Abdi, Cawo Mohamed. 2018. “Somalia,” in Joseph, Suad, ed., Arab Family Studies: Critical Reviews. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, pp. 96–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abdulkadir Mohamed, Iman. 2015. “Somali Women and the Socialist State,” Journal of the Georgetown University-Qatar Middle Eastern Studies Student Association.Google Scholar

Abdullahi, Abdurahman M. 2007a. “Perspectives on the State Collapse in Somalia,” in Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souaré, Issaka K., eds., Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives in Reconstituting a Failed State. London: Adonis & Abbey, pp. 4–57.Google Scholar

Abdullahi, Abdurahman M. 2007b. “Recovering the Somali State: The Islamic Factor,” in Farah, Abdulkadir Osman, Muchie, Mammo, and Gundel, Joakim, eds., Somalia: Diaspora and State Reconstruction in the Horn of Africa. London: Adonis & Abbey, pp. 196–208.Google Scholar

Abel, Richard. 2018. Law’s Wars: The Fate of the Rule of Law in the US “War on Terror”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Abou-Elyousr, Khaled. 2016. “Understanding the Somalia Justice Systems: Challenges and the Way Forward,” unpublished paper, December 2016. Copy on file with author.Google Scholar

Abukari, Abdulai. 2014. “Education of Women in Islam: A Critical Islamic Interpretation of the Quran,” 109(1) Religious Education: 4–23.Google Scholar

Agrama, Hussein Ali. 2012. Questioning Secularism: Islam, Sovereignty, and the Rule of Law in Egypt. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Ali Hirsi. 2014. “Constitution-Making in Somalia: A Critical Analysis, 1960–2013.” MA Thesis, Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Shahab. 2015. What Is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ahsan, Sonia. 2017. “When Muslims Become Feminists: Khana-yi Aman, Islam, and Pashtunwali,” in Green, Nile, ed., Afghanistan’s Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, pp. 225–241.Google Scholar

Aideed, H. A. A. 2004. “The Siyad Barre Regime’s Genocide of the Somaliland People,” in Ford, R., Adam, H., and Ismail, E., eds., War Destroys, Peace Nurtures: Somali Reconciliation and Development. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.Google Scholar

Al-Bajuri, Shaykh Muhammad Al-Khudari Bak. 2012. The History of the Four Caliphs (Itmam al-Wafa’fi Sirat al-Khulafa). London: Turath Publishing.Google Scholar

Alpozzi, Alberto. 2015. Il Faro di Mussolini: L’opera Colonial più Controversa e il Sogno dell’Impero nella Somalia Italiana, 1889–1941. Turin: 001 Edizioni.Google Scholar

“Al-Shabaab in Somalia: US Air Strike ‘Kills 60 Militants’,” BBC News, October 16, 2018. Available: https://bbc.in/2MoRQmP (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Amadi, Sam. 2004. “Religion and Secular Constitution: Human Rights and the Challenge of Sharia,” unpublished research paper, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School.Google Scholar

Amnesty International. 1994. “Report – Somalia (1 January 1994).” Available: https://bit.ly/3rJZWXa (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

An-Na’im, Abdullahi, ed. 2002. Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book. London: Zed Books, 2002.Google Scholar

An-Na’im, Abdullahi. 2008. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari‘a. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Archer, Sir Francis, Geoffrey. 1963. Personal and Historical Memoirs of an East Africa Administrator. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar

Areshidze, Girogi. 2017. “Taking Religion Seriously? Habermas on Religious Translation and Cooperative Learning in Post-secular Society,” 111(4)American Political Science Review: 724–737.Google Scholar

Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Bail, Christopher. 2015. Terrified: How Anti-Muslim Fringe Organizations Became Mainstream. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Bakonyi, Jutta. 2018. “Seeing Like Bureaucracies: Rearranging Knowledge and Ignorance in Somalia,” 12(3) International Political Sociology: 256–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakonyi, Jutta. 2019. “Failing States and Statebuilding,” in Larres, Klaus and Wittlinger, Ruth, eds., Understanding Global Politics: Actors and Themes in International Affairs. New York: Routledge, pp. 313–328.Google Scholar

Bâli, Aslı Ü. and Lerner, Hanna, eds. 2017. Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ballakhrishnen, Swethaa, Fielding-Singh, Priya, and Magliozzi, Devon. 2019. “Intentional Invisibility: Professional Women and the Navigation of Workplace Constraints,” 62(1) Sociological Perspectives: 23–41.Google Scholar

Banner, Stuart. 1998. “When Christianity Was Part of the Common Law,” 16 (1) Law and History Review: 27–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, Cedric and Hassan, Harun. 2007. The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu’s Islamic Courts. Chatham House Africa Programme Briefing Paper. London: Chatham House.Google Scholar

Barr, Michael D. 2000. “Lee Kwan Yew and the ‘Asian Values’ Debate,” 24(3)Asian Studies Review: 309–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Battera, Federico and Campo, Alessandro. 2001. “The Evolution and Integration of Different Legal Systems in the Horn of Africa: The Case of Somaliland,” Global Jurist Topics, April 20. Available: https://bit.ly/2X0oRry (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Bayraklı, Enes and Hafez, Farid. 2019 Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Beachey, Ray. 1990. The Warrior Mullah: The Horne Aflame 1892–1920. London: Bellew Publishing.Google Scholar

Bell, James et al. 2013. The World’s Muslims: Religion, Politics, and Society. Washington, DC: The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life.Google Scholar

Bendaña, Alejandro and Chopra, Tanja. 2013. “Women’s Rights, State-Centric Rule of Law, and Legal Pluralism in Somaliland,” 5(1) Hague Journal on the Rule of Law: 44–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benford, Robert D. and Snow, David A.. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements,” 26 Annual Review of Sociology: 611–639.Google Scholar

Berman, Harold J. 1983. “Religious Foundations of Law in the West: A Historical Perspective,” 1(1) Journal of Law and Religion: 3–43.Google Scholar

Berridge, W. J. 2017. Hasan al-Turabi: Islamist Politics and Democracy in Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bhalla, Nita. 2018. “Somaliland Elders Approve ‘Historic’ Law Criminalising Rape,” Reuters, April 9. Available: https://reut.rs/2K8tLiU (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Bharath, Deepa. 2018. “Appeal Filed over ‘Appalling, Islamophobic’ Teaching Material Distributed in 7th-Grade Social Studies Class,” The Press-Enterprise, January 11. Available: https://bit.ly/39SRcaS (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Bickel, Alexander M. 1986. The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Bowden, Mark. 1999. Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar

Bradbury, Mark. 2008. Becoming Somaliland. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Brankamp, Hanno. 2013. “Somalia: Not Just Islam – How Somalia’s Union of Islamic Courts Used Local Customs,” ThinkAfricaPress, July 22. Available: https://bit.ly/38VD2no (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Brown, Jonathan A. C. 2017. Stoning and Hand Cutting: Understanding the Huduud and Shariah in Islam. Irving, TX: Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research.Google Scholar

Bruton, Bronwyn E. 2010. “Somalia: A New Approach,” Council on Foreign Relations Special Report No. 52. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar

Buber, Martin. 1967. A Believing Humanism: My Testament, 1902–1965, trans. Maurice Friedman. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Burak, Guy. 2015. The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calvin, John. 1960 [1536]. Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. J. T. McNeill, trans. F. L. Battles. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press.Google Scholar

Cavedon, Matthew. 2014. “Men of the Spear and Men of God: Islamism’s Contributions to the New Somali State,” 28 Emory International Law Review 473–508.Google Scholar

Cawthorne, Andrew. 2006. “US Says al Qaeda behind Somali Islamists,” Reuters, December 15.Google Scholar

Chatterji, Angana P., Hansen, Thomas Blom, and Jaffrelot, Christophe, eds., 2019. Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism is Changing India. London: Hurst.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheesman, Nick. 2015. Opposing the Rule of Law: How Myanmar’s Courts Make Law and Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheesman, Nick 2018. “Rule-of-Law Ethnography,” 14 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 167–184.Google Scholar

Chiesi, Gustavo. 1909. Law Colonizzazione Europea dell’Est Africa. Turin: Unione Tipografica Torinese.Google Scholar

Choi, Seung-Whan. 2010. “Fighting Terrorism through the Rule of Law?” 54 (6) Journal of Conflict Resolution: 940–966.Google Scholar

Choudhury, Cyra Akila. 2015. “Beyond Culture: Human Rights Universalisms Versus Religious and Cultural Relativism in the Activism for Gender Justice,” 30 Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 226–267.Google Scholar

Chua, Lynette J. 2014. Mobilizing Gay Singapore: Rights and Resistance in an Authoritarian State. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Chua, Lynette J. 2019. The Politics of Love in Myanmar: LGBT Mobilization and Human Rights as a Way of Life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Clarke, Morgan. 2018. Islam and Law in Lebanon: Sharia within and without the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, Robert O. 2008. A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Committee to Protect Journalists. 2016. “Somalia: Journalist Shot and Killed in Mogadishu,” June 6. Available at: https://bit.ly/3aY5TK4 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Cotterrell, Roger. 2020. “Still Afraid of Legal Pluralism? Encountering Santi Romano,” 45 (2)Law & Social Inquiry 539–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cover, Robert M. 1986. “Violence and the Word,” 95 Yale Law Journal 1601–1629.Google Scholar

Crouch, Melissa, ed. 2016. Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert A. 1957. “Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker,” 6 Journal of Public Law: 279–295.Google Scholar

Damaška, Mirjan. 2019. Evaluation of Evidence: Pre-Modern and Modern Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Darnton, John. 1977. “Somalia Trys [sic] to Live by Both the Koran and ‘Das Kapital,’” New York Times, October 11. Available: https://nyti.ms/2Lpl5Fy (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Darnton, John 1978. “For Many Somalis, It Was a War That Wasn’t,” New York Times, March 19. Available: https://nyti.ms/2WdHYOx (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

De Waal, Alex. 2015. The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Deforche, Robrecht. 2013. “Stabilization and Common Identity: Reflections on the Islamic Courts Union and Al-Itihaad,” 13 Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 102–120.Google Scholar

Domingo, Rafael. 2017. God and the Secular Legal System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dowd, Robert A. 2015. Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

“Dozens Killed in Attacks in Somali Capital: Al-Qaeda-linked al-Shabab Claims Responsibility for Two Attacks in Mogadishu That Left More Than 30 People Dead,” Al-Jazeera News, April 14, 2013. Available: https://bit.ly/3qH8VrD (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

“Draft Interim Constitution Handed to Howe; Unosom [sic] to Stay in Interim Period,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. London: British Broadcasting Corporation, November 13, 1993.Google Scholar

Dua, Jatin. 2015. “After Piracy: Mapping the Means and Ends of Maritime Predation in the Western Indian Ocean,” 9(3) Journal of Eastern African Studies: 505–521.Google Scholar

Dua, Jatin. 2019. Captured at Sea: Piracy and Protection in the Indian Ocean. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Dua, Jatin and Menkhaus, Ken. 2012. “The Context of Contemporary Piracy: The Case of Somalia,” 10(4) Journal of International Criminal Justice: 749–766.Google Scholar

Dualeh, Hussain Ali. 1994. From Barre to Aideed – Somalia: The Agony of a Nation. Nairobi, Kenya: Stellagraphics.Google Scholar

Durkheim, Émile. [1915] 2008. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.Google Scholar

Dworkin, Ronald. 2013. Religion without God. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Egal, Mohamed Haji Ibrahim. 1968. “Somalia: Nomadic Individualism and the Rule of Law,” 67(268) African Affairs: 219–226.Google Scholar

Ehret, Christopher. 1995. “The Eastern Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. to 1400 A.D.: The Historical Roots,” in Ahmed, Ali Jimale ed., The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, pp. 233–256.Google Scholar

Ellis, Richard. 1993. “Muslim ‘police’ crack down on vice in Somalia,” The Sunday Times (London), June 27.Google Scholar

Elsheikh, Elsadig, Sisemore, Basima, and Lee, Natalia Ramirez. 2017. “Legalizing Othering: The United States of Islamophobia,” Report of the UC Berkeley Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society. Available: https://bit.ly/39ZVu0e (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Eltantawi, Sarah. 2017. Shari‘ah on Trial: Northern Nigeria’s Islamic Revolution. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Emon, Anver. 2012. Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Englard, Izhak. 1987. “Law and Religion in Israel,” 35(1) American Journal of Comparative Law: 185–208.Google Scholar

Epstein, Lee, Landes, William M., and Posner, Richard A.. 2013. The Behavior of Federal Judges: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Rational Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Erie, Matthew. 2016. China and Islam: The Prophet, the Party, and Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erie, Matthew 2018. “Shari‘a as Taboo of Modern Law: Halal Food, Islamophobia, and China,” 33(3) Journal of Law & Religion: 390–420.Google Scholar

Eslava, Luis. 2015. Local Space, Global Life: The Everyday Operation of International Law and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

“Ethiopia Says Somalia ‘a Threat’,” BBC News, June 28, 2006. Available: https://bbc.in/3pwPHnc (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Ewick, Patricia and Silbey, Susan S.. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feener, R. Michael. 2013. Shari‘a and Social Engineering: The Implementation of Islamic Law in Contemporary Aceh, Indonesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fergusson, James. 2013. The World’s Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia. Boston, MA: Da Capo Press.Google Scholar

Fernando, Mayanthi. 2014. The Republic Unsettled: Muslim French and the Contradictions of Secularism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Finazzo, Giuseppina. 1966. L’Italia nel Benadir: L’azione di Vincenzo Filonardi, 1884–1896. Rome: Ateneo.Google Scholar

Forni, Elisabetta. 1980. “Women’s Role in the Economic, Social and Political Development of Somalia,” 19 Africa Spectrum 19–28.Google Scholar

Fragile States Index, The Fund for Peace. Available: http://fragilestatesindex.org/.Google Scholar

Friedman, Lawrence M. 1993. Crime and Punishment in American History. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, Francis. 2012. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar

Fuller, Lon. 1964. The Morality of Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Gaffney, Frank Jr. 2020. “Beware the Other Pandemic: Sharia-supremacism.” Center for Security Policy, March 12. Available: https://bit.ly/2IAe7wp (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Gallab, Abdullahi A. 2018. Hasan al-Turabi, the Last of the Islamists: The Man and His Times, 1932–2016. London: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Ganzglass, Martin R. 1967. “A Common Lawyer Looks at an Uncommon Legal Experience,” 53(9) American Bar Association Journal: 815–818.Google Scholar

Ganzglass, Martin R. 1971. The Penal Code of the Somali Democratic Republic, with Cases, Commentary, and Examples. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Gardner, Judith and El-Bushra, Judy, eds. 2004. Somalia – The Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Gettleman, Jeffrey. 2006. “Islamists Calm Somali Capital with Restraint,” New York Times, September 24. Available: https://nyti.ms/3pxX3Xu (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Ghai, Yash. 1993. “Asian Perspectives on Human Rights,” 23(3) Hong Kong Law Journal: 342–357.Google Scholar

Ghani, Ashraf and Lockhart, Clare. 2008. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Giunchi, Elisa. 2010. “The Reinvention of ‘Shari‘a’ under the British Raj: In Search of Authenticity and Certainty,” 69(4) The Journal of Asian Studies: 1119–1142.Google Scholar

Glenn, H. Patrick. 2006. “Comparative Legal Families and Comparative Legal Traditions,” in Reimann, Mathias and Zimmerman, Reinhard, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 421–440.Google Scholar

Goldziher, Ignác. 1981. Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, trans. Andras Hamori and Ruth Hamori (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, originally published as Vorlesungen über den Islam, Heidelberg, 1910).Google Scholar

Gowder, Paul. 2016. The Rule of Law in the Real World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gray, Biko Mandela. 2019. “Religion in/and Black Lives Matter: Celebrating the Impossible,” 13(1) Religion Compass: 1–9.Google Scholar

Green, Nile. 2017. “Introduction,” in Green, Nile, ed., Afghanistan’s Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2017, pp. 1–40.Google Scholar

Gupta, Akhil. 2012. Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence, and Poverty in India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Hagan, John. 2003. Justice in the Balkans: Prosecuting War Crimes in the Hague Tribunal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael B. 2009a. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael B. 2009b. Sharıˉʿa: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael B. 2012. The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity’s Moral Predicament. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, Terence C. 2011. “The Conscience of Society? The Legal Complex, Religion, and the Fates of Political Liberalism,” in Cummings, Scott L., ed., The Paradox of Professionalism: Lawyers and the Possibility of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–67.Google Scholar

Hammond, Laura. 2011. “Obliged to Give: Remittances and the Maintenance of Transnational Networks Between Somalis at Home and Abroad,” 10 Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 125–151.Google Scholar

Hansen, Stig Jarle. 2013. Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005–2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hansen, Thomas Blom. 1999. The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Harding, Andrew. 2016. The Mayor of Mogadishu: A Story of Chaos and Redemption in the Ruins of Somalia. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Harper, Erica, ed. 2011. Working with Customary Justice: Post-Conflict and Fragile States. Rome: IDLO-International Development Law Organization.Google Scholar

Harper, Mary. 2012. Getting Somalia Wrong? Faith, War, and Hope in a Shattered State. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Harper, Mary 2019. Everything You Have Told Me Is True: The Many Faces of Al Shabaab. London: Hurst.Google Scholar

Hashim, Abdulkadir. 2012. “Shaping of the Sharia Courts: British Policies on Transforming the Kadhi Courts in Colonial Zanzibar,” 38(3) Social Dynamics: 381–397.Google Scholar

Hassan, H. 1957. Intishar al-Islam wa-al-Urubah Fima yali al-Sahra al-Kubra Sharq al-Qarra al-Ifriqiyyah wa-Gharbiha. Cairo: Matba-at Lujnat al-Bayan al-Arabi.Google Scholar

Hay, Douglas. 1975. “Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law,” in Hay, D., Linebaugh, P., Rule, J. G., Thompson, E. P., and Winslow, C., eds., Albion’s Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth Century England. New York: Pantheon Press, pp. 17–64.Google Scholar

Hefner, Robert, ed. 2016. Shari‘a Law and Modern Muslim Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

“Help Thousands Displaced, Civil Society Urges Aid Agencies,” United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) News, April 18, 2007. Available: https://bit.ly/3o3UUme (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Hernandez, Wil. 2006. Henri Nouwen: A Spirituality of Imperfection. New York: Paulist Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Hess, Robert. 1966. Italian Colonialism in Somalia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hirschl, Ran and Shachar, Ayelet. 2018. “Competing Orders? The Challenge of Religion to Modern Constitutionalism.” 85 The University of Chicago Law Review: 425–455.Google Scholar

Hoehne, Markus V. and Luling, Virginia, eds. 2010. Peace and Milk, Drought and War: Somali Culture, Society, and Politics (Essays in Honour of I. M. Lewis). London: Hurst Publishers.Google Scholar

Horwitz, Morton J. 1977. “The Rule of Law: An Unqualified Human Good?” 86 Yale Law Journal 561–66.Google Scholar

Huband, Mark. 1998. Warriors of the Prophet: The Struggle for Islam. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

“Human Rights Brief: Women in Somalia,” Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 1 April 1994. Available: https://bit.ly/2WY0pqz (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman. 2015. Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hurst, William. 2018. Ruling Before the Law: The Politics of Legal Regimes in China and Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hussin, Iza. 2016. The Politics of Islamic Law: Local Elites, Colonial Authority, and the Making of the Muslim State. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ibrahim, Huawa. 2012. Practicing Shariah Law: Seven Strategies for Achieving Justice in Shariah Courts. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association Book Publishing.Google Scholar

Ibrahim, Mohamed. 2013. “Coordinated Blasts Kill At Least 20 in Somalia’s Capital,” New York Times, April 14. Available: https://nyti.ms/3gzA3Eq.Google Scholar

Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. 2016. “‘We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us’: The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia,” 9 (3)African Security 237–258.Google Scholar

“Integration of the Laws in the Somali Republic: Report on the Work of the Consultative Commission for Integration from its Inception Until 31st March, 1964,” 1964. 8(2)Journal of African Law 56–58.Google Scholar

International Crisis Group. 2003. Somaliland: Democratisation and its Discontents. Africa Report No. 66. Nairobi/Brussels: ICG.Google Scholar

International Crisis Group. 2006. “Can the Somali Crisis Be Contained?” Crisis Group Africa Report No. 116. Nairobi/Brussels: ICG.Google Scholar

Ismail, Ismail Ali. 2010. Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia. Vancouver: Trafford Publishing.Google Scholar

Jama, Mohamed. 1963. “A History of the Somal,” Unpublished paper from Mogadishu, Somalia. SOAS University of London, L.VH 967.73, 218.869.Google Scholar

James, George. 1995. “Somalia’s Overthrown Dictator, Mohammed Siad Barre, Is Dead,” New York Times, January 3. Available: https://nyti.ms/340t8z1 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Jamestown Foundation. 2016. “Al-Shabaab Aims for ‘Hearts and Minds’ With Establishment of Islamic Police Force,” August 19. Vol. 14, Issue 17. Available: https://bit.ly/3rLJHZY (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Jaynes, Gregory. 1980. “In Somalia, Every Day’s an Emergency,” New York Times, November 3.Google Scholar

Judge, Rajbir Singh. 2020. “Mind the Gap: Islam, Secularism, and the Law,” 29 (1) Qui Parle: 179–202.Google Scholar

Kakwenzire, Patrick Kitaburaza. 1976. “Colonial Rule in the British Somaliland Protectorate, 1905–1939.” Ph.D. thesis, University of London.Google Scholar

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. 2005. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society.Google Scholar

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. 2008. Shari‘ah Law: An Introduction. London: Oneworld Publications.Google Scholar

Kang’atta, Elizabeth, Fowler, Christine, Farah, Abdisalam, Mohamed, Abdullahi Yusuf, and Kioko, Magdalene Wanza. 2015. “Access to Justice Project: C.2 Project Annual Report, 2014,” United Nations Development Programme Somalia.Google Scholar

Kaplan, Irving, Dobert, Margarita K., McLaughlin, James L., Barbara Marvin, H. Roth, Mark, and Whitaker, Donald P.. 1977. Area Handbook for Somalia. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Kapteijns, Lidwien. 2004. “I. M. Lewis and Somali Clanship: A Critique,” 11 (1) Northeast African Studies: 1–23.Google Scholar

Kaufman, Michael T. 1978. “Somalia Announces Mobilization, Dispatch of Its Troops to Ogaden,” New York Times, February 12. Available: https://nyti.ms/3m2pzOV (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Kedar, Nir. 2018. “The Rule of Law in Israel,” 23(3) Israel Studies: 164–171.Google Scholar

Kenya Human Rights Institute. 2007. Interventionism and Human Rights in Somalia: Report of an Exploratory Forum on the Somalia Crisis. Nairobi: KHRI.Google Scholar

Khalid, Adeeb. 2014. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Khan, Maryam S. 2014. “Ethnic Federalism in Pakistan: Federal Design, Construction of Ethno-Linguistic Identity & Group Conflict,” 30 Harvard Journal of Racial and Ethnic Justice: 77–129.Google Scholar

Kleinfeld, Rachel. 2012. Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad: Next Generation Reform. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar

Kleinfeld, Rachel. 2018. A Savage Order: How the World’s Deadliest Countries Can Forge a Path to Security. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Kroncke, Jedidiah J. 2016. The Futility of Law and Development: China and the Dangers of Exporting American Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Krygier, Martin. 2011a. “Approaching the Rule of Law,” in Mason, Whit, ed., The Rule of Law in Afghanistan: Missing in Inaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Krygier, Martin. 2011b. “Four Puzzles About the Rule of Law: Why, What, Where? And Who Cares?” in Fleming, J. E., ed., Getting to the Rule of Law: Nomos No. 50. New York: New York University Press, pp. 64–104.Google Scholar

Krygier, Martin. 2016. “The Rule of Law between England and Sudan: Hay, Thompson, and Massoud,” 41(2) Law & Social Inquiry: 480–488.Google Scholar

Kuran, Timur. 2010. The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kurkchiyan, Marina and Kubal, Agnieszka. 2018. “Administerial Justice,” in Kurkchiyan, Marina and Kubal, Agnieszka, eds., A Sociology of Justice in Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Laitin, David. 1977a. Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Laitin, David. 1977b. “Revolutionary Change in Somalia.” 62 Middle East Research and Information Project Reports 6–18.Google Scholar

Laitin, David. 1982. “The Sharia Debate and the Origins of Nigeria’s Second Republic.” 20 (3) Journal of Modern African Studies: 411–430.Google Scholar

Lacey, Marc. 2006. “In Somalia, Islamic Militias Fight Culture Wars.” New York Times, June 19. Available: https://nyti.ms/3aXnYrW (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Lazarev, Egor. 2019. “Laws in Conflict: Legacies of War, Gender, and Legal Pluralism in Chechnya,” 71(4) World Politics: 667–709.Google Scholar

Le Sage, Andre. 2005. Stateless Justice in Somalia: Formal and Informal Rule of Law Initiatives. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.Google Scholar

Le Sage, Andre. 2010. “Somalia’s Endless Transition: Breaking the Deadlock,” Strategic Forum No. 257. Washington, DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University.Google Scholar

Lemons, Katherine. 2019. Divorcing Traditions: Islamic Marriage Law and the Making of Indian Secularism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Lev, Daniel. 1972. Islamic Courts in Indonesia: A Study in the Political Bases of Legal Institutions. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Levinson, Sanford and Balkin, Jack M.. 2011. “Morton Horwitz Wrestles with the Rule of Law,” in Hamilton, Daniel W. and Brophy, Alfred L., eds., Transformations in American Legal History II: Law, Ideology, and Morals – Essays in Honor of Morton J. Horwitz. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 483–500.Google Scholar

Lewis, I. M. 1958a. The Somali Lineage System and the Total Genealogy: A General Introduction to the Basic Principles of Somali Political Institutions (presented March 18, 1958, to the Royal Anthropological Institute). London: RAI Archives, MS 191.Google Scholar

Lewis, I. M. 1958b. “Modern Political Movements in Somaliland, Part I,” 28(3) Africa: Journal of the International African Institute: 244–261.Google Scholar

Lewis, I. M. 1998. Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-Based Society. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.Google Scholar

Lewis, I. M. 2003. A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. London: Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar

Lewis, I. M. 2004. “Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox,” 74 Africa: Journal of the International Africa Institute: 489–515.Google Scholar

Liberty: Magazine of the Somali National Movement. No. 1, Spring, January 9, 1986. Available: zc.9.b.1695, British Library, London.Google Scholar

Little, Peter D. 2003. Somalia: Economy without a State. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Lloyd, Vincent, ed. 2016. “Religion, Secularism, and Black Lives Matter.” The Immanent Frame. New York: Social Sciences Research Council. Available: https://bit.ly/34taQXB.Google Scholar

Lokaneeta, Jinee. 2011. Transnational Torture: Law, Violence, and State Power in the United States and India. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Lombardi, Clark. 2006. State Law as Islamic Law in Modern Egypt: The Incorporation of the Shari‘a into Egyptian Constitutional Law. Leiden: Brill Publishers.Google Scholar

Lynch, Cecelia M. 2020. Wrestling with God: Ethical Precarity in Christianity and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mahmood, Saba. 2005. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Mahmood, Saba. 2015. Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Maine, Henry Sumner. 1861. Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Manuel, Marcus, Faure, Raphaelle, and Mansour-Ille, Dina. 2017. Somalia: Country Evaluation Brief. Chr. Michelson Institute, Overseas Development Institute and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. Oslo: NORAD.Google Scholar

March, Andrew. 2009. Islam and Liberal Citizenship: The Search for an Overlapping Consensus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

March, Andrew. 2015. “What Can the Islamic Past Teach Us About Secular Modernity?” 43 Political Theory: 838–849.Google Scholar

Marchal, Roland. 2004. “Islamic Political Dynamics in the Somali Civil War,” in de Waal, Alex, ed., Islamism and its Enemies in the Horn of Africa. London: Hurst, 114–145.Google Scholar

Marotta, Girolamo. 1974. “The Active Functions of Judges,” 9 Somali National Reports to the 9th International Congress of Comparative Law: 15–23.Google Scholar

Marr, Kendra. 2011. “Santorum: Sharia ‘is evil’.” Politico, March 11. Available: https://politi.co/3a4X9l8 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Marshall, David, ed., 2014. The International Rule of Law Movement: A Crisis of Legitimacy and the Way Forward. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Maru, Mehari Taddele. 2008. “The Future of Somalia’s Legal System and Its Contribution to Peace and Development,” 4(1) Journal of Peacebuilding and Development: 1–15.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2006. “Rights in a Failed State: Internally Displaced Women in Sudan and Their Lawyers,” 21 Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice: 2–12.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2011. “Do Victims of War Need International Law? Human Rights Education Programs in Authoritarian Sudan,” 45(1) Law & Society Review: 1–32.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2013a. Law’s Fragile State: Colonial, Authoritarian, and Humanitarian Legacies in Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2013b. “Legal Poverty and the Rule of Law in Strife-Torn States,” 34(2)Whittier Law Review: 245–259.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2015. “Work Rules: How International NGOs Build Law in War-Torn Societies,” 49(2) Law & Society Review: 333–364.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2016a. “The Politics of Islamic Law and Human Rights: Sudan’s Rival Legal Systems,” in Klug, Heinz and Merry, Sally Engle, eds., The New Legal Realism, Volume 2: Studying Law Globally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–112.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2016b. “Ideals and Practices in the Rule of Law,” 41(2) Law & Social Inquiry: 489–501.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2016c. “Field Research on Law in Conflict Zones and Authoritarian States,” 12 Annual Review of Law and Social Science: 85–106.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2018a. “How an Islamic State Rejected Islamic Law,” 66 American Journal of Comparative Law: 579–602.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi. 2018b. “Reflections on the Future of Global Legal Studies,” 25(2) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies: 569–581.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi and Moore, Kathleen M.. 2015. “Rethinking Shari’a: Voices of Islam in California,” 5(4) Boom: A Journal of California: 94–99.Google Scholar

Massoud, Mark Fathi and Moore, Kathleen M.. 2020. “Shari‘a Consciousness: Law and Lived Religion Among California Muslims,” 45(3) Law & Social Inquiry: 787–817.Google Scholar

McCann, Michael. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

McCants, William. 2015. The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

McGranahan, Carole. 2014. “What Is Ethnography? Teaching Ethnographic Sensibilities without Fieldwork,” 4 Teaching Anthropology: 23–36.Google Scholar

Médecins Sans Frontières. 2013. Somalia 1991–1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN “Military-Humanitarian” Intervention. Nairobi: Médecins Sans Frontières. Available: https://bit.ly/34bEZtY (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Meierhenrich, Jens. 2008. The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Meierhenrich, Jens. 2014. “The Practice of International Law: A Theoretical Analysis,” 76(3–4) Law and Contemporary Problems: 1–83.Google Scholar

Meierhenrich, Jens. 2018. The Remnants of the Rechsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mendes-Flohr, Paul. 2019. Martin Buber: A Life of Faith and Dissent. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken and Prendergast, John. 1995. “Governance and Economic Survival in Post-intervention Somalia,” 172 CSIS Africa Note 1–10.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken. 2002. “Political Islam in Somalia,” 9(1) Middle East Policy: 109–123. Available: https://bit.ly/384m9HU.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken. 2003. “State Collapse in Somalia: Second Thoughts,” 97 Review of African Political Economy: 405–422.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken. 2004. Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken. 2007a. “Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping,” 31(3) International Security: 74–106.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken. 2007b. “There and Back Again in Somalia,” Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), February 11. Available: https://bit.ly/37ZU5VQ (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Messick, Brinkley. 1993. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Middleton, Roger. 2008. Piracy in Somalia: Threatening Global Trade, Feeding Local Wars. London: Chatham House.Google Scholar

Millman, Brock. 2014. British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920–1960. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ministry of Information and National Guidance. 1975. Somalia Today. Mogadishu: Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic.Google Scholar

Ministry of Planning and Coordination. 1967. Somalia in Figures. Mogadishu: Ministry of Planning and Coordination, Somali Republic. Available at British Library, London, C.S.C. 179/10. (2.).Google Scholar

Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. 1999. Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Miyazaki, Hirokazu. 2004. The Method of Hope: Anthropology, Philosophy, and Fijian Knowledge. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Mohamed, A. Ibrahim (Qoorcade). 2009. A Nation in Tatters: Somalia (Qaran Dumay). Liverpool: Somali Education Trust.Google Scholar

Mohamed, Omar Osman. 1976. Administrative Efficiency and Administrative Language in Somalia. Mogadishu: Somali Institute of Development, Administration, and Management.Google Scholar

Moustafa, Tamir. 2007. The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Moustafa, Tamir. 2013. “Islamic Law, Women’s Rights, and Popular Legal Consciousness in Malaysia,” 38(1) Law & Social Inquiry: 168–188.Google Scholar

Moustafa, Tamir. 2018. Constituting Religion: Islam, Liberal Rights, and the Malaysian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Muhammad, Hassan Nur, Sheikh Ali, Azman, Muhammad Danial, and Rogers, Roy Anthony. 2017. “Before Things Fall Apart: The Role of the Soviet Union in Somalia’s Troubled Past (1969–1978),” 25(2) Intellectual Discourse: 409–427.Google Scholar

Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji. 1995. “Islam in Somali History: Fact and Fiction,” in Ahmed, Ali Jimale, ed., The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar

Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Oxford: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar

Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji. 2007. “Somali Reconciliation Conferences: The Unbeaten Track,” in Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souaré, Issaka K., eds., Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives in Reconstituting a Failed State. London: Adonis & Abbey, pp. 123–130.Google Scholar

Munger, Frank. 2015. “Thailand’s Cause Lawyers and Twenty-First-Century Military Coups: Nation, Identity, and Conflicting Visions of the Rule of Law,” 2(2) Asian Journal of Law and Society: 301–22.Google Scholar

Mustafa, Zaki. 1971. The Common Law in the Sudan: An Account of the “Justice, Equity, and Good Conscience” Provision. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Mutua, Makau. 2002. Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo. 2010. “The Union of Islamic Courts and Security Governance in Somalia,” 19(1) African Security Review: 88–94.Google Scholar

Myers, David N., ed. 2018. The Eternal Dissident: Rabbi Leonard I. Beerman and the Radical Imperative to Think and Act. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Nader, Laura. 2005. The Life of the Law: Anthropological Projects. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Nasr, Octavia. “Tape: Bin Laden Tells Sunnis to Fight Shiites in Iraq,” CNN, July 2, 2006. Available: https://cnn.it/3o3VCjo (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Noonan, John T. [1976] 2002. Persons and Masks of the Law: Cardozo, Holmes, Jefferson, and Wythe as Makers of the Masks. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Noor Muhammad, Haji N. A. 1969. The Development of the Constitution of the Somali Republic. Mogadishu: Ministry of Grace and Justice, Government of the Somali Republic.Google Scholar

Noor Muhammad, Haji N. A. 1972. The Legal System of the Somali Democratic Republic. Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Company.Google Scholar

North, Charles M., Orman, Wafa Hakim, and Gwin, Carl R.. 2013. “Religion, Corruption, and the Rule of Law,” 45(5) Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking: 757–779.Google Scholar

Nouwen, Henri. 1979. The Wounded Healer: Ministry in Contemporary Society. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Nouwen, Sarah. 2014. “‘As You Set Out for Ithaka’: Practical, Epistemological, Ethical, and Existential Questions about Socio-Legal Empirical Research in Conflict,” 27(1) Leiden Journal of International Law: 227–260.Google Scholar

Odabare, Ebenezer. 2018. Pentecostal Republic: Religion and the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Orr, Deborah. 2013. “For Human Rights to Flourish, Religious Rights Have to Come Second,” Guardian, December 27. Available: https://bit.ly/37hVmHG (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Osanloo, Arzoo. 2009. The Politics of Women’s Rights in Iran. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Osman, Abdulahi A. 2007. “The Somali Conflict and the Role of Inequality, Tribalism and Clanism,” in Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souaré, Issaka K., eds., Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives in Reconstituting a Failed State. London: Adonis & Abbey, pp. 83–109.Google Scholar

Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souaré, Issaka K.. 2007. “Introduction,” in Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souaré, Issaka K., eds., Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives in Reconstituting a Failed State. London: Adonis & Abbey, pp. 7–22.Google Scholar

Payton, Matt. 2016. “Japan’s Top Court Has Approved the Blanket Surveillance of the Country’s Muslims,” Independent. June 29. Available: https://bit.ly/3aaTFgQ (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Peletz, Michael G. 2002. Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Peletz, Michael G. 2020. Sharia Transformations: Cultural Politics and the Rebranding of an Islamic Judiciary. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Pelton, Robert Young. 2012. “Puntland Marine Police Force Enter Eyl: Force Welcomed by Mayor and Locals but not by UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group,” Somalia Report, March 2. Available: https://bit.ly/2K2DLdT (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Peskin, Victor. 2008. International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans: Virtual Trials and the Struggle for State Cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal. 1990. The Evolution of Fiqh (Islamic Law and the Madh-habs). Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House.Google Scholar

Piazza, Giovanni. 1909. “La Regione di Brava nel Benadir,” Bollettino della Societa’Italiana di Esplorazioni Geografiche e Commerciali, Fasc. I & II 7–29.Google Scholar

Pierucci, Antônio Flávio. 2000. “Secularization in Max Weber: On Current Usefulness of Re-Accessing that Old Meaning.” Special Issue No. 1 Brazilian Review of Social Sciences 129–158 (trans. Roderick Steel), published originally in 13(37) Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais (1998): 43–73.Google Scholar

Platteau, Jean-Philippe. 2017. Islam Instrumentalized: Religion and Politics in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Powell, Benjamin, Ford, Ryan, and Nowrasteh, Alex. 2008. “Somalia after State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?” 67(3–4) Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization: 657–670.Google Scholar

“Profile: Somalia’s Islamic Courts,” BBC News, June 6, 2006. Available: https://bbc.in/3aW6xb3 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Prunier, Gérard. 1995. Somalia: Civil War, Intervention and Withdrawal, 1990–1995. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.Google Scholar

Quraishi-Landes, Asifa. 2008. “Who Says Shari‘a Demands the Stoning of Women? A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism,” 1(1)Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law: 163–178.Google Scholar

Quraishi-Landes, Asifa 2013. “Secular Is Not Always Better: A Closer Look at Some Women-Empowering Features of Islamic Law,” Policy Brief No. 61. Washington, DC: Institute for Social Policy and Understanding.Google Scholar

Rabb, Intisar A. 2015. Doubt in Islamic Law: A History of Legal Maxims, Interpretation, and Islamic Criminal Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rajah, Jothie. 2012. Authoritarian Rule of Law: Legislation, Discourse, and Legitimacy in Singapore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ramet, Pedro, ed. 1989. Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Redding, Jeffrey A. A Secular Need: Islamic Law and State Governance in Contemporary India. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

“Refounding Somalia: Constitution and Islam,” Pambazuka News, May 3, 2012. Available: https://bit.ly/3qVM5N5 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Reinhart, A. Kevin. 1983. “Islamic Law as Islamic Ethics,” 11(2) Journal of Religious Ethics: 186–203.Google Scholar

Religious Literacy Project. 2020. The Islamic Courts Union. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Divinity School. Available: https://bit.ly/3aWsFlz (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Rosen, Lawrence. 2018. Islam and the Rule of Justice: Image and Reality in Muslim Law and Culture. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, Gerald N. 2008. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rowen, Jamie. 2017. Searching for Truth in the Transitional Justice Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rubin, Lawrence. 2014. Islam in the Balance: Ideational Threats in Arab Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Rýdlová, Barbora. 2007. “Civil War in Somalia – A Colonial Legacy?” Research report. Charles University: Institute of Political Studies.Google Scholar

Sachs, Jeffrey Adam. 2018. “Seeing Like an Islamic State: Shari‘a and Political Power in Sudan,” 52(3) Law & Society Review: 630–651.Google Scholar

Salem, Ola and Hassan, Hassan. 2019. “Arab Regimes Are the World’s Most Powerful Islamophobes,” Foreign Policy. Available: https://bit.ly/2LAaAzk (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Salomon, Noah. 2016. For Love of the Prophet: An Ethnography of Sudan’s Islamic State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Samatar, Ahmed. 1994. “The Curse of Allah: Civic Disembowelment and the Collapse of the State in Somalia,” in Samatar, Ahmed, ed., The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers.Google Scholar

Samatar, Said. 1982. Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayid Mahammad ‘Abdille Hasan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sanjian, Gregory. 1999. “Promoting Stability or Instability? Arms Transfers and Regional Rivalries,” 43(4) International Studies Quarterly: 641–670.Google Scholar

Santoro, Lara. 1999. “Islamic Clerics Combat Lawlessness in Somalia,” Christian Science Monitor, July 13.Google Scholar

Scham, Paul. 2018. “‘A Nation that Dwells Alone’: Israeli Religious Nationalism in the 21st Century,” 23(3) Israel Studies: 207–215.Google Scholar

Schonthal, Benjamin, Moustafa, Tamir, Nelson, Matthew, and Shankar, Shylashri. 2015. “Is the Rule of Law an Antidote for Religious Tension? The Promise and Peril of Judicializing Religious Freedom,” 60 (8) American Behavioral Scientist 966–986.Google Scholar

Schonthal, Benjamin. 2016. Buddhism, Politics and the Limits of Law: The Pyrrhic Constitutionalism of Sri Lanka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Selznick, Philip. 2008. A Humanist Science: Values and Ideals in Social Inquiry. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Shahar, Ido. 2008. “Legal Pluralism and the Study of Shari‘a Courts,” 15 Islamic Law and Society: 112–141.Google Scholar

Shank, Michael. 2007. “Understanding Political Islam in Somalia,” 1(1)Contemporary Islam: 89–103.Google Scholar

Shanmugasundaram, Swathi. 2018. “Anti-Sharia Law Bills in the United States,” Southern Poverty Law Center, February 5. Available: https://bit.ly/3qV1vkB (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Sharkey, Heather J. 1994. “Ahmad Zayni Dahlan’s Al-Futuhat Al-Islamiyya: A Contemporary View of the Sudanese Mahdi,” 5 Sudanic Africa: 67–75.Google Scholar

Shay, Saul. 2017. Somalia between Jihad and Restoration. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Shelley, Fred M. 2015. Governments around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar

Shklar, Judith. 1964. Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Simons, Anna. 1996. Network of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Singh, Iqbal and Said, Mohamed Hassan. 1973. Commentary on the Criminal Procedure Code (Published under the Authority of the Ministry of Justice and Religion). Mogadishu: Wakaladda Madbacadda Qaraka – Xamar.Google Scholar

Slackman, Michael. 2008. “With a Word, Egyptians Leave It All to Fate,” New York Times, June 20. Available: https://nyti.ms/3huY93u (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Smith, David. 2018. “‘Are You Concerned by Sharia Law?’: Trump Canvasses Supporters for 2020.” Guardian, March 3. Available: https://bit.ly/3ai2DsC (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Smith, Nicholas Rush. 2019. Contradictions of Democracy: Vigilantism and Rights in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Smock, David R., ed. 2006. Religious Contributions to Peacemaking: When Religion Brings Peace, Not War, Peaceworks No. 55. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar

Snow, David A. and Benford, Robert D.. 1992. “Master Frames and Cycles of Protest,” in Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg, eds., Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 133–155.Google Scholar

Somali Delegation to the Third Session of the United Nations. 1949. “Memoranda and Petition from the Somali Peoples on the Future of ex-Italian Somaliland and the Unification of all Somali Territories under UN Trusteeship.”Google Scholar

Somali Institute for Public Administration. 1968. Perspectives on Somalia: Orientation Course for Foreign Experts Working in Somalia. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Institute of Public Administration.Google Scholar

“Somalia Calling: An Unlikely Success Story,” The Economist, December 20, 2005. Available: https://econ.st/2KQs3Dx (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

“Somalia: Escalation and Human Rights Abuses,” AfricaFocus, April 9, 2007. Available: https://bit.ly/2WY1ZJ1 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

“Somalia: Mogadishu Islamic Leaders Claim Victory Over Rivals,” United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) News, June 5, 2006. Available: https://bit.ly/3mpezLW (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

“Somalia: Puntland Court Sentences Al Shabaab Chief Godane and 11 Others to Death,” Garowe Online, February 27, 2013. Available: https://bit.ly/2Xc6zDT (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Somalia Police Force. “History.” Available: https://bit.ly/38IlD12 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

“Somaliland Legal Profession,” Somaliland Law. 2019. Available: https://bit.ly/34YeSai (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Souaré, Issaka K. 2007 . “Conclusions: Towards a Revived Somali State,” in Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souaré, Issaka K., eds., Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives in Reconstituting a Failed State. London: Adonis & Abbey, pp. 207–213.Google Scholar

Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC). 2016. Mapping Militant Organizations: Islamic Courts Union. Stanford, CA: CISAC.Google Scholar

“Statement by the Minister of Finance, H. E. Hagi Farah Ali Omar, on the Budget Estimates for Financial Year 1968.” Bollettino Ufficiale Della Repubblica Somalia, 1968.Google Scholar

Stern, Rachel E. 2013. Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stilt, Kristen. 2010. “Islam Is the Solution: Constitutional Visions of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood,” 46 Texas International Law Journal 74–108.Google Scholar

Stilt, Kristen. 2012. Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Stilt, Kristen. 2014. “Constitutional Islam: Genealogies, Transmissions and Meanings,” in Edwards, Brian T., ed., On the Ground: New Directions in Middle East and North African Studies. Doha: Akkadia Press.Google Scholar

Sudan Professionals Association. 2019. “Forces of Freedom and Change (FCC) Speech, on Signing the Agreement,” August 17. Available: https://bit.ly/3nkZbRI (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. 2018. The Impossibility of Religious Freedom, 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sunder, Madhavi. 2003. “Piercing the Veil,” 112 Yale Law Journal: 1399–1472.Google Scholar

Swart, Gerrie. 2007. “Somalia: A Failed State Governed by a Failed Government?” in Osman, Abdulahi A. and Souaré, Issaka K., eds., Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives in Reconstituting a Failed State. London: Adonis & Abbey, pp. 109–122.Google Scholar

Swidler, Ann. 2013. “African Affirmations: The Religion of Modernity and the Modernity of Religion,” 28(6) International Sociology: 680–696.Google Scholar

Sylvester, Gideon D. 2012. “Social Justice Lies at the Heart of the Jewish People,” Haaretz, June 30. Available: https://bit.ly/3r3vd7p (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Tanner, Henry. 1975. “Soviet Giving a Lift to Marxist Junta Trying to Pull Somalis Out of Poverty,” New York Times, July 15. Available: https://nyti.ms/37fB81c (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Taylor, Leonard Francis. 2020. Catholic Cosmopolitanism and Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thompson, E. P. 1975. Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Touval, Saadia. 1963. Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

“UN Ruling: Islamic Sharia Taboo in Human Rights Council Debates.” 2008. UN Watch. Available: https://bit.ly/3n4I85u (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

UNESCO. Public Education in Somalia. 1960. Geneva: UNESCO.Google Scholar

UNICEF and Academy for Peace and Development. 2002. Women’s Rights in Islam and Somali Culture.Google Scholar

United Kingdom Central Office of Information. Undated. “The Somaliland Protectorate.” London: UK Government Overseas Services.Google Scholar

United Nations Development Programme. 2005. “Quarterly Update – July 2005,” Report of UNDP Somalia. Available: https://bit.ly/3a8caT5 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

United Nations General Assembly. 2012. “World Leaders Adopt Declaration Reaffirming Rule of Law as Foundation for Building Equitable State Relations, Just Societies,” Sixty-seventh General Assembly, GA/11290. Available: https://bit.ly/3huArEL (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

United Nations Habitat. 2015. “Harmonization of the Legal Systems Resolving Land Disputes in Somaliland and Puntland: Report and Recommendations,” HS/007/16E.Google Scholar

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2012. “Addressing Impunity in Somalia,” April 13. Available: https://bit.ly/3a9CPPu (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

United Nations Security Council. 2006. “Security Council Approves African Protection, Training Mission in Somalia, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1725 (2006).” United Nations Security Council Press Release SC/8887, December 6. Available: https://bit.ly/3rCF9F7 (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

“U.S. Bans Contact with Islamist Leader in Somalia.” 2006. Reuters, June 26. Available: https://bit.ly/3gMfkNB (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

US Department of State. 2010. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

“US Troops to Help Somalia Fight al-Shabaab,” BBC News, April 14, 2017. Available: https://bbc.in/3pzS8FJ (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Vianello, Alessandra and Kassim, Mohamed M.. 2006. Servants of the Sharia: The Civil Register of the Qadis’ Court of Brava, 1893–1900, Vol. 1 and 2. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet. 1981. “Forum Shopping and Shopping Forums: Dispute Processing in a Minangkabau Village in West Sumatra,” 13(19) The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law: 117–159.Google Scholar

Wabala, Dominic. 2012. “East Africa: Al Qaeda Criticises Al Shabaab Over ‘Heinous and Anti-Islamic’ Activities,” STAR, September 7. Available: https://bit.ly/37YPRhk (accessed January 1, 2021).Google Scholar

Walker, Samuel. 1980. Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wedeen, Lisa. 1996. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Weldemichael, Awet Tewelde. 2019. Piracy in Somalia: Violence and Development in the Horn of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Williams, Paul D. 2018. Fighting for Peace in Somalia: A History and Analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM), 2007–2017. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Witte, Jr., John and Green, M. Christian, eds. 2012. Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wintersteen, A. H. 1890. “Christianity and the Common Law,” 29 American Law Register: 273–285.Google Scholar

Woldemariam, Michael. 2018. Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa: Rebellion and Its Discontents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Woodward, Peter. 1996. The Horn of Africa: State Politics and International Relations. New York: Tauris Academic Studies.Google Scholar

Zaki, Hind Ahmed. 2017. “Law, Culture, and Mobilization: Legal Pluralism and Women’s Access to Divorce in Egypt,” 14(1) Muslim World Journal of Human Rights: 1–25.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, Lisbeth. 2017. Global Norms with a Local Face: Rule-of-Law Promotion and Norm-Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar