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32 - Deep-Inelastic Scattering and the Discovery of Quarks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2010

Jerome Friedman
Affiliation:
Born Chicago, Illinois, 1930; Ph.D., 1956 (physics), University of Chicago; Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Nobel Prize in Physics, 1990; high-energy physics (experimental).
Lillian Hoddeson
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Laurie Brown
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Michael Riordan
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Max Dresden
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
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Summary

In 1961 Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne'eman independently introduced a classification scheme, based on SU(3) symmetry, that placed hadrons into families on the basis of spin and parity. Like the periodic table for the elements, this scheme had predictive as well as descriptive powers. Hadrons that were predicted within this framework, such as the Ω, were later discovered.

In 1964 Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed quarks as the building blocks of hadrons as a way of generating the SU(3) classification scheme. When the quark model was first proposed, it postulated three types of quarks - up (u), down (d), and strange (s), having charges ⅔, – ⅓, and – ⅓, respectively; each of these was hypothesized to be a spin-½ particle. In this model the nucleon (and all other baryons) is made up of three quarks, and all mesons each consist of a quark and an antiquark. For example, as the proton and neutron both have zero strangeness, they are (u,u,d) and (d,d,u) systems, respectively. Though the quark model provided the best available tool for understanding the properties of the hadrons that had been discovered at the time, the model was thought by many to be merely a mathematical representation of some deeper dynamics, but one of heuristic value.

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The Rise of the Standard Model
A History of Particle Physics from 1964 to 1979
, pp. 566 - 588
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1997

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  • Deep-Inelastic Scattering and the Discovery of Quarks
    • By Jerome Friedman, Born Chicago, Illinois, 1930; Ph.D., 1956 (physics), University of Chicago; Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Nobel Prize in Physics, 1990; high-energy physics (experimental).
  • Edited by Lillian Hoddeson, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Laurie Brown, Northwestern University, Illinois, Michael Riordan, Stanford University, California, Max Dresden, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Rise of the Standard Model
  • Online publication: 03 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511471094.034
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  • Deep-Inelastic Scattering and the Discovery of Quarks
    • By Jerome Friedman, Born Chicago, Illinois, 1930; Ph.D., 1956 (physics), University of Chicago; Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Nobel Prize in Physics, 1990; high-energy physics (experimental).
  • Edited by Lillian Hoddeson, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Laurie Brown, Northwestern University, Illinois, Michael Riordan, Stanford University, California, Max Dresden, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Rise of the Standard Model
  • Online publication: 03 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511471094.034
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Deep-Inelastic Scattering and the Discovery of Quarks
    • By Jerome Friedman, Born Chicago, Illinois, 1930; Ph.D., 1956 (physics), University of Chicago; Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Nobel Prize in Physics, 1990; high-energy physics (experimental).
  • Edited by Lillian Hoddeson, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Laurie Brown, Northwestern University, Illinois, Michael Riordan, Stanford University, California, Max Dresden, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Rise of the Standard Model
  • Online publication: 03 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511471094.034
Available formats
×