3–28.Google Scholar

Tilly, C. (1992). Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990–1990. Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Van Parijs, P. (2011). Linguistic Justice for Europe and the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walsh, J. (2015). The Irish Language Regime and Language Ideology in Ireland. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 62–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weber, E. (1976). Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar