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12 - Biotic interactions and speciation in the tropics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Douglas W. Schemske
Edited by
Roger Butlin ,
Jon Bridle  and
Dolph Schluter
Douglas W. Schemske
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Biology and W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University
Roger Butlin
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
Jon Bridle
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Dolph Schluter
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Summary

Tropical environments provide more evolutionary challenges than do the environments of temperate and cold lands. Furthermore, the challenges of the latter arise largely from physical agencies, to which organisms respond by relatively simply physiological modifications …. The challenges of tropical environments stem chiefly from the intricate mutual relationships among inhabitants.

Dobzhansky (1950, p. 221)

In virtually all groups of organisms, species richness increases from polar to equatorial regions (Wallace 1878; Dobzhansky 1950; Rosenzweig 1995; Brown & Lomolino 1998; Hillebrand 2004). This pattern is observed for extinct and living species, plants and animals, and in terrestrial and marine environments (Table 15.1; Brown & Lomolino 1998). The contrast in species richness between temperate and tropical communities is often substantial. For example, the breeding bird diversity in North America varies from <100 species in high latitude areas of the boreal zone, to 300 species in Central Mexico and to 600 species in equatorial regions of the New World tropics (MacArthur 1969; Hawkins et al. 2006). For trees, the latitudinal differences are astonishing. There are 620 tree species in all of North America (Currie & Paquin 1987), as compared to 1017 species on just 15 hectares in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador (Pitman et al. 2002), and an estimated 22,500 species in the New World tropics (Fine & Ree 2006).

Type
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Speciation and Patterns of Diversity , pp. 219 - 239
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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