On 7 April 1603, as James VI and I rode south to assume his English crown, he stopped at Berwick to proclaim that since ‘the pairt of baith the countreyes quhilk of late wes callit the Marchis and Bordouris’, is now ‘be the happie union … the verie hart of the countrey’; the former English and Scottish marches were to be rechristened the ‘Middle Shires’. In doing so, he was attempting to create a cross-border entity out of two regions that had a month previously been divided by a frontier between two independent sovereignties. To accomplish this, James was to write in 1604,

From 1605, a pacification of crime on both sides of the border was prosecuted with an unprecedented persistence. In late 1606, when progress was deemed slow, James’s loyal enforcer, George Home, earl of Dunbar, was appointed lieutenant to maintain the severity of the operation. For James, the pacification of the Middle Shires formed a central part of his Union project – a project that dominated the earlier years of his English reign.

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James dreamed of a ‘perfect Union’, but in 1603, union between England and Scotland was limited to that which existed in his kingship of both; a regal or dynastic union. He envisaged much more: a union of hearts and minds, cemented through the greater integration of the political and legal systems of the two ‘auld enemies’. The English and Scottish parliaments were called in the spring of 1604 to agree articles for negotiation by a union commission, and at James’s urgent behest, on 20 October 1604, commissioners from the two kingdoms met in London to draw up a plan for fuller union. In November 1606, these articles were presented to the English parliament and protracted and impassioned debates began. Against this background, the new Middle Shires were intended as an exemplar of Union to convince dubious English parliaments from 1604 to 1607 of its merits: the pacification of crime, cross-border co-operation, the harmonious ‘hart of the countrey’.