The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) is a mixed organization. Apart from the USSR and Eastern Europe it includes three developing countries: Mongolia, Cuba and Vietnam. Mongolia was admitted in 1962 with few problems, probably because of its low population. Cuba entered in 1972 after a long delay, and Vietnam joined in 1978 in spite of opposition by at least one industrialized member, Czechoslovakia. Among those developing countries with the status of observers, Laos failed to gain admission once and Mozambique has been rejected twice.

This chapter will concentrate on only one very important aspect of foreign economic relations of the three developing members of CMEA, namely the foreign trade sector. The foreign trade of developing countries is generally characterized by an extreme dependence on one or a few partners and/or commodities; by a predominance of raw materials and intermediate goods in their exports, and of machinery and equipment, together with fuels and foodstuffs, in their imports; by a high degree of vulnerability to price fluctuations in the world market; and, lastly, by huge trade deficits. With these facts in mind, it is useful to try to determine whether joining the CMEA has meant the end of dependency relations for the three countries in question or rather the transformation of their old bonds into new, more sophisticated ones.