Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- General editor's preface
- Editorial notes and references
- Introduction
- Notes on text and translation
- Chronology
- Bibliography
- PARERGA AND PARALIPOMENA, VOLUME 2
- Contents
- Sporadic yet systematically ordered thoughts on multifarious topics
- Chapter 1 On philosophy and its method
- Chapter 2 On logic and dialectic
- Chapter 3 Some thoughts concerning the intellect in general and in every respect
- Chapter 4 Some observations on the antithesis of the thing in itself and appearance
- Chapter 5 Some words on pantheism
- Chapter 6 On philosophy and natural science
- Chapter 7 On colour theory
- Chapter 8 On ethics
- Chapter 9 On jurisprudence and politics
- Chapter 10 On the doctrine of the indestructibility of our true essence by death
- Chapter 11 Additional remarks on the doctrine of the nothingness of existence
- Chapter 12 Additional remarks on the doctrine of the suffering of the world
- Chapter 13 On suicide
- Chapter 14 Additional remarks on the doctrine of the affirmation and negation of the will to life
- Chapter 15 On religion
- Chapter 16 Some remarks on Sanskrit literature
- Chapter 17 Some archaeological observations
- Chapter 18 Some mythological observations
- Chapter 19 On the metaphysics of the beautiful and aesthetics
- Chapter 20 On judgement, criticism, approbation and fame
- Chapter 21 On learning and the learned
- Chapter 22 Thinking for oneself
- Chapter 23 On writing and style
- Chapter 24 On reading and books
- Chapter 25 On language and words
- Chapter 26 Psychological remarks
- Chapter 27 On women
- Chapter 28 On education
- Chapter 29 On physiognomy
- Chapter 30 On noise and sounds
- Chapter 31 Similes, parables and fables
- Some verses
- Versions of Schopenhauer's text
- Glossary of names
- Index
Chapter 2 - On logic and dialectic
from PARERGA AND PARALIPOMENA, VOLUME 2
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 November 2015
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- General editor's preface
- Editorial notes and references
- Introduction
- Notes on text and translation
- Chronology
- Bibliography
- PARERGA AND PARALIPOMENA, VOLUME 2
- Contents
- Sporadic yet systematically ordered thoughts on multifarious topics
- Chapter 1 On philosophy and its method
- Chapter 2 On logic and dialectic
- Chapter 3 Some thoughts concerning the intellect in general and in every respect
- Chapter 4 Some observations on the antithesis of the thing in itself and appearance
- Chapter 5 Some words on pantheism
- Chapter 6 On philosophy and natural science
- Chapter 7 On colour theory
- Chapter 8 On ethics
- Chapter 9 On jurisprudence and politics
- Chapter 10 On the doctrine of the indestructibility of our true essence by death
- Chapter 11 Additional remarks on the doctrine of the nothingness of existence
- Chapter 12 Additional remarks on the doctrine of the suffering of the world
- Chapter 13 On suicide
- Chapter 14 Additional remarks on the doctrine of the affirmation and negation of the will to life
- Chapter 15 On religion
- Chapter 16 Some remarks on Sanskrit literature
- Chapter 17 Some archaeological observations
- Chapter 18 Some mythological observations
- Chapter 19 On the metaphysics of the beautiful and aesthetics
- Chapter 20 On judgement, criticism, approbation and fame
- Chapter 21 On learning and the learned
- Chapter 22 Thinking for oneself
- Chapter 23 On writing and style
- Chapter 24 On reading and books
- Chapter 25 On language and words
- Chapter 26 Psychological remarks
- Chapter 27 On women
- Chapter 28 On education
- Chapter 29 On physiognomy
- Chapter 30 On noise and sounds
- Chapter 31 Similes, parables and fables
- Some verses
- Versions of Schopenhauer's text
- Glossary of names
- Index
Summary
§22
Every general truth is related to the special ones as gold is to silver, insofar as one can convert it into a considerable number of special truths that result from it, like a gold coin into small change. For example, that the entire life of plants is a deoxidation process, whereas an animal's is a process of oxidation; or that wherever an electric current circulates, a magnetic one immediately arises that cuts through it perpendicularly; or ‘no animal that does not breathe through a lung has a voice’ or ‘every fossilized animal belongs to an extinct species’; or ‘no egg laying animal has a diaphragm’ – these are general truths from which very many individual ones can be derived in order to use them for explaining phenomena that occur or even for anticipating them before they appear. The general truths are just as valuable in matters of morals and psychology; how golden is every general rule here too, every sentence of the kind, indeed, every proverb! For they are the quintessence of thousands of occurrences that repeat themselves each day and are illustrated by them through exemplification.
§23
An analytic judgement is merely a concept pulled apart; a synthetic judgement on the other hand is the formation of a new concept from two already present in different form in the intellect. But the combination of these must then be brought about and grounded by some kind of intuition; according to whether the latter is empirical or purely a priori, the judgement stemming from it will be synthetic a posteriori or a priori.
Every analytic judgement contains a tautology and every judgement without any tautology is synthetic. From this it follows that in communicating, analytic judgements are only to be used under the condition that the one who is addressed does not know the concept of the subject so completely, or have it as present to mind as the one who is speaking. – Furthermore, the synthetic nature of geometric propositions can be proven by the fact that they contain no tautology; this is not so apparent in arithmetic propositions, and yet it is the case.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Schopenhauer: Parerga and ParalipomenaShort Philosophical Essays, pp. 23 - 33Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2015
- 2
- Cited by