Index
A
Abendroth, Wolfgang, 118
Absence of citizenship, 372
Absolute rationality, 77
Absolutism and democracy, 56
Ação civil pública, 470
Ação popular, 470
Acciones populares, 470
Active/passive citizens, 21
Adams, John, 22
Adler, Max, 138
Administration as a system division, 128
Administrative law, 471
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 212
African constitutions, 456
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, 494
African socialism (Kenya), 404
Allegiance, 13
Amazonian culture, 351
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 228
American democracy, 285
American Federal Constitution, 54
American Founding, 285
American society
constitutional rights in, 285
Ammoun, Fouad, 161
Anarchism, 51
Andean culture, 351
Anter, Andreas, 90
Anthropomorphic identification, 199
Anti-Federalist ideas, 34
Anti-government cases, 392
Apartheid regimes, 24
Apersonal institutionalization, 202
Arendt, Hannah, 261
Argentine Supreme Court
and right to health, 444
Aristotelian, 217
Articles of War, 13
Austin, John, 65
Authoritarianism
and freedom, 79
Aymara people, 236
Azerbaijan, 381
B
Beetham, David, 4
Bendix, Reinhard, 281
Bentham, Jeremy, 70
Bergsträsser, Ludwig, 312
Bernstein, Eduard, 138
Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, 12
Bills of right, 155
Black disfranchisement, 24
Bolshevism, 51
Botswana, 459
‘Bourgeois classes', 101
Bourgeois replacing citoyen, 76
Brandeis, Louis Dembitz, 294
Brazilian Class Action Law, 467
Brazilian Constitution, 470
Brazilian Supreme Court, 247
Brexit referendum, 424
Brezhnev, Leonid, 376
British Conservatives, 325
British electoral constituencies, 333
British Parliament
common law rights, 334
and the executive, 336
as the highest court, 334
implied repeal rule, 333
British Parliamentarism, 334
British public law, 348, 349
and franchise reform, 336
public act control, 341
ultra vires principle, 337
Burundi, 456
C
Caesarism
possible convergence with democracy, 105
Calvin, Jean, 41
Calvinism, 41
Cameroon, 456
Canada sex workers, 469
Capitalism definition, 109
Caribbean culture, 351
Central Asia, 245
Centre For Justice & International Law (CEJIL), 435
Chain of legitimation, 60
Chamberlain, Neville, 329
Charagua community, 442
Chateaubriand, Francois-René, 42
Chayes, Abram, 466
Chernobyl disaster, 478
Chilean law, 267
China
public interest litigation, 476
Circuit Court of Appeals, U.S.
independence from UN rulings, 286
Citizen as a completely societal agent, 76
Citizen consultation and democracy, 4
Citizen education, 53
Citizen
as basic subject of democracy, 6
as centre of attribution, 276
as claimant of rights, 10
as co-implied in legislation, 19
communicative behavior, 429
displacement from governance focus, 191
evolution of German concepts of, 16
as a fiction, 428
and French Revolution, 16
in German historiography, 12
as global legal construct, 496
modern concept, 11
and modern state, 10
physical, 428
and polity, 18
as public agent, 19
structural adaption, 185
Citizenship
active and passive, 20
as basic human right, 8
and collectivization, 11
democratic, 14
in early nation states, 15
exclusionary principles, 15
and feudal allegiance, 16
formation through litigation, 493
and French ancién-regime, 11
and French Revolution, 13
and individualization, 11
integrational theory of, 116
Liberal concept of, 17
and militarization, 14
and military service, 13
normative substance, 24
passive, 21
patterns of, 271
patterns of transnational, 493
perception by Rousseau, 78
pluralistic institutional form, 15
political, 208
and political exclusion, 23
as political tie, 206
and politics, 10
replacing vested powers, 29
Republican concept, 17
restrictions, socioeconomic, 20
rights-based, 305
secondary patterns, 432
segmentary, 428
and solidarity, 197
and statehood, 10
U.S. Supreme Court definition of, 13
Citoyen-soldat, 12
Civil rights litigation, 305
Classical legal sociology, 201
Cognitive intelligence of state, 429
Cohen, Andrew, 402
Coke, Edward, 334
Collectively binding decisions, 125
Colliot-Thélène, Catherine, 431
Colombia, 186, 223, 237, 247, 255, 259, 281, 350, 378, 400, 432, 435, 437, 438, 444
clientelism, 352
electoral participation, 371
human rights law, 355
hybrid citizenship, 352
multiple cultures, 351
participatory citizenship, 357
polycratic elements, 354
public interest litigation, 481
right to health, 482
two-party system, 353
Colombian Civil Code, 470
Colombian Constitutional Court, 223, 227, 231, 234, 242, 243, 246, 247, 256, 257, 358, 359, 360, 361, 364, 365, 366, 437, 444, 464
correction of state failures, 361
doctrine of connectedness, 446
and health care rights, 446
Colombian Council of State, 482
Colombian education law, 271
Colombian Supreme Administrative Court, 447
Commissarial dictatorship, 153
Comte, Auguste, 70
Concept of citizen, 89
Conflict as irreducible political component, 32
Congo, 456
Constituent power, 32
Constitution of the U.S., 300
Constitutional construction, 259
Constitutional sovereignty, U.S., 31
Constitutionality and polity, 98
Contractual legitimacy, 61
Control of conventionality, 223
Corporations and social cohesion, 86
Corporations
administrative functions, 56
decline in monarchies, 57
and individualization of society, 58
privileges, 57
Cosmopolitan governance, 432
Council of Europe, 160
Crawford, James, 166
Crisis of parliamentary institutions, 152
Critique of democratic freedom, 71
Critique of metaphysics, 85
Critique of parliamentary democracy, 75
D
Dahl, Robert, 4
Declaration of Human Rights and Freedoms of the USSR, 386
Decolonization
U.S. support for, 298
Democracy
active citizen at the core, 37
change to authoritarianism, 151
contemporary, 277
convergence with Caesarism, 105
as creating the people, 103
decentred models, 500
definition, 3
equal and comprehensive inclusion of citizenry, 33
and freedom, 116
global structure, 499
growth and differentiation of political domain, 32
and institutional centralization, 62
institutional level, 3
legal auto-genesis, 277
as legal system of inclusion, 276
and legal inclusion, 422
and legal mobilization, 491
as morally elevated social integration, 94
normative level, 4
as plurality of freedoms, 116
as a process of compensation, 226
as process of integration, 84
as result of nationalization, 497
slow evolution, 105
spontaneous apersonal integration, 132
as system of equal inclusion, 497
as system of inclusion, 273
as system of legislation, 10
as system of participation, 273
and Western Europe, 282
Democracy and political order, 59, 60
as administrative form, 60
as improbable form, 98
as legal artefact, 60
in social integration, 60
Democracy concept, normative substance, 33
Democracy development, 39
1848 uprisings, 40
emergence as regulatory administration, 59
exogenic imprinting, 185
first wave of consolidation, 40
post-colonial, 40
and protection of freedoms, 41
in Russia, 39
Democratic doctrines
corporations and estates in, 74
and legitimate government, 73
perceptions by Hegel, 74
Democratic governance, 203
Democratic legislation, 222
Democratic norm setting, 443
Democratic polity
global foundations, 501
Democratic society
upholding, 228
Denmark
constitutional reforms, 155
Discursive democracy, 432
Disraeli, Benjamin, 50
Divided citizenship considerations (U.S.), 292
Doctrine
of national democracy, 61
of open statehood, 319
of parliamentary sovereignty (UK), 331
of pouvoir constituant, 30
of proportionality,
Downing, Brian, 282
Dugard, John, 174
Duguit, Leon, 104
E
East Africa, 462
Ebert, Friedrich, 148
Ecuador, 220
Electoral citizen, 335
Electoral democracy, 432
Electoral franchise
in Britain, 44
in France, 45
in Germany, 44
and political goals, 50
in the U.S., 44
for women, 43
Electoral participation, 288
Embedded voluntarism, 132
Emergence of democracy, 114
Enemy aliens
in World War I, 144
Engels, Friedrich, 51
Enlightenment philosophers, 68
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 340
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), 160, 161, 177, 210, 224, 225, 227, 239, 260, 263, 266, 320, 321, 329, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 375, 387, 391, 393, 394, 396, 449
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 175, 178, 224, 225, 226, 232, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266, 319, 344, 346, 348, 375, 390, 393, 396, 444
European Parliament, 392
European Small Claims Procedure, 392
Evolution of modern law, 110
Evolutionary account of state, 84
Extra-territorial litigation, 265
F
Federal government, U.S., 302
Fifteenth Amendment, 291
Fifth Amendment, 304
Formal law, 91
Formative core, 32
Forsthoff, Ernst
on West German statehood, 320
Fortescue, John, 205
Founding Era (U.S.), 292
Franco, Francisco Bahamondes, 149
Freedoms of citizenship, 424
Freedoms
as core elements of modern society, 83
generic and experienced, 81
and governmental legitimacy, 74
human characters and, 72
and modern economy, 72
range of liberties and, 73
rationalities, 73
French Revolution, 5, 7, 8, 16, 20, 21, 22, 30, 32, 34, 39, 41, 42, 43, 56, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 95, 168, 197, 206, 273, 274
Jacobin period, 75
and political centralization, 58
rival models of government in, 34
French Third Republic, 25
beginnings, 53
constitution, 52
male suffrage, 53
and positivism, 53
voting franchise, 136
Frente Nacional, 351
Fuller, Lon, 121
Fundamental rights, 340
G
Garfield, James, 292
Gehlen, Arnold, 95
Generalized medium of inclusion, 130
Generic citizenship, 187
German case law, 245
German Constitutional Court, 245, 250, 317, 320, 321, 450
accepting jus cogens, 315
connections to ECJ, 319
as guardian of the constitution, 314
litigation as constitutional device, 450
monist and dualist principles, 315
as a political organ of the state, 314
protection against third parties, 317
regard for international rulings, 318
relations to ECJ, 319
and social welfare, 318
German Democratic Party, 142
German Parliament (Bundestag), 314
German rulings, 246
Germany, 16, 44, 49, 50, 54, 55, 65, 101, 118, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 157, 159, 167, 169, 170, 174, 220, 246, 268, 297, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 315, 319, 321, 322, 325, 326, 327, 329, 467
fascism, 148
national fragmentation, 310
war criminal trials, 159
welfare state introduction, 148
as world power, 101
Giolitti, Giovanni, 50
Global citizenship, 279, 280, 285, 303, 493, 494, 495, 501, 502
conferral of, 493
formation through litigation, 493
patterns of transnational, 493
Global defamation, 495
Global laws
citizen as construct of, 423
contingent subject formation, 423
in creation of laws, 422
and physical acts of citizens, 423
Global legal constraint, 422
Global right to democracy, 163
Goodhart, Michael, 4
Gosewinkel, Dieter, 328
Gramsci, Antonio Francesco, 145
Great Reform Act of 1832 (UK), 134
Greenpeace, 467
Grégoire, Henri (Abbé), 80
Guarani people, 441
Gurvitch, George, 68
H
Hohenzollern Dynasty, 141
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 249
Honneth, Axel, 26
House of Lords
right to overrule, 327
Hugo, Gustav, 64
Human freedom, 5
Human Rights Act (HRA), 491
Human species as substrate of political order, 81
Hume, David, 68
Hungarian Constitutional Court, 239
I
Idea of contingency, in sociology, 96
Immigration and Nationality Act, 299
Inclusionary modernization, 26
Inclusive democracy, 117
Incomplete democracy, 426
India, 40, 154, 165, 169, 194, 250, 252, 258, 329, 445, 455, 478, 479, 484, 485, 494
constitution-making, 194
democratic processes in, 157
Ingushetia Republic, 378
Inner constituonalization, 198
Institutional individualism, 114
Inter comunis effect, 364
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR), 165, 174, 176, 178, 180, 211, 223, 224, 227, 260, 262, 266, 267, 268, 269, 358, 359, 360, 361, 368, 370, 371, 444, 453, 455, 462, 493, 494
and international human rights law, 493
International Criminal Court, 177
International Monetary Fund, 406
Intellectual property rights, 495
International public order, 176
International soft law, 465
Intrusion on subjective rights, 228
Invisible constitution, 239
J
Jackson presidency, 137
Jay, John, 289
Jefferson, Thomas, 207
Jellinek, Georg, 65
Jhering, Rudolf, 66
Jim Crow laws, 298
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 298
Judicial interpretation, 257
Jury trial
and Russian women, 227
K
Kalenjin tribes, 405
Kampala Convention, 462
Kautsky, Karl, 138
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 298
Kenya, 157, 240, 241, 242, 253, 254, 281, 401, 435, 459, 461, 463, 473, 474
democratic construction in, 402
ethnic factionalism, 408
ethnic fragmentation, 402
nationalist movements, 402
public economy, 406
public litigation, 475
right to constituent power, 475
Kenyan government
international sanction, 412
Kenyan Independence Constitution, 403
Kenyan legal system, 410, 413
and ethnic groups, 411
and monist categories, 410
volume of litigation, 412
Kenyan National Constitutional Conference, 474
Kenyan nationalism, 403
Kenyan society pluralism, 401
Keynesian welfare states, 125
L
Laband, Paul, 65
Labour government, 329
Landshut, Siegfried, 68
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 52
Latin America, 157, 160, 165, 176, 211, 213, 215, 216, 219, 220, 223, 227, 242, 245, 246, 247, 258, 259, 262, 269, 350, 358, 435, 437, 444, 454, 459, 460, 467, 470, 485, 494
democracy in, 154
democratization in, 138
legal protection of indigeneity, 453
transformative applications, 255
Law
authority connection to, 275
inner-legal construction, 272
as medium of integration, 96
self-generation, 270
Law as concrete institutional form, 41
Law positivization, 126
League of Nations, 192
Legal collectives, 492
Legal construction, 275
Legal mobilization, 432, 433, 491
correlation with democracy, 492
as democratic agency, 492
and design of political system, 492
Legal procedures, 420
Legal sociology, 2, 83, 95, 105, 112, 121, 123, 132, 133, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 201, 202, 427, 500, 501, 502
cosmopolitan views, 502
and demands for freedom, 500
early, 500
and global democracy, 502
as political sociology, 112
Legal system construction, 115
Legal system
creation of democratic norms, 278
differentiation, 172
global extension, 172
inclusion, 172
self-generated autonomy, 278
as site of citizenship, 487
as subject of democracy, 209
Legal-sociological paradox, 201
Legitimacy, 275
conceptual apparatus, 277
contractual, 204
of law, 274
primary norms, 431
secondary norms, 431
semantics of, 273
Legitimacy of parliamentary institutions, 152
Legitimate state, 81
Legitimate violence, 109
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 79
Lenin, Vladimir, 381
Liberal democratic state, 83
Liberal Party, 136
Liberty, 7, 8, 41, 46, 71, 89, 105, 107, 131
and government legitimacy, 97
protection from atomized, 96
Liebknecht, Karl, 142
Litigant citizens, 443
Litigation loops, 443
Litigation
as core pattern of citizenship, 443
as democracy-building, 488
and indigenous peoples, 452
legislative effects, 444
political outcomes, 490
political significance, 489
Littré, Emile, 53
Living constitutionalism, , 257
Living-tree constitutionalism, 259
Locus classicus, 478
Low-intensity citizenship, 425
Luebbert, Gregory, 282
Luther, Martin, 41
Luxemburg, Rosa, 142
M
Macdonald, Ramsay, 328
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 13
Majimbo components, 404
Mali, 456
Mapiripán Massacre, 462
Margin of appreciation, doctrine, 224
Markoff, John, 282
Marks, Susan, 215
Mass mobilization, 144
Mau Mau uprising, 402
Mauritius, 224
Medieval Estates
as base for parliaments, 281
Mexican constitution, 267
Mill, John Stuart, 49
Minority representation, 28
Modern democracy, 416
Modern law, 111
Mond-Turner talks, 145
Monetary imperialism, 425
Monetary system, 89
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 68
Moore, Barrington, 282
Moral functions of state, 111
Multi-centric democracy, 431
Multiracialism (Kenya), 403
Myrdal, Gunnar, 297
N
Napoleon, Bonaparte, 54
National comradeship, 310
National democracy, 187, 414, 420, 498
constituent foundation for, 189
emergence of, 191
normative domain, 192
in USA, 285
National legislation, 421
National polity, 30
National Socialists (Germany), 310
National sovereignty, 205
Natural justice, 338
Naumann, Friedrich, 310
Nazi Germany, 150
Neumann, Franz, 118
Nineteenth Amendment, 51
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), 434, 471
consultative activities, 435
recognitive activities, 435
Norms and physical violence, 193
North Africa, 213
North German Federation, 54
Northern Ireland, 233
Nueva Granada, 350
O
Office of President, 92
Olympic Games, 495
Open constitutionalization, 238
ordre public transnational, 200
Organization of African Unity, 160
Organized labor, 52
Orientation towards democracy, 164
Originalism, constitutional, 248
Otis, James, 7
P
Paris Commune, 136
Parliamentary sovereignty
doctrine of, in UK, 332
Particular interests, 418
Patterns of politicality, 428
People as an absent force, 153
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), 192
Plebiscitary government, 98
Plebiscites, 349
Plural voting, 135
Political democracy
bourgeoisie as agent of, 49
and collective freedom, 48
conceptual substructure, 48
early limitations, 48
and economic expansion, 49
and general human dispositions, 47
Madison's views on, 48
Political integration, 112
Political parties, 91
Political paternalism, 395
Political procedures, 420
Political self-legislation, 200
Political system
decentralization, 430
mono-centric concepts, 492
nationalization, 156
supervisory oversight, 429
Political system, democratic
as aggregate of societal wills, 112
and chain of communication, 5
claims to rights, 31
and decisions by a citizen, 6
as dominant system of inclusion, 110
embedded voluntarism, 132
exercise of rights, 31
formative core, 32
functional distinction, 32
and global legal system, 190
and inclusion of citizens in legislation, 7
and inclusion of society's sectors, 6
legitimacy construction, 32
and mass of legislating institutions, 5
mode of communication, 31
order of legitimacy, 32
primary environment, 18
primary limits, 434
principle of inclusion, 25
and private economic rights, 25
and reinforcement of governmental infrastructure, 26
secondary limits, 434
and social rights, 25
Politicization of society, 424
Polyarchy theory, 4
Positivism
apolitical law concept, 66
and democratic government, 56
English, 65
German, 65
inquiry of, 66
and metaphysics, 65
and political system legitimacy, 66
relation to historicism, 64
and Third Republic, 53
and will of the state, 66
Positivist inquiry, 107
Positivization of the law, 126
Post-democracy, 426
Post-democratic politics, 425
Pouvoir constituant (constituent power), 30
Pre-suffrage polities and women, 24
Preuß, Hugo, 310
Primary constitution, 188
Prisons
constitutional rights in, 305
Proceduralist theories, 121
Proceduralization of democratic activity, 486
Promotion of solidarity by government, 85
Proportionality, , 234, 237, 238, 266, 314, 317, 343, 344, 347, 398, 444
remedy by, 266
review of, 344
Prostitutes, 469
Prussian Land Law, 228
Public as part of triadic system, 128
Puchta, Georg Friedrich, 65
Putnam, Robert, 282
Q
Quod omnes tangit ad omnibus approbari debet, 205
R
Racial discrimination, 297, 298
UN convention on elimination, 299
in U.S., and foreign relations, 298
in voting, across countries,
Radical Left
and democracy, 51
Ramsay, David, 13
Rationalist metaphysics, 77
Rawls, John, 121
Reconfiguration of democracy, 427
Recursive circularization, 129
Reformation, 273
Regime rules, 199
Representative democracy, 331
Representative government, 331
and American Revolution, 7
and French Revolution, 7
and national sovereignty, 7
Right to (have) rights,
Right to protect rights, 320
Rights
creation by rights,
education, 271
medical service, 270
mental health care, 270
public space, 269
self-generation, 270
water, 269
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 297
Roussellier, Nicolas, 55
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 282
Russia, 39, 140, 171, 186, 212, 215, 227, 245, 262, 280, 329, , 450, 476, 477, 488
assimilation of international law, 450
citizens' oversight, 477
guarantees to indigenous peoples, 453
ombudspersons, 476
public prosecutors, 476
quality of democracy, 374
use of law, 395
Russian administrative deportation, 393
Russian Civil Procedure Code, 380
Russian cyclists, 495
Russian domestic law, 393
Russian Empire, 381
Russian Law on Political Parties, 374
Russian legal system
Federal Law, 266
judicial autonomy, 389
formal dualism in, 388
political pressures, 388
Russian political system, 376
catastrophic collapse in 1990s, 376
endemic deconstitutionalization, 378
endemic privatization, 378
gubernatorial elites, 385
judicial corruption, 379
reconstitutionalization policies, 381
Russian President, 398
Russian Prison Code, 396
Russian Revolution, 140
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 386
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 386
Russian-Georgian War, 388
Russification, 381
S
Saint Simon, Claude Henri, 71
Savigny, Friedrich Carl, 64
Schelsky, Helmut, 128
Second coding, 130
Second Empire, French
franchise in, 54
Secondary constitution, 188
Secondary constitutional acts, 188
Secondary constitutionalization, 188
Secondary soft law, 462
Self-legislating people, 127
Shadow justice, 377
Shany, Yuval, 165
Smith, Adam, 68
Social integration, 115
Societal abstraction in sociology, 99
Societal evolution toward democracy, 118
Societal nationalization, 26
Society
differentiation by Hegel, 72
forgetfulness in early democracies, 77
formal freedoms as partial, 73
politicization by rights claiming, 221
when inadequate for support of revolutions,
Sociology
classical era of, 82
concepts of, 67
discovery of society, 68
early concepts of people, 70
early, political focus, 107
growth of theory, 68
as history of society, 69
and normative order, 106
political rapprochement of the modern, 113
rejection of institution transplants, 69
Weber's concept of, 102
Sohm, Rudolph, 111
Soldier suffrage, 140
Solipsistic epistemology, 66
Somalia, 463
South African rulings, 246
Southern Cone region, 183
Soviet Union (USSR), 381
Communist Party, 382
ethnic cleansing, 381
ethno-federal order, 382
military endeavours, 329
pluralistic citizenship, 381
preventing democratic developments, 154
Russian nationality in, 383
social citizenship, 383
Soviet citizenship, 383
Spanish Constitution, 467
Spanish Constitutional Court, 245
Species freedoms, 78
Stalin, Joseph, 381
State as protector of individual liberties, 97
State legitimacy
and citizen participation, 29
derivation, 108
as fulcrum of social order, 28
instrumental theory of, 109
by political quality, 30
State
as centre of the society, 108
and collective equality, 11
in direction of social relations, 29
as an immediate societal presence, 29
and individual decisions, 11
monopoly of legitimate power, 109
position in society, 29
as sovereign collective person, 104
as system of shared rights, 10
State-citizen nexus,
Statehood, 319
Statute of Charagua, 441
Strategic litigation, 485
Structural litigation, 363
Structural nationalization, 156
Structural unconstitutionality, 363
Sudan, 463
Suffrage, 20, 21, 24, 40, 43, 44, 49, 51, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 155, 287, 289, 307, 326, 329, 335
female, 51
female in Germany, 327
female in U.S., 51
as instituted by Conservatives, 50
male in Colombia, 350
male in Italy, 50
male in U.S., 44
Suicide, 97
Supreme Court, UK, 226
Switzerland
universal male suffrage, 55
Syria
war in, 396
System's constitutional state, 130
System's legal state, 130
T
Tanaka, Kotaro, 174
Taney, Roger, 291
Terror
and civic virtue, 79
Theory of polyarchy, 4
Theory of procedural democracy, 197
Third Republic (France), 136
Total citizen model, 318
Transformative constitutionalism, 252
Triadic sub-differentiation, 128
Trindade, Cançado, 177
Truman, Harry S., 293
Tuori, Kaarlo, 321
U
Ubuntu and human dignity, 240
UK governance system
authoritarian aspects, 327
crown as a corporation, 330
focus on individual, 324
impact of international law, 323
nationalization process, 325
partly democratic nature of, 323
recent differentiation, 323
as representative, 331
rights litigation, 449
UK public accountability, 337
UN Convention Against Racial Discrimination, 299
UN Guidelines on Internally Displaced Persons, 463
UN International Labor Organization (ILO), 263
UN Security Council, 264
Unit citizen, 20
Universal suffrage, 43
Uribe, Alvaro, 368
US Circuit Courts, 469
US Democrats
state citizenship model, 289
US Occupying Forces, 220
US-American courts, 494
US-American society, 468
V
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 212
Vietnam War, 302
Virtuous citizens, 78
Vocabulary political, 32
Voronezh, 396
W
Wall Street Crash, 135
We the People, 257
Weimar Republic,
citizenship model, 309
Welfare state, 338
definition of legitimacy, 122
discursive procedures, 122
dual function of law, 120
elite pluralism, 121
and legal freedoms, 119
mass manipulation of public opinion, 120
proceduralization theory, 121
Welfare state and legal freedoms, 119
Wilson, Woodrow, 51
Wolff, Christian, 79
Working Group Report, 458
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 495
Open access