INTRODUCTION

This is the second chapter out of three chapters that deal with the concept of abuse of rights. The previous chapter discussed the concept of militant democracy from a general, theoretical perspective. It showed that practically all democracies have adopted certain measures to defend themselves against being overthrown by antidemocratic actors. Yet, the extent to which democracies have adopted and apply militant measures in order to defend themselves varies strongly from state to state. This chapter aims to provide a concrete example of the interpretation and implementation of the concept of militant democracy: Germany. In the next chapter we will subsequently explore how the concept of militant democracy takes shape in the context of the ECHR.

The German legal order is generally regarded as an archetypal militant democracy. It was the first European legal order to openly recognise the necessity of designing a democracy capable of defending itself against anti-democratic actors who use the democratic process in order to subvert it. The fact that the Nazis could rely on lawful means in their quest for political power made post-war Germany particularly conscious of the need to protect its re-established democracy against anti-democratic forces. The German Basic Law (BL), which entered into force some years after the end of the Second World War, is clearly modelled upon the idea of a self-defensive democracy, in German referred to as the wehrhafte Demokratie or streitbare Demokratie. In fact, Germany is generally considered to have developed ‘the most explicit – and the most far-reaching – theory of militant democracy’. The abuse clause in Article 18 BL, the German equivalent of Article 17 ECHR, is part of the militant scheme of the BL. This provision reads: