Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:46:35.412Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Liquid Fuel Atomization and Combustion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2022

By
Ajay K. Agrawal
Edited by
Jacqueline O'Connor ,
Bobby Noble  and
Tim Lieuwen
Jacqueline O'Connor
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Bobby Noble
Affiliation:
Electric Power Research Institute
Tim Lieuwen
Affiliation:
Georgia Institute of Technology
Get access

Summary

Nearly one-third of the energy produced in the US comes from liquid fuels derived from crude oils, natural gas plant liquids, and other condensates. Fuel atomization to produce spray(s) is necessary for practical combustion systems employing liquid fuels. This requirement stems directly from the high energy density of the liquid fuels. Despite the major changes underway in the portfolio of liquid fuels, fuel atomization and combustion systems have remained vastly unchanged. The current practice is to design drop-in liquid biofuels that can be used “as is” in existing combustion devices. However, such fuels can be energy intensive to produce and create wasteful byproducts, eroding the carbon footprint benefits of the liquid biofuels. Thus, it is imperative that the liquid fuel injection, atomization, and combustion systems of the future consider increased fuel flexibility to utilize both fossil and alternative fuels from multiple sources within the same combustor hardware. Fuel properties and fuel atomization and combustion hardware should be co-optimized to minimize the carbon footprint based on the life-cycle analysis of the fuel. This chapter discusses atomization of renewable liquid fuels, detailing the phenomenology and controlling physical processes.

Keywords

energy densityinjectionvaporizationcokingatomizationprimary breakupsecondary breakupWeber numberReynolds numbersatomizer
Type
Chapter
Information
Renewable Fuels
Sources, Conversion, and Utilization
 , pp. 414 - 450
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ashley, S. (2007). Diesels come clean. Scientific American, 296(3), 80–88.Google Scholar
Bachalo, W. (2000). Spray diagnostics for the twenty-first century. Atomization and Sprays, 10(3–5), 439–474.Google Scholar
Baukal, C. E. Jr (2020). A gallery of combustion and fire. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayvel, L., & Orzechowski, Z. (2019). Liquid atomization. Routledge.Google Scholar
Bellan, J. (2020). Future challenges in the modelling and simulations of high-pressure flows. Combustion Science and Technology, 192(7), 1199–1218.Google Scholar
Benjamin, M., Jensen, R. J., & Arienti, M. (2010). Review of atomization: Current knowledge and future requirements for propulsion combustors. Atomization and Sprays, 20(6), 485–512.Google Scholar
Capil, T., Tacina, K. M., Hicks, Y. R., Dam, B., & Kimber, A. (2021). Flow field characterization of a third generation Swirl-Venturi Lean Direct Injector. AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2021 Forum, 3460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center, B. P. (2020). Annual Energy Outlook 2020. Energy Information Administration.Google Scholar
Chigier, N., Bachalo, W., Reitz, R. D., Bellan, J., & Herrmann, M. (2011). Spray control for maximizing energy efficiency and reducing emission in combustion engines. Atomization and Sprays, 21(7), 553–574.Google Scholar
Chin, J. S., & Lefebvre, A. H. (1982). Effective values of evaporation constant for hydrocarbon fuel drops. Proceedings of the 20th Automotive Technology Development Contractor Coordination Meeting, 325–331.Google Scholar
Duke, D. J., Schmidt, D. P., Neroorkar, K., Kastengren, A. L., & Powell, C. F. (2013). High-resolution large eddy simulations of cavitating gasoline–ethanol blends. International Journal of Engine Research, 14(6), 578–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fansler, T. D., & Parrish, S. E. (2014). Spray measurement technology: A review. Measurement Science and Technology, 26(1), 012002.Google Scholar
Fraser, R. P. (1953). Research into the performance of atomizers for liquids. The Journal of the Imperial College Chemical Engineering Society, 7, 52–68.Google Scholar
Guildenbecher, D. R., López-Rivera, C., & Sojka, P. E. (2009). Secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids, 46(3), 371–402.Google Scholar
Jiang, L., Agrawal, A. K., & Taylor, R. P. (2014). Clean combustion of different liquid fuels using a novel injector. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 57, 275–284.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, H., Hayakawa, A., Somarathne, K. D. K. A., & Okafor, E. C. (2019). Science and technology of ammonia combustion. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 37(1), 109–133.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, A. H., & Ballal, D. R. (2010). Gas turbine combustion: Alternative fuels and emissions. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, A. H., & McDonell, V. G. (2017). Atomization and sprays. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Mueller, C. J., Nilsen, C. W., Biles, D. E., & Yraguen, B. (2020). An introduction to ducted fuel injection & its potential to facilitate practical clean & sustainable vehicles & machines for the future. Sandia National Lab.Google Scholar
Niguse, Y., & Agrawal, A. K. (2018). Twin-fluid atomized spray combustion of straight vegetable oil at elevated pressures. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 140(11), 111504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nukiyama, S. (1939). Experiments on the atomization of liquids in an air stream, report 3, on the droplet-size distribution in a atomized jet. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering, 5, 62–67.Google Scholar
Oefelein, J. C. (2019). Advances in modeling supercritical fluid behavior and combustion in high-pressure propulsion systems. AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, 0634.Google Scholar
Panchasara, H. v, Sequera, D. E., Schreiber, W. C., & Agrawal, A. K. (2009). Emissions reductions in diesel and kerosene flames using a novel fuel injector. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 25(4), 984–987.Google Scholar
Reitz, R. D. (1978). Atomization and other breakup regimes of a liquid jet. Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Ries, F., & Sadiki, A. (2021). Supercritical and transcritical turbulent injection processes: Consistency of numerical modeling. Atomization and Sprays, 31(5), 37–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizk, N. K. (1984). Spray characteristics of the LHX nozzle. Allison Gas Tubine Engines Report Nos. AR, pp.0300-90.Google Scholar
Rosin, P., & Rammler, E. (1933). The laws of governing the fineness of powdered coal. Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 7, 29–36.Google Scholar
Shinjo, J., & Umemura, A. (2010). Simulation of liquid jet primary breakup: Dynamics of ligament and droplet formation. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 36(7), 513–532.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. M., & Agrawal, A. K. (2012). Flow blurring atomization for low-emission combustion of liquid biofuels. Combustion Science and Technology, 184(5), 660–675.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. M., Panchasara, H.V., & Agrawal, A. K. (2008). Effect of fuel injection concept on combustion performance of liquid fuels. Proceedings of 2008 Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of The Combustion Institute.Google Scholar
Sovani, S. D., Sojka, P. E., & Lefebvre, A. H. (2001). Effervescent atomization. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 27(4), 483–521.Google Scholar
Tan, Z. P., Bibik, O., Shcherbik, D., Zinn, B. T., & Patel, N. (2018). The regimes of twin-fluid jet-in-crossflow at atmospheric and jet-engine operating conditions. Physics of Fluids, 30(2), 025101.Google Scholar
Turns, S. R. (1996). Introduction to combustion (Vol. 287). McGraw-Hill Companies.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×