Evidence from Indigenous organizing in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Chile offers useful illustrations of the ways in which Indigenous peoples have challenged (and been challenged by) neoliberalism and settler colonial orders. While there are sound reasons to say that Indigenous movements have been “stronger” in Bolivia and Ecuador than in Chile, I make the more modest claim that all three countries provide useful ways to think about the longue durée of colonial entanglements in Latin America. Viewing neoliberalism through the lenses of Settler Colonial Studies and Indigenous Studies offers two different ways of situating the central concern of this volume. First, it provides an alternative timescale, one that situates neoliberalism not only within the twentieth and twenty-first-century swing of statist and market-based development models, but within a longer colonial history of extractivism, state formation, and Indigenous struggles. Second, it considers the politics of neoliberalism as both an enabling condition of Indigenous mobilization and demobilization. Neoliberalism, from the vantage point of Indigenous Studies, is part of an ongoing story of colonial dispossession, anti-colonial resistance, and negotiation.