Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T00:13:45.754Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization for Active Terahertz Devices

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2016

Balamati Choudhury  and
Rakesh Mohan Jha
Balamati Choudhury
Affiliation:
National Aerospace Laboratories
Rakesh Mohan Jha
Affiliation:
National Aerospace Laboratories
Get access

Summary

The terahertz spectrum is gaining momentum in a wide range of fields including astronomy, material characterization, tumour detection, security and detection of concealed items, etc. among others. The main obstacle in the rapid growth of terahertz applications is the lack of natural dielectrics, and of high power, efficient sources. Emergence of metamaterial science and technology has attracted researchers to design and develop terahertz devices using these artificially engineered materials. These metamaterial structures are highly resonant, restricting the terahertz applications to narrow bands. This issue can be sorted out by designing active metamaterials.

As discussed in the Chapter 5, mathematical formulation for the design of metamaterial based structures is complicated and soft computing has proven to be an efficient method to arrive at design solutions. Further, terahertz devices themselves often are complex designs being multilayer in nature with an embedded metamaterial layer. Further, to make the devices tunable, mechanisms such as the MEMS switches, diodes, etc., should be incorporated in the design. In order to achieve an optimized design with these complex mechanisms one ought to go for a multi-objective optimization computational engine. This issue has been discussed in detail in this chapter via a tunable terahertz absorber design.

Introduction to Terahertz Technology

Terahertz refers to the range of frequencies that lies within the microwave and infrared (IR) bands. It can be loosely defined as the band between 0.1–10 THz. At times, the term “submillimetre band” is used to describe frequencies lying in the 0.3–3 THz band. While systems and applications operating in the microwave and IR ranges have been well established over decades, the development of terahertz technology has been slow. However, in recent times, this technology has evolved rapidly to find major applications relating directly to human lives, especially in the field of biomedical imaging and sample identification.

Properties of terahertz spectrum

The primary reason for this slow developmental trend was the lack of terahertz sources during the early years, coupled with the fact that this range displays a natural break-down point in electric and magnetic properties in conventional materials [Ferguson and Zhang, 2009, Smith et al., 2004]. This property put constraints on the material used in the fabrication of terahertz devices.

Type
Chapter
Information
Soft Computing in Electromagnetics
Methods and Applications
 , pp. 155 - 181
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alves, F., B., Kearney, D., Grbovic, and G., Karunasiri, “Narrowband terahertz emitters using metamaterial films,” Optics Express, vol. 20, no. 19, pp. 21025–21032, Sep. 2012.Google Scholar
Basiry, R., H., Abiri, and A., Yahaghi, “Wide-band, stop-band and multi-band metamaterial filter design in terahertz frequencies,” Proceedings of Second Conference on Millimeter- Wave and Terahertz Technologies (MMWaTT), pp. 33–36, Dec. 2012.Google Scholar
Bian, Y., C., Wu, H., Li, and J., Zhai, “A tunable metamaterial dependent on electric field at terahertz with barium strontium titanate thin film,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 104, pp. 042906-1–042906-4, Jan. 2014.Google Scholar
Chen, W. C., J. J., Mock, D. R., Smith, T., Akalin, and W. J., Padilla, “Controlling gigahertz and terahertz surface electromagnetic waves with metamaterial resonators,” Physical Review X, vol. 1, pp. 021016(1)–021016(6), 2011.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, D. R., R., Singh, J. F., O'hara, H. T., Chen, A. J., Taylor, and A. K., Azad, “Photodoped silicon in split ring resonator gap towards dynamically reconfigurable terahertz metamaterial,” CLEO Technical Digest, 2p., 2012.Google Scholar
Ekmekci, E., K., Topalli, T., Akin, and G., T.-Sayan, “A tunable multi-band metamaterial design using micro-split SRR structures,” Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 16046–16058, Aug. 2009.Google Scholar
Ferguson, B., and X. C., Zhang, “Materials for terahertz science and technology,” Nature Materials, vol. 1, pp. 26–33, Sept. 2009.Google Scholar
Headland, D., W., Withayachumnankul, M., Webb, and D., Abbott, “Beam deflection lens at terahertz frequencies using a hole lattice metamaterial,” 38th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), pp. 1–2, Sep. 2013.Google Scholar
Horestani, A. K., W., Withayachumnankul, A., Chahadih, A., Ghaddar, M., Zhar, D., Abbott, and T., Akalin “Metamaterial-inspired bandpass filters for terahertz surface waves on Goubau Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 851–858, Nov. 2013.Google Scholar
Hwu, S., K. B., deSilva, and C. T., Jih, “Terahertz (THz) wireless systems for space applications,” Proceedings of IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, pp. 171–175, Feb. 2013.Google Scholar
Kan,, K., J., Yang, A., Ogata, T., Kondoh, K., Norizawa, Y., Yoshida, M., Hangyo, R., Kuroda, and H., Toyokawa, “Terahertz-wave generation using metamaterial and femtosecond electron bunch,” 37th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), pp. 1–2, Sep. 2012.Google Scholar
Kearney, B. T., Enhancing microbolometer performance at terahertz frequencies with metamaterial absorbers, Doctorate of Philosophy dissertation, 69 p., Naval Postgraduate School, 2013.
Kowerdziej, R., M., Olifierczuka, B., Salskib, and J., Parkaa, “Tunable negative index metamaterial employing in-plane switching mode at terahertz frequencies,” Liquid Crystals, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 827–831, Jul. 2012.Google Scholar
Kozlov, D. S., M. A., Odit, I. B., Vendik, Y.-G., Roh, S., Cheon, and C. –W., Lee, “Tunable terahertz metamaterial based on resonant dielectric inclusions with disturbed Mie resonance,” Applied Physics A: Material Science and Processing, pp. 465–470, Dec. 2011.Google Scholar
Lu, M., W., Li, and E. R., Brown, “High-Order THz bandpass filters achieved by multilayer complementary metamaterial structures,” 35th International Conference on Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), pp. 1–2, Sep. 2010.Google Scholar
Maagt, P., “Terahertz technology for space and earth applications,” International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small and Smart Antenna, Metamaterials and Applications, pp. 111–115, 2007.Google Scholar
Nemec, H., P., Kuzel, F., Kadlec, C., Kadlec, R., Yahiaoui, and P., Mounaix, “Tunable terahertz metamaterials with negative permeability,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 79, pp. 241108- 1–241108-4, May. 2009.Google Scholar
Neu, J., B., Krolla, O., Paul, B., Reinhard, R., Beigang, and M., Rahm, “Metamaterial based gradient index lens with strong focusing in the THz frequency range,” Optics Express, vol. 18, issue 26, pp. 27748–27757, 2010.Google Scholar
Ozbey, B., and O., Aktas, “Continuously tunable terahertz metamaterial employing magnetically actuated cantilevers,” Optics Express, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 5741–5752, Mar. 2011.Google Scholar
Padilla, W. J., A. J., Taylor, C., Highstrete, M., Lee, and R. D., Averitt, “Dynamical electric metamaterial response at terahertz frequencies,” Proceedings of the 15th International Conference, Pacific Grove, USA, pp. 642–644, Aug. 2006.Google Scholar
Padilla, W. J., “Metamaterial devices for the terahertz gap,” Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, APMC 2009, pp. 1297–1298, Dec. 2009.Google Scholar
Paul, O., C., Imhof, B., Lägel, S., Wolff, J., Heinrich, S., Höfling, A., Forchel, R., Zengerle, R., Beigang, and M., Rahm, “Electrically tunable metamaterial for polarization-independent terahertz modulation,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-optics, pp. 1–2, Jun. 2009.Google Scholar
Pratibha, R., K., Park, I. I., Smalyukh, and W., Park, “Tunable optical metamaterial based on liquid crystal-gold nanosphere composite,” Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 22, pp. 19459–19469, Oct. 2009.Google Scholar
Rout, S., D., Shrekenhamer, S., Sonkusale, and W., Padilla, “Embedded HEMT/Metamaterial composite devices for active terahertz modulation,” 23rd Annual Meeting of the IEEE Photonics Society, pp. 437–438, Nov. 2010.Google Scholar
Sabah, C. and H. G., Roskos, “Periodic array of chiral metamaterial-dielectric slabs for the application as terahertz polarization rotator,” XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, pp 1–4, Aug. 2011a.Google Scholar
Saha, C. and J. Y., Siddiqui, “Estimation of the resonance frequency of the conventional and rotational circular split ring resonators,” Proceedings of Applied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC), pp. 1–3, Dec. 2009.Google Scholar
Shadrivov, I. V., S. K., Morrison, and Y. S., Kivshar, “Tunable split-ring resonators for nonlinear negative-index metamaterials,” Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 20, pp. 9344–9349, Sep. 2006.Google Scholar
Sheng, L. J. and Z. X., Li, “Terahertz wave modulator based on metamaterial,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 276, pp. 012213 (1)–012213 (3), 2011a.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. H., “Terahertz technology in biology and medicine,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 2438–2447, Oct. 2004.Google Scholar
Smith, D. R., J. B., Pendry, and M. C. K., Wiltshire, “Metamaterials and negative refractive index,” Science, vol. 305, pp. 788–792, Aug. 2004.Google Scholar
Strikwerda, A. C., H., Tao, E. A., Kadlec, K., Fan, W. J., Padilla, R. D., Averitt, E. A., Shaner, and X., Zhang, “Metamaterial based terahertz detector,” 36th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), pp. 1–2, Oct. 2011.Google Scholar
Tao, H., A., Strikwerda, C., Bingham, W. J., Padilla, X., Zhang, and R. D., Averitt, “Dynamical control of terahertz metamaterial resonance response using bimaterial cantilevers,” PIERS Proceedings, pp. 870–873, Jul. 2008.Google Scholar
Vendik, I. B., O. G., Vendik, M. A., Odit, D. V., Kholodnyak, S. P., Zubko, M. F., Sitnikova, P. A., Turalchuk, K. N., Zemlyakov, I. V., Munina, D. S., Kozlov, V. M., Turgaliev, A. B., Ustinov, Y., Park, J., Kihm, and C. W., Lee, “Tunable metamaterial structures for controlling THz radiation,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 538–549, Sep. 2012.Google Scholar
Yang, T., X., Li, and W., Zhu, “A tunable metamaterial absorber employing MEMS actuators in THz regime,” 8th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), pp. 829–832, 2013.Google Scholar
Zhang, W., W. M., Zhu, H., Cai, P., Kropelnicki, A. B., Randles, M., Tang, H., Tanoto, Q. Y., Wu, J. H., Teng, X. H., Zhang, D. L., Kwong, and A. Q., Liu, “A tunable MEMS THz waveplate based on isotropicity dependent metamaterial,” Transducers, pp. 538–541, June 2013.Google Scholar
Zhu, W. M., A. Q., Liu, T., Bourouina, D. P., Tsai, J. H., Teng, X. H., Zhang, G. Q., Lo, D. L., Kwong, and N. I., Zheludev, “Micro-electromechanical Maltese-cross metamaterial with tunable terahertz anisotropy,” Nature Communications, 6p., Dec. 2012.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×