Book contents
- Skilled Labour and Professionalism in Ancient Greece and Rome
- Skilled Labour and Professionalism in Ancient Greece and Rome
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Illustrations
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Part I Professionals and Professional Identity in Greece and Rome
- Part II Specialization and the Division of Labour in the Ancient City
- Part III Case Studies of Professions 1: Sculpture
- Part IV Case Studies of Professions 2: Music and Athletics
- Part V Case Studies of Professions 3: A Profession of Arms?
- Index
- References
Part V - Case Studies of Professions 3: A Profession of Arms?
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 September 2020
Book contents
- Skilled Labour and Professionalism in Ancient Greece and Rome
- Skilled Labour and Professionalism in Ancient Greece and Rome
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Illustrations
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Part I Professionals and Professional Identity in Greece and Rome
- Part II Specialization and the Division of Labour in the Ancient City
- Part III Case Studies of Professions 1: Sculpture
- Part IV Case Studies of Professions 2: Music and Athletics
- Part V Case Studies of Professions 3: A Profession of Arms?
- Index
- References
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Skilled Labour and Professionalism in Ancient Greece and Rome , pp. 333 - 382Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Bibliography
Catling, R. W. V., 2002. The Early Iron Age to the classical period (c.1050–c.300 B.C.). In Cavanagh, W, Crouwel, J, Catling, R. W. V., and Shipley, G, eds., Continuity and Change in a Greek Rural Landscape, The Laconia Survey, I: Methodology and Interpretation. London, pp. 151–256.Google Scholar
Chaniotis, A., 2005. War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History. Malden, MA and Oxford.Google Scholar
Christesen, P., 2006. ‘Xenophon’s Cyropaedia and military reform in Sparta’. JHS, 126, pp. 47–65.Google Scholar
Crone, P., 1999. The early Islamic world. In Raaflaub, K and Rosenstein, N, eds., War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Cambridge, MA and London, pp. 309–32.Google Scholar
Debnar, P., 2018. Sparta in Pericles’ funeral oration. In Cartledge, P and Powell, A, eds., The Greek Superpower: Sparta in the Self-Definitions of Athenians. Swansea, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
Ducat, J., 2006. Spartan Education: Youth and Society in the Classical Period. Swansea.Google Scholar
Ducrey, P., 1986. Warfare in Ancient Greece, translated by Janet Lloyd. New York; original edition, 1985. Guerre et guerriers dans la Grèce antique, Paris.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. B., 1999. A paradigm for the study of war and society. In Raaflaub, K and Rosenstein, N, eds., War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Cambridge, MA and London, pp. 389–437.Google Scholar
Furuyama, M., 1988. ‘The liberation of heilotai: the case of neodamodeis’. In Yuge, T and Doi, M, eds., Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity. Tokyo, Leiden, and Köln, pp. 364–8.Google Scholar
Gomme, A. W., Andrewes, A., and Dover, K. J., 1945–81. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides. 5 vols. Oxford.Google Scholar
Harris, E. M., 2015. Military organization and one-man rule in the Greek polis. Ktèma, 40, pp. 83–92.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, S., 1993. Warfare, wealth and the crisis of Spartiate society. In Rich, J and Shipley, G, eds., War and Society in the Greek World. London and New York, pp. 146–76.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, S., 2003. Spartiates, helots and the direction of the agrarian economy: towards an understanding of helotage in comparative perspective. In Luraghi, N and Alcock, S. E., eds., Helots and their Masters in Laconia and Messenia: Histories, Ideologies, Structures. Cambridge, MA and London, pp. 248–85; reprinted with minor revisions in E. dal Lago and C. Katsari, eds., 2008. Slave Systems, Ancient and Modern. Cambridge, pp. 285–320.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, S., 2006. Was classical Sparta a military society? In Hodkinson, S and Powell, A, eds., Sparta and War. Swansea, pp. 111–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humble, N., 2006. Why the Spartans fight so well, even if they are in disorder – Xenophon’s view. In Hodkinson, S and Powell, A, eds., Sparta and War. Swansea, pp. 219–33.Google Scholar
Hunt, P., 2007. Military forces. In Sabin, P, van Wees, H, and Whitby, M, eds., The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare. Vol. I: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, Cambridge, pp. 108–46.Google Scholar
Konijnendijk, R., 2018. Classical Greek Tactics: A Cultural History. Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Lendon, J. E., 2005. Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity. New Haven, CT and London.Google Scholar
Lendon, J. E., 2007. War and society. In Sabin, P, van Wees, H, and Whitby, M, eds., The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. 1. Cambridge, pp. 498–516.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M., 2018. Greek Slave Systems in Their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800–146 BC. Oxford.Google Scholar
Lipka, M., 2002. Xenophon’s Spartan Constitution: Introduction, Text, Commentary. Berlin and New York.Google Scholar
Millender, E., 2006. The politics of Spartan mercenary service. In Hodkinson, S and Powell, A, eds., Sparta and War. Swansea, pp. 235–66.Google Scholar
Naiden, F., 2007. The invention of the officer corps. Journal of the Historical Society, 7, pp. 35–60.Google Scholar
Osborne, R., 1987. Classical Landscape with Figures: The Ancient Greek City and its Countryside. London.Google Scholar
Paradiso, A., 2008. Politiques de l’affranchissement chez Thucydides. In Gonzalès, A, ed., La fin du statut servile? Affranchissement, libération, abolition, Vol. 1. Besançon, pp. 65–76.Google Scholar
Pritchett, W. K., 1974–1991. The Greek State at War. 5 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Raaflaub, K., 1999. Archaic and classical Greece. In Raaflaub, K and Rosenstein, N, eds., War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Cambridge, MA and London, pp. 129–61.Google Scholar
Sekunda, N. V., 2010. The Macedonian army. In Roisman, J and Worthington, I, eds., A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Malden, MA and Oxford, pp. 446–71.Google Scholar
Sekunda, N. V., 2014. The composition of the Lacedaemonian mora at Lechaeum. In Sekunda, N and Burliga, B, eds., Iphicrates, Peltasts and Lechaeum. Gdansk, pp. 49–65.Google Scholar
Tuplin, C. J., 1986. Military engagements in Xenophon’s Hellenica. In Moxon, I. S., Smart, J, and Woodman, A. J., eds., Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing. Cambridge, pp. 37–66.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E. L., 1983. The hoplomachoi and Vegetius’ Spartan drillmasters. Chiron, 13, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Bibliography
Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., and Turner, B. S., 2006. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. London.Google Scholar
Abrahamsson, B., 1972. Military Professionalization and Political Power. Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Alston, R., 1998. Arms and the man: soldiers, masculinity and power in Republican and Imperial Rome. In Foxhall, L and Salmon, J, eds., When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power and Identity in Classical Antiquity. London, pp. 205–23.Google Scholar
Birley, A. R., 2000. Senators as generals. In Alföldy, G, Dobson, B, and Eck, W, eds., Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart, pp. 97–120.Google Scholar
Bispham, E., 2008. Warfare and the army. In Bispham, E, ed., Roman Europe. Oxford, pp. 135–69.Google Scholar
Bradley, K., 2004. On captives under the Principate. Phoenix, 58, pp. 298–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunt, P. A., 1962. The army and the land in the Roman revolution. JRS, 52, pp. 69–86.Google Scholar
Burrage, M., 1990. Introduction: the professions in sociology and history. In Burrage, M and Torstendahl, R, eds., Professions in Theory and History: Rethinking the Study of the Professions. London, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar
Burton, G. P., 1996. Rome (history): 2. From Augustus to the Antonines (31 BC–AD 192). In Hornblower, S and Spawforth, A, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, pp. 1327–31.Google Scholar
Carrié, J.-M., 1993. The soldier. In Giardina, A, ed., The Romans, tr. L. G. Cochrane. Chicago, pp. 100–37.Google Scholar
Christol, M., 1982. Les réformes de Gallien et la carrière sénatoriale. Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, 1(4), pp. 143–66.Google Scholar
Collins, R., 1990. Market closure and the theory of the professions. In Burrage, M and Torstendahl, R, eds., Professions in Theory and History: Rethinking the Study of the Professions. London, pp. 24–43.Google Scholar
Cornell, T. J., 1993. The end of Roman imperial expansion. In Rich, J and Shipley, G, eds., War and Society in the Roman World. London, pp. 139–70.Google Scholar
Coulston, J., 2013. Courage and cowardice in the Roman imperial army. War in History, 20, pp. 7–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulston, J., 2015. Training: Principate. In Le Bohec, Y, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army. Malden, MA and Oxford, pp. 1012–17.Google Scholar
Davies, R. W., 1974. The daily life of the Roman soldier under the Principate. ANRW, II(1), pp. 299–338.Google Scholar
De Blois, L., 2000. Army and society in the Late Roman Republic: professionalism and the role of military cadres. In Alföldy, G, Dobson, B, and Eck, W, eds., Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart, pp. 11–32.Google Scholar
Dobson, B., 1986. The Roman army: wartime or peacetime army? In Eck, W and Wolff, H, eds., Heer und Integrationspolitik: Die römische Militärdiplome als historische Quelle. Cologne, pp. 10–25.Google Scholar
Eck, W., 2014. Milites et pagani: La posizione dei soldati nella società romana. Rationes Rerum: Rivista di filologia e storia, 3, pp. 11–54.Google Scholar
Frank, R. I., 1969. Scholae Palatinae: The Palace Guards of the Later Roman Empire. Rome.Google Scholar
Freidson, E., 1988. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge, 2nd ed. Chicago.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. and Saller, R., 1987. The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. London.Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, A., 2007. The Late Republic and Principate: War. In Sabin, P, Van Wees, H, and Whitby, M, eds., The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, II: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire. Cambridge, pp. 76–121.Google Scholar
Harper, K., 2017. The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire. Princeton and Oxford.Google Scholar
Haynes, I., 2013. Blood of the Provinces: The Roman Auxilia and the Making of Provincial Society from Augustus to the Severans. Oxford.Google Scholar
Hermanowicz, J. C. and Johnson, D. R., 2014. Professions. In Sasaki, M et al., eds, Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology. Leiden and Boston, MA, pp. 209–16.Google Scholar
Hölscher, T., 2003. Images of war in Greece and Rome: between military practice, public memory, and cultural symbolism. JRS, 93, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Hope, V. 2003. Trophies and tombstones: commemorating the Roman soldier. World Archaeology, 35, pp. 79–97.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K., 1968. Structural differentiation in Rome (200–31 BC): the genesis of an historical bureaucratic society. In Lewis, I. M., ed., History and Social Anthropology. London, pp. 63–7.Google Scholar
Horsmann, G., 1991. Untersuchungen zur militärischen Ausbildungen im republikanischen und kaiserzeitlichen Rom. Boppard am Rhein.Google Scholar
Howarth, R. S., 2013. War and warfare in ancient Rome. In Campbell, B and Tritle, L, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. Oxford, pp. 29–45.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P., 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Isaac, B., 1995. Hierarchy and command-structure in the Roman army. In Le Bohec, Y, ed., La Hiérarchie (Rangordnung) de l’armée romaine sous le Haut-Empire. Actes du Congrès de Lyon 1994. Paris, pp. 23–31.Google Scholar
James, S., 2002. Writing the legions: the development and future of Roman military studies in Britain. Arch. Journ., 159, pp. 1–58.Google Scholar
James, S., 2011. Rome and the Sword: How Warriors and Weapons Shaped Roman History. London.Google Scholar
Keppie, L., 1996. The army and the navy. In Bowman, A. K., Champlin, E, and Lintott, A, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, X: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC–AD 69, 2nd ed. Cambridge, pp. 371–96.Google Scholar
Kniskern, M. K. and Segal, D. R., 2015. Military sociology. In Wright, J. D., ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, pp. 511–17.Google Scholar
Lang, K., 1972. Military Institutions and the Sociology of War. Beverly Hills and London.Google Scholar
Larson, M. S., 2006. Professions. In Beckert, J and Zafirovski, M, eds., International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology, London and New York, pp. 539–43.Google Scholar
Larson, M. S., 2013. The Rise of Professionalism: Monopolies of Competence and Sheltered Markets, 2nd ed. London.Google Scholar
Lewis, N. and Reinhold, M. 1955. Roman Civilization. Sourcebook II: The Empire. New York.Google Scholar
Mattern, S. P., 1999. Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. Berkeley.Google Scholar
McLynn, N., 2005. Genere Hispanus: Theodosius, Spain and Nicene orthodoxy. In Bowes, K and Kulikowski, M, eds., Hispania in Late Antiquity. Leiden, pp. 77–120.Google Scholar
Naiden, F. S., 2007. The invention of the officer corps. Journal of the Historical Society, 7, pp. 35–60.Google Scholar
Nutton, V., 1985. Murders and miracles: lay attitudes towards medicine in classical antiquity. In Porter, R, ed., Patients and Practitioners: Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-Industrial Society. Cambridge, pp. 23–53.Google Scholar
Phang, S. E., 2001. The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC–AD 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army. Leiden.Google Scholar
Phang, S. E., 2008. Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pollard, N., 2006. The Roman army. In Potter, D. S., ed., A Companion to the Roman Empire. Malden, MA and Oxford, pp. 206–27.Google Scholar
Raaflaub, K., 1980. The political significance of Augustus’ military reforms. In Hanson, W. S. and Keppie, L. J. F., eds., Roman Frontier Studies 1979. Oxford, pp. 1005–25.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2000. Simulacra pugnae: the literary and historical tradition of mock battles in the Roman and early Byzantine army. GRBS, 41, pp. 223–75.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2004. The fulcum, the late Roman and Byzantine testudo: the Germanization of Roman infantry tactics? GRBS, 44, pp. 265–326.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2007a. The later Roman Empire: battle. In Sabin, P, Van Wees, H, and Whitby, M, eds., The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, II: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire. Cambridge, pp. 342–78.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2007b. Campidoctores vicarii vel tribuni: the senior regimental officers of the late Roman army and the rise of the campidoctor. In Lewin, A. S. and Pellegrini, P, eds., The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest. Oxford, pp. 395–409.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D., 2009. Earnings and costs: living standards and the Roman economy (first to third centuries AD). In Bowman, A and Wilson, A, eds., Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems. Oxford, pp. 299–326.Google Scholar
Rich, J. W., 1990. Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53–55.9). Warminster.Google Scholar
Rosenstein, N., 2004. Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic. Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Sandhoff, M. and Segal, D. R., 2014. Comparative military organization. In Sasaki, M et al., eds., Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology. Leiden and Boston, pp. 262–71.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W., 1996. Measuring Sex, Age and Death in the Roman Empire: Explorations in Ancient Demography. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Siegrist, H., 2015. Professionalization/professions in history. In Wright, J. D, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences, 2nd ed. Amsterdam, 19, pp. 95–100.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. A. 2001. Specialisation and promotion in the Roman imperial army. In de Blois, L, ed., Administration, Prosopography and Appointment Policies in the Roman Empire. Amsterdam, pp. 50–61.Google Scholar
Stoll, O., 2001. Zwischen Integration und Abgrenzung: Die Religion des römischen Heeres im Nahen Osten. St Katharinen.Google Scholar
Trim, D. J. B., 2003. Introduction. In Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Military Professionalism. Leiden, pp. 1–38.Google Scholar