Chapter 1 examines the problem of campus sexual assault in the United States. It critically discusses major recent studies that measure the incidence and prevalence of campus rape and sexual assault including the 2007 National Institute of Justice Study, the 2014 Bureau of Justice Statistics Study, the 2015 AAU Campus Climate Survey, the 2016 Campus Climate Validation Study, and the most recent 2019 Association of American Universities Study. The chapter then explains why, for a long time, the criminal justice system could not respond to what was happening on campus because it wasn’t a crime. It closes by discussing attempts at reform and explains why those have been largely unsuccessful at addressing campus rape.