Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T20:43:06.373Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Play and Ritual: Forms, Foundations and Evolution in Animals and Humans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2017

Colin Renfrew
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Iain Morley
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Michael Boyd
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Akaike, H., 1973. Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle, in Second International Symposium on Information Theory, eds. Petrov, B. N. & Csaki, F.. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 267–81.Google Scholar
Antonacci, D., Norscia, L. & Palagi, E., 2010. Stranger to familiar: wild strepsirhines manage xenophobia by playing. PLoS One 5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013218.e13218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, C., Matthews, L. J. & Nunn, C. L., 2010. The 10k Trees website: a new online resource for primate phylogeny. Evolutionary Anthropology 19, 114–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auerbach, J. D., Kanarek, A. & Burghardt, G. M., 2015. To play or not to play? That’s a resource abundance question. Adaptive Behavior 23, 354–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. M., 1895. Mental Development in the Child and the Race. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. M., 1896. A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist 30, 441–51, 536–53.Google Scholar
Batnitzky, L., 2011. How Judaism Became a Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, P., 2011. Theories of play, in The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Play, ed. Pellegrini, A. D.. New York: Oxford University Press, 41–7.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, J. M., Jhwueng, D.-C., Boettiger, C. & O’Meara, B. C., 2012. Modeling stabilizing selection: expanding the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of adaptive evolution. Evolution 66, 2369–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, C., 2009a, org. 1992. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, C. 2009b, org. 1997. Ritual. Perspectives and Dimensions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bellah, R. N., 2011. Religion in Human Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. & Pierce, J., 2009. Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bering, J., 2011. The Belief Instinct. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Cardillo, M., Jones, K. E., MacPhee, R. D. E., Beck, R. M. D., Grenyer, R., Price, S. A., Vos, R. A., Gittleman, J. L. & Purvis, A., 2007. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446, 507–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P., 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. & Liénard, P., 2006. Why ritualized behavior? Precaution systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological, and cultural rituals. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, 156 (includes commentaries and responses).Google ScholarPubMed
Bulbia, J., Sosis, R., Harris, E., Genet, R., Genet, C. & Wyman, K. (eds.), 2008. The Evolution of Religion: Studies, Theories, & Critiques. Santa Margarita, CA: Collins Foundation Press.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 1973. Instinct and innate behavior: toward an ethological psychology, in The Study of Behavior: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Instinct, eds. Nevin, J. A. & Reynolds, G. S.. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 322400.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 1988. Precocity, play, and the ectotherm-endotherm transition: profound reorganization or superficial adaptation, in Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, Vol. 9, Developmental Psychobiology and Behavioral Ecology, ed. Blass, E. M.. New York: Plenum, 107–48.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 2005. The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 2010. The comparative reach of play and brain: perspective, evidence, and implications. American Journal of Play 2, 338–56.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 2011. Defining and recognizing play, in The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Play, ed. Pellegrini, A. D.. New York: Oxford University Press, 918.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 2013a. Play, animals, resources: the need for a rich (and challenging) comparative environment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, 5, 20–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burghardt, G. M., 2013b. The Janus faced nature of comparative psychology – strength or weakness? Evolutionary Psychology 11, 762–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burghardt, G. M., 2014a. A brief glimpse at the long evolutionary history of play. Animal Behavior and Cognition 1, 90–8.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 2015. Creativity, play, and the pace of evolution, in Animal Creativity and Innovation, eds. Kaufman, A. B. & Kaufman, J. C.. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 129–59.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. & Bowers, R. I., 2017. From instinct to behavior systems: an integrated approach to ethological psychology, in APA Handbook of Comparative Psychology: Vol 1. Basic Concepts, Methods, Neural Substrate, and Behavior, eds. J. Call, G. M. Burghardt, I. M. Pepperberg, C. T. Snowdon, & T. Zentall. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 333–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., Murphy, J. B., Chiszar, D. & Hutchins, M., 2009. Combating ophiophobia: origins, treatment, education and conservation tools. In Snakes: Ecology and Conservation, eds. Mullin, S. & Seigel, R.. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 262–80.Google Scholar
Burnham, K. P. & Anderson, D. R., 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Berlin: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., 2011. Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind, 4th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn, and Bacon.Google Scholar
Butler, M. A. & King, A. A., 2004. Phylogenetic comparative analysis: a modeling approach for adaptive evolution. American Naturalist 164, 683–95.Google ScholarPubMed
de Braak, H. van. 2013. Evolutionary Psychology. Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar
Charlesworth, J. H., 2010. The Good and Evil Serpent. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dinets, V. 2013. Crane dances as play behavior. Ibis 155, 424–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., 1999. Grundiss der Vergleichennden Verhaltensforschung. Munich: Piper.Google Scholar
Eilam, D., Zor, R., Szechtman, H. & Hermesh, H., 2006. Rituals, stereotypy, and compulsive behavior in animals and humans. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30, 456–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ernest, S. K. M., 2003. Life history characteristics of placental nonvolant mammals. Ecology 84, 3402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feierman, J. R. (ed.), 2009. The Biology of Religious Behavior: The Evolutionary Origins of Faith and Religion. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J., 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FitzJohn, R. G., Maddison, W. P. & Otto, S. P., 2009. Estimating trait-dependent speciation and extinction rates from incompletely resolved phylogenies. Systematic Biology 58, 595611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, S. A., 1995. Constraint, adaptation, and opportunism in the design of behavioral phenotypes. In Perspectives in Ethology: Behavioral Design (Volume 11, ed. Thompson, N. S.). New York: Plenum Press, 6181.Google Scholar
Frazer, J. G., 1890. The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion. 2 vol. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Graham, K. L. & Burghardt, G. M., 2010. Current perspectives on the biological study of play: signs of progress. Quarterly Review of Biology 85, 393418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groos, K., 1898. The Play of Animals (E. L. Baldwin, trans.). New York: Appleton.Google Scholar
Haldane, J. B. S., 1954. Introducing Douglas Spalding. British Journal of Animal Behaviour 2, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmon, L. J., Weir, J. T., Brock, C. D., Glor, R. E. & Challenger, W., 2008. GEIGER: investigating evolutionary radiations. Bioinformatics 24, 129–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinroth, O., 1911. Beiträge zur Biologie, namentlich Ethologie und Psychologie der Anatiden. Deutsche Ornithologische Gesellshaft 1910, 589702.Google Scholar
Henricks, T. S. 2015. Play and the Human Condition. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, R. W., Jr. & Williamson, W. P., 2008. Them that Believe: The Power and Meaning of the Christian Serpent-Handling Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, M. A., 1984. Stone-play of Macaca fuscata in Arashiyama B troop: transmission of a non-adaptive behaviour. Journal of Human Evolution 13, 725–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huizinga, J., 1955. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston, MA: Beacon.Google Scholar
Hurd, W., 1785. A New Universal History of the Religious Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs of the Whole World: Or, a Complete and Impartial View of all the Religions in the Various Nations of the Universe. London: Alexander Hogg.Google Scholar
Huxley, J. S., 1914. The courtship habits of the Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus); with an addition to the theory of sexual selection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 35, 491562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lande, R., 2009. Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, 1435–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, A., 1899. Myth, Ritual and Religion. 2 vol., new edition. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.Google Scholar
Lehner, P. N. 1996. Handbook of Ethological Methods, 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liebel, K. & Call, J., 2012. The origins of non-human primates’ manual gestures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367, 118–28.Google Scholar
Liénard, P. & Boyer, P., 2006. Whence collective rituals? A cultural selection model of ritualized behaviour. American Anthropologist 108, 814–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, K., 1974. Analogy as a source of knowledge. Science 185, 229–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, H. R., 1898. Instinct and Reason. London: Macmillan Co.Google Scholar
Matthews, J., 2011. Starting from Scratch: The Origin and Development of Expression, Representation and Symbolism in Human and Non-human Primates. London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
McCauley, R. N., 2011. Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D. L., 1970. Gods and Games: Toward a Theology of Play. New York: World Publishing.Google Scholar
Miller, J. H. & Page, S. E., 2007. Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Moczek, A. P., Sultan, S., Foster, S., Ledón-Rettig, C., Dworkin, I., Nijhout, H. F., Abouheit, E. & Pfennig, D. W., 2011. The role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary innovation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278 (1719), 2705–13.Google Scholar
Nunn, C. L., Altizer, S., Sechrest, W., Jones, K. E., Barton, R. A. & Gittleman, J. L., 2004. Parasites and the evolutionary diversification of primate clades. American Naturalist 164, S90S103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Meara, B. C., Ane, C., Sanderson, M. J. & Wainwright, P. C., 2006. Testing for different rates of continuous trait evolution using likelihood. Evolution 60, 922–33.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Meara, B. C., Graham, K. L., Pellis, S. M. & Burghardt, G. M., 2015. Evolutionary models for the retention of adult–adult social play in primates: the roles of diet and other factors associated with resource acquisition. Adaptive Behavior 23, 381–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagel, M., 1994. Detecting correlated evolution on phylogenies – a general-method for the comparative-analysis of discrete characters. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 255, 3745.Google Scholar
Pagel, M., 1997. Inferring evolutionary processes from phylogenies. Zoologica Scripta 26, 331–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palagi, E., Burghardt, G. M., Smuts, B., Cordoni, G., Dall’Olio, S., Fouts, H. N., Reháková-Petr˚u, M., Siviy, S. M. & Pellis, S. M., 2016. Rough-and-tumble play as a window on animal communication. Biological Reviews 91, 111–27. doi: 10.1111/brv.12172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panksepp, J., 1998. Affective Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panksepp, J. & Biven, L., 2012. The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pannenberg, W., 1985. Anthropology in Theological Perspective. Philadelphia, PA. Westminster Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellegrini, A. D., 2009. The Role of Play in Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellegrini, A.D. (ed.), 2011. The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Play. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pellis, S. M. & Iwaniuk, A. N., 2000. Adult–adult play in primates: comparative analyses of its origin, distribution and evolution. Ethology 106, 1083104.Google Scholar
Pellis, S. M. & Pellis, V. C., 2009. The Playful Brain. Venturing to the Limits of Neuroscience. Oxford: Oneworld Press.Google Scholar
Pruitt, J. N., Burghardt, G. M & Riechert, S. E., 2012. Nonconceptive sexual behaviour in spiders: a form of play associated with body condition, personality type, and male intrasexual selection. Ethology 118, 3340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyysiäinen, I., 2009. Supernatural Agents. Why We Believe in Souls, Gods, and Buddhas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Development Core Team, 2012. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Google Scholar
Riis, O. & Woodhead, L., 2012. A Sociology of Religious Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, L. J. & Kaplan, G., 2002. Songs, Roars, and Rituals. Communication in Birds, Mammals, and Other Animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, A., 1675. Panzebia or a View of all the Religions in the World (5th ed.). London: John Williams.Google Scholar
Rossano, M. J., 2010. Supernatural Selection. How Religion Evolved. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossano, M. J. 2012. The essential role of ritual in the transmission and reinforcement of social norms. Psychological Bulletin 138, 129–49.Google Scholar
Russell, N. & McGowan, K. J., 2002. Dances of the cranes: crane symbolism at Catalhöyük and beyond. Antiquities 77 (297), 445–55.Google Scholar
Sax, W. S., 1995. The Gods at Play. Līlā in South Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sax, W. S., Quack, J. & Weinhold, J. (eds.), 2010. The Problem of Ritual Efficacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schachner, A., Brady, T. F., Pepperberg, I. M. & Hauser, M. D., 2009. Spontaneous motor entrainment to music in multiple vocal mimicking species. Current Biology 19, 831–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schechner, R. 2013. Performance Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Seligman, A. B., Weller, R. P., Puett, M. J. & Simon, B., 2008. Ritual and its Consequences: An Essay on the Limits of Sincerity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. K., 2009. Children and Play. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack, J. C., Harmon, L. J & O’Meara, B. C., 2011. RBrownie: an R package for testing hypotheses about rates of evolutionary change. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2, 660–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, G. N., Nee, S. & Felsenstein, J. N., 2011. Controlling for non-independence in comparative analysis of patterns across populations within species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B – Biological Sciences 366, 1410–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Sutton-Smith, B., 1997. The Ambiguity of Play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Taglialatela, J. P., Reamer, L., Schapiro, S. J. & Hopkins, W. D., 2012. Social learning of a communicative signal in captive chimpanzees. Biology Letters 8, 498501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorpe, W. H., 1966. Ritualization in ontogeny: I. Animal play. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B – Biological Sciences 251 (772), 311–19.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Call, J., Warren, J., Frost, G. Y., Carpenter, M. & Nagell, K., 1997. The ontogeny of chimpanzee gestural signals: a comparison across groups and generations. Evolution of Communication 1, 223–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, V., 1982. From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play. New York: PAJ Publications.Google Scholar
Van de Vliert, E., 2013. Climato-economic habitats support patterns of human needs, stresses, and freedoms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (5), 157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, N., 2009. The Faith Instinct. How Religion Evolved and Why it Matters. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, E. G., Wrangham, R. W. & Boesch, C., 2001. Charting cultural variation in chimpanzees. Behaviour 138, 1481516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Auersperg, A. M. I., von Bayern, A. M. P., Gajdon, G. K., Huber, L. & Kacelnik, A. 2011. Flexibility in problem solving and tool use of kea and New Caledonian crows in a multi access box paradigm. PLoSone 6, e20231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auger, A. P. & Olesen, K. M. 2009. Brain sex differences and the organisation of juvenile social play behaviour. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 21, 519–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bateson, P. 1981. Discontinuities in development and changes in the organization of play in cats, eds Immelmann, K., Barlow, G. W., Petrinovich, L. & Main, M., Behavioral Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 281–95.Google Scholar
Bateson, P. 2011. Theories of play, ed. Pellegrini, A. D.. The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Play. New York: Oxford University Press, 41–7.Google Scholar
Bateson, P. 2014. Play, playfulness, creativity and innovation. Animal Behavior and Cognition 1, 99112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, P. & Martin, P. 2013. Play, Playfulness, Creativity and Innovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, P. & Nettle, D. 2014. Playfulness, ideas and creativity: a survey. Creativity Research Journal 26, 219–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, H. G. 1945. The relation of previous experience to insightful problem-solving. Journal of Comparative Psychology 38, 367–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, C. D. & Emery, N. J. 2009. Rooks use stones to raise the water level to reach a floating worm. Current Biology 19, 1410–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. 2005. The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, E. Z., Linklater, W. L., Stafford, K. J. & Minot, E. O. 2008. Maternal investment results in better foal condition through increased play behaviour in horses. Animal Behaviour 76, 1511–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheke, L. D., Bird, C. D. & Clayton, N. S. 2011. Tool-use and instrumental learning in the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius). Animal Cognition 14, 441–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1996. Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Einon, D. & Potegal, M. 1991. Enhanced defense in adult-rats deprived of playfighting experience as juveniles. Aggressive Behavior 17, 2740.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagen, R. 1981. Animal Play Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fagen, R. & Fagen, J. 2004. Juvenile survival and benefits of play behaviour in brown bears, Ursus arctos. Evolutionary Ecology Research 6, 89102.Google Scholar
Fagen, R. & Fagen, J. 2009. Play behaviour and multi-year juvenile survival in free-ranging brown bears, Ursus arctos. Evolutionary Ecology Research 11, 115.Google Scholar
Fertl, D. & Wilson, B. 1997. Bubble use during prey capture by a lone bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 23, 113–14.Google Scholar
Gomendio, M. 1988. The development of different types of play in gazelles: implications for the nature and functions of play. Animal Behaviour 36, 825–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graves, P. L. 1976. Nutrition, infant behavior, and maternal characteristics: a pilot study in West Bengal, India. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 305–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guilford, J. P. 1956. Structure of intellect. Psychological Bulletin 53, 267–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harcourt, R. 1991. Survivorship costs of play in the South American fur seal. Animal Behaviour 42, 509–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausberger, M., Fureix, C., Bourjade, M., Wessel-Robert, S. & Richard-Yris, M.-A. 2012. On the significance of adult play: what does social play tell us about adult horse welfare? Naturwissenschaften 99, 291302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Held, S. D. E. & Spinka, M. 2011. Animal play and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour 81, 891–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, L., Rechberger, S. & Taborsky, M. 2001. Social learning affects object exploration and manipulation in keas, Nestor notabilis. Animal Behaviour 62, 945–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, A. P. & Einon, D. F. 1981. Play as a reinforcer for maze-learning in juvenile rats. Animal Behaviour 29, 259–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, G. R. 1996. Manufacture and use of hook-tools by New Caledonian crows. Nature 379, 249–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M. B. 1999. Effects of confinement on rebounds of locomotor behaviour of calves and heifers, and the spatial preferences of calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62, 4356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahlenberg, S. M. & Wrangham, R. W. 2010. Sex differences in chimpanzees’ use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children. Current Biology 20, R1067–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köhler, W. 1925. The Mentality of Apes. London: Paul, Trench & Trubner.Google Scholar
Kuczaj, S. A., Makecha, R., Trone, M., Paulos, R. D. & Ramos, J. A. A. 2006. Role of peers in cultural innovation and cultural transmission: evidence from the play of dolphin calves. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 19, 223–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. 2005. The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin 131, 803–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, A. & Dawkins, M. S. 2012. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. 6th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, P. & Caro, T. M. 1985. On the functions of play and its role in behavioral development. Advances in the Study of Behavior 15, 59103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meaney, M. J. & Stewart, J. 1985. Sex differences in social play: the socialization of sex roles. Advances in the Study of Behavior 15, 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendl, M. 1988. The effects of litter-size variation on the development of play-behaviour in the domestic cat – litters of one and two. Animal Behaviour 36, 2034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milteer, R. M. & Ginsburg, K. R. 2012. The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent–child bond: focus on children in poverty. Pediatrics 129, e204–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nettle, D. 2007. Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panksepp, J. 1998. Affective Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellegrini, A. D. 2009. The Role of Play in Human Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Power, T. G. 2000. Play and Exploration in Children and Animals. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Pruitt, J. N., Burghardt, G. M. & Riechert, S. E. 2012. Non-conceptive sexual behavior in spiders: a form of play associated with body condition, personality type, and male intrasexual selection. Ethology 118, 3340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pryor, K. W., Haag, R. & O’Reilly, J. 1969. The creative porpoise: training for novel behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12, 653–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sessa, B. 2008. Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? Journal of Psychopharmacology 22, 821–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpe, L. L., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Brotherton, P. N. M., Cameron, E. Z. & Cherry, M. I. 2002. Experimental provisioning increases play in free-ranging meerkats. Animal Behaviour 64, 113–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. 2010. Cognition, Evolution and Behavior 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sigman, M., Neumann, C., Baksh, M., Bwibo, N. & McDonald, M. A. 1989. Relationship between nutrition and development in Kenyan toddlers. Journal of Pediatrics 115, 357–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, P. K. 2010. Children and Play. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sutton-Smith, B. 1997. The Ambiguity of Play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P. 1972. Predictive validity of Torrance tests of creative thinking. Journal of Creative Behavior 6, 236–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, J. 1968. The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
West, M. 1974. Social play in the cat. American Zoologist 14, 427–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiley, D., Ware, C., Bocconcelli, A., Cholewiak, D., Friedlaender, A., Thompson, M. et al. 2011. Underwater components of humpback whale bubble-net feeding behaviour. Behaviour 148, 575602.Google Scholar

References

Alexander, R. D. 1989. Evolution of the human psyche, in The Human Revolution, eds. Mellars, P. & Stringer, C.. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 455513.Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. & Allen, C. 1998. Intentional communication and social play: how and why animals negotiate and agree to play, in Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives, eds. Bekoff, M. & Byers, J. A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 97114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blurton Jones, N. G. 1993. The lives of hunter-gatherer children: Effects of parental behavior and parental reproductive strategy, in Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, eds. M. E. Pereira and L. A. Fairbanks. New York: Oxford University Press, 309–25.Google Scholar
Breuggeman, J. A. 1978. The function of adult play in free-ranging Macaca mulatto, in Social Play in Primates, ed. Smith, E. O.. New York: Academic Press, 169–91.Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. 1986. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carruthers, P. 2002. Human creativity: its cognitive basis, its evolution, and its connection with childhood pretence. British Journal of the Philosophy of Science, 53, 225–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christie, J. F. & Roskos, K. A. 2006. Standards, science, and the role of play in early literacy education, in Play=Learning, eds. Singer, D., Golinkoff, R. & Hirsh-Pasek, K.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5773.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. 1989. Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, S. 2005. The narrative worlds of what is and what if. Cognitive Development, 20, 514–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, G. G. 1975. A transformational analysis of pretending. Developmental Psychology, 11, 291–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenson, L., Kagan, J., Kearsley, R. B. & Zelazo, P. 1972. The developmental progression of manipulative play in the first two years. Child Development, 47, 232–5.Google Scholar
Gaskins, S. 1999. Children’s lives in a Mayan village: a case of culturally constructed roles and activities, in Children’s Engagement in the World: Sociocultural Perspectives, ed. Göncü, A.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2561.Google Scholar
Gaskins, S., Haight, W. & Lancy, D. F. 2007. The cultural construction of play, in Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural and Functional Perspectives, eds. Göncü, A. & Gaskins, S.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 179202.Google Scholar
Gómez, J. C. & Martín-Andrade, B. 2005. Fantasy play in apes, in The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans, eds. Pellegrini, A. D. & Smith, P. K.. New York: Guilford, 139–72.Google Scholar
Göncü, , Patt, A., , M. B. & Kouba, E. 2002. Understanding young children’s pretend play in context, in Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development, eds. Smith, P. K. & Hart, C. H.. Oxford: Blackwell, 418–37.Google Scholar
Göncü, A. & Perone, A. 2005. Pretend play as a life-span activity. Topoi, 24, 137–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosso, Y., Otta, E., Morais, M. L. S., Ribeiro, F. J. L. & Bussab, V. S. R. 2005. Play in hunter-gatherer society, in The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans, eds. Pellegrini, A. D. & Smith, P. K.. New York: Guilford, 213–53.Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M. 1983. How children become friends. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48 no 3; serial no 201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haight, W. L. & Miller, P. J. 1993. Pretending at Home: Early Development in a Sociocultural Context. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. 1994. Understanding pretense, in Children’s Early Understanding of Mind, eds. Lewis, C. & Mitchell, P.. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum, 235–9.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. 2000. The Work of the Imagination. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. 2007. Hard work for the imagination, in Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural and Functional Perspectives, eds. Göncü, A. & Gaskins, S.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 205–25.Google Scholar
Hayes, C. H. 1951. The Ape in our House. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Holland, P. 2003. We Don’t Play with Guns here. Philadelphia. PA: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Howes, C. & Matheson, C. C. 1992. Sequences in the development of competent play with peers. Social and social pretend play. Developmental Psychology, 28, 961–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarrold, C. 2003. A review of research into pretend play in autism. Autism, 7, 379–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrold, C., Carruthers, P., Smith, P. K. & Boucher, J. 1994. Pretend play: is it metarepresentational? Mind and Language, 9, 445–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanlenberg, S. M. & Wrangham, R. W. 2010. Sex differences in chimpanzees' use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children. Current Biology, 20, R1067–8.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. 2006. An Exploration of the Role of Executive Functions in the Symbolic Play of Children with High-Functioning Autism, Children with Asperger’s Disorder, and Typically Developing Children. Unpublished doctoral thesis, LaTrobe University, Australia.Google Scholar
Konner, M. 1972. Aspects of the developmental ethology of a forging people, in Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour, ed. Jones, N. Blurton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 285304.Google Scholar
Lancy, D. F. 1996. Playing on the Mother Ground: Cultural Routines for Children’s Development. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S. 1994. Making sense of pretence, in Children’s Early Understanding of Mind, eds. Lewis, C. & Mitchell, P.. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum, 211–34.Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J., Dore, R. A., Smith, E. D. & Palmquist, C. M. 2013. The impact of pretend play on children’s development: a review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacWhinney, B. 2005. Language evolution and human development, in Origins of the Social Mind, eds. Ellis, B. J. & Bjorklund, D. F.. New York & London: Guilford Press, 383410.Google Scholar
Martini, M. 1994. Peer interactions in Polynesia: a view from the Marquesas. In Children’s Play in Diverse Cultures, eds. Roopnarine, J. L., Johnson, J. E. & Hooper, F. H.. Albany: State University of New York Press, 73103.Google Scholar
Matevia, M. L., Patterson, F. & Hillix, W. A. 2002. Pretend play in a signing gorilla, in Pretending and Imagination in Animals and Children, ed. Mitchell, R. W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 285304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. 2007. Pretense in animals: the continuing relevance of children’s pretense, in Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural and Functional Perspectives, eds. Göncü, A. & Gaskins, S.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 5175.Google Scholar
Morris, D. 1962. The Biology of Art. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Nicolopoulou, A. 2006. The interplay of play and narrative in children’s development: theoretical reflections and concrete examples, in Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural and Functional Perspectives, eds. Göncü, A. & Gaskins, S.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 247–73.Google Scholar
Overton, W. F. & Jackson, J. P. 1973. The representation of imagines objects in action sequences: a developmental study. Child Development, 44, 309–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peller, L. E. 1954. Libidinal phases, ego development and play. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 9, 178–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perner, J., Ruffman, T. & Leekam, S. R. 1994. Theory of mind is contagious: you catch it from your sibs. Child Development, 65, 1228–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perone, A. & Göncü, A. 2014. Life-span pretend play in two communities. Mind, Culture and Activity, 21(3), 200–20.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. 1951. Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 2007. Prehistory: The Making of the Human Mind. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. 1986. Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slaughter, D. & Dombrowski, J. 1989. Cultural continuities and discontinuities: impact on social and pretend play, in The Ecological Context of Children’s Play, eds. Bloch, M. N. & Pellegrini, A. D.. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 282310.Google Scholar
Smilansky, S. 1968. The Effects of Sociodramatic Play on Disadvantaged Preschool Children. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. 1988. Children’s play and its role in early development: a re-evaluation of the ‘play ethos’, in Psychological Bases for Early Education, ed. Pellegrini, A. D.. Chichester & New York: Wiley, 207–26.Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. 2010. Children and Play. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Takhvar, M. & Smith, P. K. 1990. A review and critique of Smilansky’s classification scheme and the ‘nested hierarchy’ of play categories. Journal of Research in Early Childhood, 4, 112–22.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. 1999. Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M., Cartwright, B. S. & Carlson, S. M. 1993. A developmental investigation of children’s imaginary companions. Developmental Psychology, 29, 276–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, J. D. & Wellman, H. H. 1990. Young children’s understanding of realities, nonrealities, and appearances. Child Development, 64, 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Alexander, R. (1989) Evolution of the human psyche. In Mellars, P. & Stringer, C. (eds.) The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 455513.Google Scholar
Barrett, J. (2007) Gods. In Whitehouse, H. & Laidlaw, J. (eds.) Religion, Anthropology and Cognitive Science. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 105–32.Google Scholar
Bateson, P. (2005) The role of play in the evolution of great apes and humans. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 1324.Google Scholar
Bermúdez de Castro, J., Martinón-Torres, M., Prado, L., Gómez-Robles, A., Rosell, J., López-Polin, L., Arsuaga, J. & Carbonell, E. (2010) New immature hominin fossil from European Lower Pleistocene shows the earliest evidence of a modern human dental development pattern. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the USA 107, 11739–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Bogin, B. (2003) The human pattern of growth and development in palaeontological perspective. In Thompson, J., Krovitz, G. & Nelson, A. (eds.) Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, B. (2009) On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition and Fiction. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. (1985) Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2002) Human creativity: its cognitive basis, its evolution, and its connections with childhood pretence. British Journal of the Philosophy of Science 53, 225–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coqueugniot, H., Hublin, J.-J., Veillon, F., Houët, F. & Jacob, T. (2004) Early brain growth in Homo erectus and implications for cognitive ability. Nature 431, 299302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, P., Zhang, S., Winkworth, A. & Bandler, R. (1996) Neural control of vocalisation: respiratory and emotional influences. Journal of Voice 10, 2338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, C., Leakey, M., Reid, D., Schrenk, F., Schwartz, G., Stringer, C. & Walker, A. (2001) Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins. Nature 414, 628–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeSilva, J. & Lesnik, J. (2006) Chimpanzee neonatal brain size: implications for brain growth in Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution 51, 207–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donald, M. (1991) Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Donald, M. (2001) A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness. London: Norton.Google Scholar
Finke, R., Ward, T. & Smith, S. (1992) Creative Cognition. Boston: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fry, D. (2005) Rough and tumble social play in humans. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 5485.Google Scholar
Gaskins, S. (1999) Children’s lives in a Mayan village: a case of culturally constructed roles and activities. In Gönkü, A. (ed.) Children’s Engagement in the World: Sociocultural Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2561.Google Scholar
Geary, D. & Bjorklund, D. (2000) Evolutionary developmental psychology. Child Development 71, 5765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez, J.-C. & Martin-Andrade, B. (2005) Fantasy play in apes. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 139–72.Google Scholar
Gosso, Y., Otta, E., Morais, M., Ribeiro, F. & Bussab, V. (2005) Play in hunter-gatherer society. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 213–53.Google Scholar
Graves, R., Lupo, A., McCarthy, R., Wescott, D. & Cunningham, D. (2010) Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000? Journal of Human Evolution 59, 542–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guatelli-Steinberg, D. (2009) Recent studies of dental development in Neanderthals: implications for Neanderthal life histories. Evolutionary Anthropology 18, 920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, S. (2007) Anthropology and anthropomorphism in religion. In Whitehouse, H. & Laidlaw, J. (eds.) Religion, Anthropology and Cognitive Science. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 3762.Google Scholar
Haight, W. & Miller, P. (1993) Pretending at Home: Early Development in a Sociocultural Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Hawkes, K., O’Connell, J. F., Jones, N. B., Alvarez, H. & Charnov, E. L. (1998) Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, 1336–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochberg, Z. (2008) Juvenility in the context of life history theory. Archives of Disease in Childhood 93, 534–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horner, V. & Whiten, A. (2005) Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). Animal Cognition 8, 164–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jürgens, U. (1992) On the neurobiology of vocal communication. In Papousek, H., Jürgens, U. & Papousek, M. (eds.) Nonverbal Vocal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3142.Google Scholar
Key, C. (2000) The evolution of human life history. World Archaeology 31, 329–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leigh, S. (2001) Evolution of human growth. Evolutionary Anthropology 10, 223–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leigh, S. (2006) Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution 50, 104–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, K. (2005) Social play in the great apes. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 2753.Google Scholar
Macchiarelli, R., Bondioli, L., Debénath, A., Mazurier, A., Tournepiche, J.-F., Birch, W. & Dean, C. (2006) How Neanderthal molar teeth grew. Nature 444, 748–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marlowe, F. (2000) The patriarch hypothesis. Human Nature 11, 2742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martín-González, , Mateos, J., Goikoetxea, A., Leonard, I., , W. & Rodríguez, J. (2012) Differences between Neanderthal and modern human infant and child growth models. Journal of Human Evolution 63, 140–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConachie, B. (2011) An evolutionary perspective on play, performance and ritual. TDR: The Drama Review 55, 3350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. (2007) Pretense in animals: the continuing relevance of children’s pretense. In Gönkü, A. & Gaskins, S. (eds.) Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural and Functional Perspectives. London: Psychology Press, 5175.Google Scholar
Nielsen, M. (2012) Imitation, pretend play, and childhood: essential elements in the evolution of human culture? Journal of Comparative Psychology 126, 170–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, M. & Blank, C. (2011) Imitation in children: when who gets copied is more important that what gets copied. Developmental Psychology 47, 1050–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connell, C. & DeSilva, J. (2013) Mojokerto revisited: evidence for an intermediate pattern of brain growth in Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution 65, 156–61.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Connell, J. F., Hawkes, K. & Jones, N. B. (1999) Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution 36, 461–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olejniczak, A., Smith, T., Feeney, R., Macchiarelli, R., Mazurier, A., Bondioli, L., Rosas, A., Fortea, J., de la Rasilla, M., Garcia-Tabernero, A., Radovčić, J., Skinner, M., Toussaint, M. & Hublin, J.-J. (2008) Dental tissue proportions and enamel thickness in Neanderthal and modern human molars. Journal of Human Evolution 55, 1223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peccei, J. S. (2001) A critique of the grandmother hypotheses: old and new. American Journal of Human Biology 13, 434–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (2005) Play in great apes and humans. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 312.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (2005) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Perner, J., Ruffman, T. & Leekam, S. (1994) Theory of mind is contagious: you catch it from your sibs. Child Development 65, 1228–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponce de León, M., Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Romanova, G., Akazawa, T., Kondo, O., Ishida, H. & Zollikofer, C. (2008) Neanderthal brain size at birth provides insights into the evolution of human life history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105, 13764–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rightmire, G. (2004) Brain size and encephalization in early to mid-Pleistocene Homo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124, 109–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robson, S. & Wood, B. (2008) Hominin life history: reconstruction and evolution. Journal of Anatomy 212, 394425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartzmann, H. (1978). Transformations: The Anthropology of Children’s Play. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Slaughter, D. & Dombrowski, J. (1989). Cultural continuities and discontinuities: impact on social and pretend play. In Bloch, M. & Pellegrini, A. (eds.) The Ecological Context of Children’s Play. Nowood: Ablex, 282310.Google Scholar
Smith, B. & Tompkins, R. (1995) Towards a life history of the hominidae. Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 257–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. (1982) Does play matter? Functional and evolutionary aspects of animal and human play. Behavioural and Brain Sciences 5, 139–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. (2005) Social and pretend play in children. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 173209.Google Scholar
Smith, P. (2007) Evolutionary foundations and functions of play: an overview. In Gönkü, A. & Gaskins, S. (eds.) Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural and Functional Perspectives. London: Psychology Press, 2149.Google Scholar
Smith, P. (2010) Children and Play. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Smith, P. & Pellegrini, A. (2005) Play in great apes and humans: reflections on continuities and discontinuities. In Pellegrini, A. & Smith, P. (eds.) The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans. London: Guilford Press, 285–98.Google Scholar
Smith, T., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D., Grün, R., Eggins, S., Boutakiout, M. & Hublin, J.-J. (2007) Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104, 6128–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, T., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D., Pouech, J., Lazzari, V., Zermeno, J., Guatelli-Stainberg, D., Olejniczak, A., Hoffman, A., Radovčić, J., Makaremi, M., Toussaint, M., Stringer, C. & Hublin, J.-J. (2010) Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107, 20923–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, J. & Nelson, A. (2011) Middle childhood and modern human origins. Human Nature 22, 249–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomasello, M. (1999) The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vinicius, L. (2005) Human encephalization and developmental timing. Journal of Human Evolution 49, 762–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, A. & Ruff, C. (1993) The reconstruction of the pelvis. In Walker, A. & Leakey, R. (eds.) The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiten, A. (2005) The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans. Nature 437, 52–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zollikofer, C. & Ponce de León, M. (2009) The evolution of hominin ontogenies. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 21, 441–52.Google ScholarPubMed

References

Alland, A., Jr. 1983. Playing With Form. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, A. & Zeki, S., 2004. The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage 21(3), 1155–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R., 1995. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 117(3), 497529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, J. & Forstmeier, W., 2007. Superstition and belief as inevitable by-products of an adaptive learning strategy. Human Nature 18(1), 3546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bednarik, R., 2008. Cupules. Rock Art Research 25, 61100.Google Scholar
Bernieri, F. J. & Rosenthal, R., 1991. Interpersonal coordination: behaviour matching and interactional synchrony, in Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behaviour, eds. Feldman, R. S. & Rimé, B.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 401–32.Google Scholar
Bjorklund, D. F. & Pellegrini, A. D., 2002. The Origins of Human Nature: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouzouggar, A., Barton, N., Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Collcutt, S., Higham, T. et al. 2007. 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(24), 9964–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S. & Dissanayake, E., 2009. The arts are more than aesthetics: neuroaesthetics as narrow aesthetics, in Neuroaesthetics, eds. Skov, M. & Vartanian, O.. Amityville, NY: Baywood, 4357.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., 2005. The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrill, R., 2010. The primacy of movement in art making. Teaching Artist Journal 8, 216–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caporael, L. R., 1997. The evolution of truly social cognition: the core configuration model. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1, 276–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, C. S., 1998. Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23, 779818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, C. & Altemus, M., 1999. Integrative functions of lactational hormones in social behaviour and stress management, in The Integrative Neurobiology of Affiliation, eds. Carter, C., Lederhendler, I. & Kirkpatrick, B.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 361–71.Google Scholar
Carter, C., Lederhendler, I. & Kirkpatrick, B., (eds.), 1999. The Integrative Neurobiology of Affiliation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Charmove, A. S. & Anderson, J. R., 1989. Examining environmental enrichment, in Housing, Care and Psychological Well Being of Captive and Laboratory Animals, ed. Segal, E. F.. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 183202.Google Scholar
Chartrand, T. L. & Bargh, J. A., 1999. The chameleon effect: the perception-behaviour link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, 893910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, N. S., Bussey, T. J. & Dickinson, A., 2003. Can animals recall the past and plan for the future? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 685–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., 2000. Consider the source: the evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation, in Metarepresentations, ed. Sperber, D.. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 53115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A., 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Grosset Putnam.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Verhaeren, M., Barton, N., Bouzouggar, A., Mienis, H., Richter, D. et al. 2009. Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(38), 16051–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Dissanayake, E., 1979. An ethological view of ritual and art in human evolutionary history. Leonardo 12(1), 2731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dissanayake, E., 1988. What Is Art For? Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, E., 1999. Antecedents of the temporal arts in early mother–infant interaction, in The Origins of Music, eds. Wallin, N. L., Merker, B. & Brown, S.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 389410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dissanayake, E., 2000. Art and Intimacy: How the Arts Began. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, E., 2001. Becoming Homo aestheticus: sources of aesthetic imagination in mother–infant interactions. SubStance 30(1,2), 85103.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, E., 2006. Ritual and ritualization: musical means of conveying and shaping emotion in humans and other animals, in Music and Manipulation: On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music, eds. Brown, S. & Volgsten, U.. Oxford: Berghahn, 3157.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, E., 2008. The arts after Darwin: does art have an origin and adaptive function?, in World Art Studies: Exploring Concepts and Approaches, eds. Zijlmans, K. & Damme, W. van. Amsterdam: Valiz, 241–63.Google Scholar
Dissanayake, E. (2016). Mark-making as a human behavior, in Darwin’s Bridge: Uniting the Humanities and Social Sciences, eds. Carroll, J., McAdams, D. P., & Wilson, E. O.. New York: Oxford University Press, 101–30.Google Scholar
Donald, M., 1991. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Cognition and Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A., 1997. Cooperation Among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M., Kaskatis, K., MacDonald, I. & Barra, V., 2012. Performance of music elevates pain threshold and positive affect: implications for the evolutionary function of music. Evolutionary Psychology 10(4): 688702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1971. Love and Hate: The Natural History of Behaviour Patterns, translated by Geoffrey Strachan. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1989. Human Ethology, translated by Pauline Wiessner-Larsen and Anette Heunemann. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ellsworth, P., 1991. Some implications of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion, in International Review of Studies of Emotion, vol. 1, ed. Strongman, K.. New York: Wiley, 143–61.Google Scholar
Falk, D., 2004. Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: whence motherese? Behavioural and Brain Sciences 27(4), 491503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falk, D., 2009. Finding Our Tongues: Mothers, Infants & The Origin of Language. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Feierman, J. R. (ed.), 2009. The Biology of Religious Behaviour: The Evolutionary Origins of Faith and Religion. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Fein, S., 1993. First Drawings: Genesis of Visual Thinking. Pleasant Hill, CA: Exelrod Press.Google Scholar
Flinn, M. V., Quinlan, R. J., Decker, S. A., Turner, M. T. & England, B. G., 1996. Male-female differences in effects of parental absence on glucocorticoid stress response. Human Nature 7(2), 125–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flinn, M. V. & Ward, C. V., 2005. Evolution of the social child, in Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Child Development, eds. Ellis, B. & Bjorklund, D.. London: Guilford Press, 1944.Google Scholar
Geary, D. C., 2005. Folk knowledge and academic learning, in Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Child Development, eds. Ellis, B. J. & Bjorklund, D.F.. New York: Guilford, 493519.Google Scholar
Gianino, A. & Tronick, E. Z., 1988. The mutual regulation model: the infant’s self and interactive regulation and coping and defensive capacities, in Stress and Coping, eds. Field, T., McCabe, P. M. & Schneiderman, N.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 4768.Google Scholar
Guss, D. M., 1998. To Weave and Sing: Art, Symbol, and Narrative in the South American Rain Forest. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Harris, J. R., 1995. Where is the child’s environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review 102, 458–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazan, C. & Zeifman, D., 1999. Pair bonds as attachments: evaluating the evidence, in Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, eds. Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R.. New York: Guilford, 336–54.Google Scholar
Heinrichs, M., Baumgartner, T., Kirschbaum, C. & Ehlert, U., 2003. Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biological Psychiatry 54, 1389–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Yates, R., Jacobs, Z., Tribolo, C., Duller, G. A., et al. 2002. Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295(5558), 1278–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinde, R., 1975. Biological Bases of Human Social Relationships. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Hinde, R., 1982. Ethology: Its Nature and Relations With Other Sciences. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hofer, M. A., 1987. Early social relationships: a psychobiologist’s view. Child Development 58, 633–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R. & Hennessy, R. G., 2004. Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133(1), 322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huether, G., Doering, S., Rueger, U. & Ruether, E., 1996. Psychic stress and neuronal plasticity: an expanded model of the stress reaction processes as basis for the understanding of adaptive processes in the central nervous system. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse 42, 107–27.Google Scholar
Huxley, J., 1914. The courtship habits of the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) together with a discussion of the evolution of courtship in birds. Journal of the Linnean Society of London: Zoology 53, 253–92.Google Scholar
Huxley, J., 1966. Introduction, in A Discussion on Ritualisation of Behaviour in Animals and Man, organized by Sir Julian Huxley. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. Biological Sciences 772, 249–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaptchuk, T. J., Kerr, C. E. & Zanger, A., 2009. Placebo controls, exorcisms, and the devil. Lancet 374 (9697), 1234–5. (10 Oct.).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kavanagh, D. J., Andrade, J. & May, J., 2005. Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: the elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review 112(2), 446–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellogg, R., 1970. Analyzing Children’s Art. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.Google Scholar
Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P. & Edwards, K., 1993. Beyond simple pessimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 740–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, B. J., 2004. The Dynamic Dance: Nonvocal Communication in African Great Apes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koelsch, S., Offermanns, K. & Franzke, P., 2010. Music in the treatment of affective disorders: an exploratory investigation of a new method for music-therapeutic research. Music Perception 27(4), 307–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leakey, R., 1994. The Origin of Humankind. New York: Basic BooksGoogle Scholar
Leslie, A. M., 1987. Pretense and representation: origins of ‘theory of mind’. Psychological Review 94, 412–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lillard, A. S., 1993. Pretend play skills and the child’s theory of mind. Child Development 64(2), 348–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopreato, J., 1984. Human Nature and Biocultural Evolution. Boston, MA: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. Z., 1982. The Foundations of Ethology: The Principal Ideas and Discoveries in Animal Behaviour, translated by K. Z. Lorenz and R. W. Kickert. (Original German publication 1981). New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B., 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B., 1927. The life of culture, in Culture: The Diffusion Controversy, eds. Smith, G. E., Malinowski, B., Spinden, H. J. & Goldenweiser, A. New York: Norton, 2646.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B., 1948. Magic, Science, and Religion. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Original publication 1925.Google Scholar
Mead, M. 1976. Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: Morrow. Original publication 1930.Google Scholar
Meyer-Holzapfel, M., 1956. Das Spiel bei Säugetieren. Handbuch der Zoologie 8, 126.Google Scholar
Miller, W. B. & Rodgers, J. L., 2001. The Ontogeny of Human Bonding Systems: Evolutionary Origins, Neural Bases, and Psychological Manifestations. Boston, MA and Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mithen, S., 2005. The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Morris, D., 1957. ‘Typical intensity’ and its relation to the problem of ritualisation, Behaviour 11, 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, E. E. & Panksepp, J., 1998. Brain substrates of infant–mother attachment: contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews 22, 437–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oakley, K. P., 1971. Fossil shell observed by Acheulian Man. Antiquity 47, 5960.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., 1998. Affective Neuroscience: The Foundation of Animal and Human Emotions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panksepp, J. & Biven, L., 2012. The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., Nelson, E. & Bekkedal, M., 1999. Brain systems for the mediation of social separation-distress and social-reward: evolutionary antecedents and neuropeptide intermediaries, in The Neurobiology of Affiliation, eds. Carter, C. S., Lederhendler, I. & Kirkpatrick, B.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 222–41.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, A. D. & Bjorklund, D. F., 2004. The ontogeny and phylogeny of children’s object and fantasy play. Human Nature 15(1), 2343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips-Silver, J., Aktipis, C. A. & Bryant, G. A., 2010. The ecology of entrainment: foundations of coordinated rhythmic movement. Music Perception 28(1), 314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips-Silver, J. & Keller, P. E.. 2012. Searching for roots of entrainment and joint action in early musical interactions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6(26), 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raby, C. R., Alexis, D. M., Dickinson, A. & Clayton, N. S., 2007. Planning for the future by Western scrub-jays. Nature 445, 919–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 1952. Religion and society, in Structure and Function in Primitive Society. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 153–77. Original publication in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1945) 75(1–2), 33–43.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R. A., 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, K. R., 1992. The evolution of modern human childbirth. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 35, 89134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sapolsky, R. M., 1992. Neuroendocrinology of the stress response, in Behavioural Endocrinology, eds. Becker, J. R., Breedlove, S. M. & Crews, D.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 287324.Google Scholar
Schechner, R., 2002. Performance Studies: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schiefenhövel, W., 2009. Explaining the inexplicable: traditional and syncretistic religiosity in Melanesia, in The Biological Evolution of Religious Mind and Behaviour, eds. Voland, E. & Schiefenhövel, W.. Berlin: Springer, 143–64.Google Scholar
Shaver, P. R., Hazan, C. & Bradshaw, D., 1988. Love as attachment: the integration of three behavioral systems, in The Anatomy of Love, eds. Sternberg, R. J. & Barnes, M.. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, W., 1977. The Behavior of Communicating: An Evolutionary Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, D. 1977. The First Relationship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T. & Corballis, M.C., 1997. Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 123, 133–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Tambiah, S. J., 1979. A performative approach to ritual. Proceedings of the British Academy, London LXV, 113–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, S., 1992. The Tending Instinct: How Nurturing Is Essential to Who We Are and How We Live. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E., 2007. Social support, in Foundations of Health Psychology, eds. H. S. Friedman & R. C. Silver. New York: Oxford University Press, 145–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, S. E., Burklund, L. J., Eisenberger, N. I., Lehman, B. J., Hilmeet, C. J. & Lieberman, M. D., 2008. Neural bases of moderation of cortisol stress responses by psychosocial resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95(1), 197211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thieme, H., 1997. Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N., 1952. ‘Derived’ activities: their causation, biological significance, origin and emancipation during evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 17, 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N., 1959. Comparative studies of the behaviour of gulls (Laridae): a progress report. Behaviour 15, 170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonkinson, R., 1978. The Mardudjara Aborigines: Living the Dream in Australia’s Desert. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L., 2001. Does beauty build adapted minds? Toward an evolutionary theory of aesthetics, fiction, and the arts. SubStance 30(1,2), 627.Google Scholar
Turner, V., 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Uvnäs-Moberg, K., 1999. Physiological and endocrine effects of social contact, in The Integrative Neurobiology of Affiliation, eds. Carter, C., Lederhendler, I. & Kirkpatrick, B.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 245–61.Google Scholar
Van Gennep, A., 1960. The Rites of Passage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Original work published in 1908.Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M., d'Errico, F., Stringer, C., James, S. L., Todd, J. A., & H. K. Mienis. 2006. Middle paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312 (5781), 1785–8.Google Scholar
Watanabe, J. M. & Smuts, B. B., 1999. Explaining religion without explaining it away: trust, truth, and the evolution of cooperation in Roy A. Rappaport’s ‘The obvious aspects of ritual’. American Anthropologist 101, 98112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whybrow, P., 1984. Contributions from neuroendocrinology, in Approaches to Emotion, eds. Scherer, K. & Ekman, P.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 5972.Google Scholar
Yellen, J. E., Brooks, A. S., Cornelissen, E., Mehlman, M. J. & Stewart, K., 1995. A Middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268 (28 April), 553–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×