A voluminous literature has explored the origins and consequences of neoliberal public policy. However, the question of whether scholars can identify a distinctly neoliberal state formation remains under discussion. This introductory chapter begins to offer an answer by first describing neoliberal reforms throughout Latin America, challenging conventional understandings of the period. For example, while the region did see a turn toward export-driven growth, the retrenchment in state spending often associated with neoliberalism did not occur. The chapter continues by providing brief case studies describing how neoliberal policies were implemented within individual countries, underscoring the difficulty of speaking of a regional model of neoliberal reform. The chapter then turns to the question of state capacity by introducing the four dimensions of state power that provide the organizing framework for the remaining chapters of the volume: economic, territorial, infrastructural, and symbolic power. Following a series of brief synopses of the individual chapters contained within the present volume, the introductory chapter concludes by suggesting that while there were general regional patterns in terms of policy, each individual state remained “neoliberal” in its own idiosyncratic way.