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12 - The Use of MANOVA in Analyzing the Effects of Gender on Perceived Difficulties in Speaking and Writing in a Hong Kong EMI University

from Part II - Empirical Chapters (Case Studies)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2024

By
Kason Ka Ching Cheung ,
Jack Pun  and
Yu Hao
Edited by
Samantha M. Curle  and
Jack Pun
Samantha M. Curle
Affiliation:
University of Bath
Jack Pun
Affiliation:
City University of Hong Kong
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Summary

This chapter explores the use of one-way between-groups multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to investigate the effects of gender on perceived English language ability challenges in an English Medium Instruction (EMI) university in Hong Kong. Contrasting with ANOVA which evaluates mean differences on one dependent variable, MANOVA evaluates if there are mean differences on two or more dependent variables. The two dependent variables used were perceived writing challenges and perceived speaking challenges. The independent variable was gender. We checked for univariate and multivariate outliers, homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices and normality and found no deviation from the standard parameters. The results show a significant difference between males and females in terms of the combined dependent variables, F (2, 75) = 3.444, p = 0.037, Wilks’ Lambda = 0.913 and partial eta squared = 0.087. When the dependent variable is analysed separately with reference to the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.025, a significant difference is only found between males and females in terms of the perceived speaking challenges, F (1, 75) = 6.658, p = 0.012, partial eta squared = 0.084. A closer examination of the mean score shows that females (M = 3.042, SD = 0.34) perceived speaking English to be more of a challenge than males did (M = 2.71, SD = 0.55). The findings are discussed in relation to teaching and learning in an EMI university.

Keywords

MANOVAgender effectsperceived language challengesEnglish Medium InstructionHong Kong University Context
Type
Chapter
Information
Researching English Medium Instruction
Quantitative Methods for Students and Researchers
 , pp. 207 - 226
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

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