The stories of the early sf genre melded adventure with scientific marvels. Characters and themes were usually subservient to ideas. John Clute argues that ‘[the] result was an SF universe written in the shape of Man. Women and other aliens had visiting rights only’ (1995: 130), and – to overgeneralise – this sf believed in the possibility of progress, whereby each new invention would work to liberate mankind (sic), and, even if engineering problems might occur, further technology would resolve them. The isolated genius could change the world and an individual hero could bring down a tyranny. This was the genre formulated by Hugo Gernsback in Amazing Stories, further refined by John W. Campbell at Astounding. The Gernsback-Campbell continuum was challenged within the genre by the editors of magazines such as Galaxy, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and If, and writers such as Alfred Bester, Theodore Sturgeon, Philip K. Dick and Robert Sheckley, who had more literary sensibilities and often a radical agenda. Clute suggests that what he refers to as First or Agenda science fiction was further challenged by the launch of Sputnik in 1956, as Soviet technology trumped American. The New Waves of the 1960s then pushed the boundaries of the genre beyond recognition. After the death of Campbell on 11 July 1971 and as genre sf approached its fiftieth birthday in 1976 – which would coincide with the US bicentennial – some of the First sf generation writers were given large, much publicised advances.