The chapter explores the role of literacy and subsequently the role of a literate expert in the Roman state and society. It traces Roman education in general and scribal education in particular, analyses attitudes towards literacy and literate professionals, and outlines Roman literate practice. In a thorough review of extant sources, the chapter reconstructs Roman archival history and practice and highlights the appertaining material culture. It portrays the Roman scribae as guardians and administrators of this Roman documentary culture and exemplifies their public role as its experts.